Resumen de Fonetica-Primer Cuatrimestre

RESÚMEN DE FONÉTICA
PRIMER CUATRIMESTRE
- Unit 1: “phonemic adjustments” -

As we speak, the sounds we produce “tend to be influenced by the speech sounds that
surround them.” Therefore, individual segments (= sounds) can be modified in their
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articulation depending on the features following or preceding them.
When applying phonemic adjustments (= phonemic simplifications), instead of
pronouncing a variant of the same phoneme, we produce a different phoneme
altogether. At this point, it is relevant to consider the reasons why fluent speakers
usually produce these modifications in preference to more careful, dictionary-like
pronunciations; phonemic adjustments tend to be made following two basic
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principles, namely, ease of articulation and economy of effort.
DD
Linking features
Linking r
LA
In RP and other British English accents, postvocalic /r/ is normally not pronounced
unless it is followed by a vowel.
Therefore, we say:
The car won’t start /ðə kɑː wəʊnt stɑːt/ and The car is mine /ðə kɑːr ɪz maɪn/
Whereas /r/ is not pronounced in the first example, it is used as a linking feature in
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the second example.
Intrusive r

This post-alveolar sound is sometimes used across word boundaries where there is
no -r- in the spelling of a word. Very many speakers, on the model of combinations
such as mother and father, extend the use of /r/ in other combinations and,
consequently, insert it mainly in words ending in /ə/ where the following word starts
with a vowel. This feature is used “rather less frequently after final /ɑ:, ɔ:/”.
E.g: China and India /ˈtʃaɪnər ən ˈɪndɪə/.
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Elision
This articulatory adjustment can be defined as the omission of vowel and consonant
sounds.
Vowel sounds
The vowel sounds that are affected by elision are mainly the weak centralized
/ɪ, ʊ, ə/.
There may be elision of a weak vowel sound in present-day English when it is
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preceded and followed by consonants in non-prominent syllables.
Elision takes place most frequently when weak vowel sounds are followed by /l, r, n/
/-tn/ /-tnC/ /-dnt/ /-ʃnC/

certain
written
pattern .C important
importance
potent
didn’t
student
prudent
conscience
ancient
suficient
DD
/-ʃn/ /-ʒn / /-kl / /-fl /
mantion explosion classical peaceful
station occasion musical powerful
nation division local watchful
LA
/-dl / /-tl / /-ʃl / /-zl /

medal kettle commercial nasal
candle cattle special phrasal
FI
middle little official appraisal
/-pl /
chapel

people
C = Consonant
EXCEPTIONS (!)
1) Elision of vowel sounds does not normally occur in nouns ending in –ful.
Examples: fistful, mouthful
2) There may also be double vowel elision in the same word.
Examples: liberal /lɪbərəl/ /lɪbrəl/ /lɪbrl/

Consonant sounds
Elision of consonant sounds can occur inside words and at word boundaries.
Inside words
a) The alveolar plosives /t, d/ when medial in a cluster of three consonants are
generally elided.
Notice that this is normally the case when the surrounding consonants belong to
groups A & B.
In cases in which the preceding and following consonants belong to group C, as in
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handle /hændl̩/ and hundred /hʌndrɪd/, elision does not typically occur.
Other modification procedures may apply. Examples: exactly, facts, handsome,
handbag , lastly, Westminster, Christmas.
b) The dental fricative /θ/ is generally elided from: asthma, isthmus.
.C
c) The dental fricative /θ/ may sometimes be elided in: months, twelfths, fifths.
d) The velar plosive /k/ can also be elided in: asked.
e) When /l/ is dark, it is liable to be elided when preceded by /ɔ:/.
DD
Examples: always, although, almanac.
At word boundary:
a) Word final alveolars /t, d/ are generally elided when preceded and followed by
LA
consonants. Examples: next time, best three, send ten, left school, raised them.
b) The glottal fricative /h/ is elided in unaccented, non-initial his, her, himself,
herself, have, has, had. Example: Give him a big bottle of beer.
c) There is a tendency to retain the alveolar plosives /t, d/ before initial /h/.
Examples: most hackers, land here.
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d) There is a tendency to retain the alveolar plosive /t/ in /-lt/, /-nt/ combinations.
Why? Because if we elide the final /t/, the combination turns more difficult to
produce and REMEMBER that these adjustments are produced to ease the
articulation of sounds.

Examples: don’t they, dealt with.
EXCEPTIONS (!)
1) Disyllabic contracted negative forms: didn’t say, wasn't theirs
2) When /t/ and /d/ are followed by /j/, another type of simplification takes
place. It is called assimilation.

Assimilation
This articulatory adjustment involves a process by which sounds are influenced by
neighboring sounds and come to share some phonetic characteristics. It only affects
consonant sounds. It is likely to occur in rapid and informal speech.
Assimilation can be regressive or progressive, the former is the most common one.
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Juxtapositional Assimilation
Word-final alveolars /t, d, n, s, z/ tend to assimilate to the place of articulation of
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the following consonant but retaining the original voicing. This usually happens at
word boundary but it can also occur word-internally.
/t/ → /p/ before: /p, b, m/ taught Paul

DD
/tɔːt pɔːl/→/tɔːp pɔːl/
/d/ → /b/ before: /p, b, m/ good man

/gʊd mæn/→/gʊb mæn/
/n/ → /m/ before: /p, b, m/ on Monday

LA
/ɒn mʌndi/→/ɒm mʌndi/
/t/ → /k/ before: /k, g/ get caught

/get kɔ:t/→/gek kɔ:t/
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/d/ → /g/ before: /k, g/ stayed calm

/steɪd kɑ:m/→/steɪg kɑ:m/
/n/ → /ŋ/ before: /k, g/ one case

/wʌn keɪs/→/wʌŋ keɪs/

/s/ → /ʃ/ before: /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ this shop

/ˈðɪs ˈʃɒp/→/ˈðɪʃ ˈʃɒp/
/s/ → /ʃ/ before: /j/ in case you need it.

/ɪŋ keɪʃ ju niːd ɪt/→/ɪŋ keɪʃ ʃu niːd ɪt/
/z/ → /ʒ/ before: /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ those sheep

/ˈðəʊʒ ˈʃi:p/
/z/ → /ʒ/ before: /j/ Has your letter come?

/həʒ jɔ: ˈletə kʌm/→ /həʒ ʒɔ: ˈletə kʌm/

Coalescent Assimilation
A) When /t, d/ are in contact with /j/, they coalesce; they combine to form one
single segment.
/t/ + /j/ →/tʃ/ put yourself, meet you, let you
/d/ + /j/ →/dʒ/ Did you, Could you, Would you
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B) This type of assimilation has been used in word internal position in some words
for a long time now. The options without assimilation are considered “a more
studied, conservative style of speech”.
Examples: perpetual, situation, intuition, question, righteous, virtue, creature,
graduate, gradual, schedule, modular, individual, dual, soldier.
In other cases, coalescence is variable and depends on speech style, as in Tuesday
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and induce. However, the coalesced versions are becoming more and more frequent
in RP.
DD
Compression
This simplification feature is typically used in high frequency words or, as already
mentioned, in fast or casual speech. It consists in the reduction of a sequence of
vowels so that a diphthong becomes a monophthong (= pure vowel), sometimes
LA
preceded by a semivowel. In the rarer cases of syllables containing triphthongs, they

are typically reduced to diphthongs and even to monophthongs.
brilliant /ˈbrɪ.li.ənt/ → /ˈbrɪ.ljɪənt/

FI
influence /ˈɪn.flu.əns/ → /ˈɪn.flwəns/

romantic /rəʊ.ˈmæn.tɪk/ →/rəˈmæn.tɪk/
diagram /ˈdaɪə.græm/ → /ˈdaə.græm/ → /ˈdɑ:.græm/

Across word boundaries, this phenomenon generally involves the conversion of

vowels into semivowels
the other day /ði ˈʌðə ˈdeɪ/ → /ˈðjʌðə deɪ/

to other people /tu ˈʌðə ˈpiːpl/ → /ˈtwʌðə ˈpiːpl/
to any of us /tu ˈeni əv əs/ → /ˈtweni əv əs/
(!) As Compression has no limits in the sense that you can compress a vocalic sound
until it becomes so weak that it disappears, you may apply this adjustment in your
transcriptions only if you feel sure about the phonemic environment in which it can
be used.

- Unit 2: word stress -
Stressed syllables: those which stand out from the rest of the syllables in a word out
of context or in isolation.
Features of stress:
1. Pitch movement
2. Loudness
3. Length
4. Vowel quality (any but schwa)
OM
Types of stress
1. Primary stress: identified with (‘), it is the last stressed syllable in a word and
the most noticeable one. It's a “pitch movement initiator”.
2. Secondary stress: (,/’), potentially pitch movement initiator since in connected
speech double stressed syllables may drop their primary stress.
.C
3. Tertiary stress: left unmarked; words that contain tertiary stress are strong by
nature since they don’t contain weak vowel sounds.
4. Unstressed: weak vowel sounds or syllabic consonants.
DD
LA
Stress in simple words

- PREFIXES -
FI
A number of prefixes do not Nouns beginning with most of Certain prefixes can add a
modify the stress pattern of the the following take single secondary stress. This holds
root word. stress, usually placed on the mainly for verbs. There may be
prefix. some exceptions.

a-: anew out-: 'outburst, 'outcast, 'outfit, pre-: 'precon'ceived , 'pre'cast

be-: belittle 'out-group de-: 'decon'struct, 'de'centralize
for-: forget over-: 'overgarment, 'overhaul, re-: 're-'do, 'relo'cate, 're'write
be-: behold 'overlap
mis-: 'misin'terpret, 'mis'calculate
under-: 'underlay, 'undertow,
'underwear out-: 'outper'form, 'out'stretched
up-: 'upshot, 'uproar, 'upbringing, over-: 'overre'act, 'over'balance
'upsurge under-: 'under'estimate,
'under'stand, 'under'capitalize

- SUFFIXES -
A number of suffixes do not Stress-shifting suffixes: the Stress-demanding sufixes: a
affect the pattern of the primary stress falls on the syllable number of suffixes attract the
root/base word. They can be preceding the suffix. primary stress. They are usually of
called stress-neutral French origin.
suffixes.
-able: 'comfortable, de'batable, -eous: 'advan'tageous, -aire: 'doctri'naire,
re'liable cou'rageous, out'rageous ex'traordi'naire, 'millio'naire
-ible: per'missible, re'sistible, -ious: in'fectious, in'jurious, -ee: 'absen'tee, 'refu'gee, 'tru'stee
OM
re'bellious
re'sponsible -eer: ca'reer, 'engi'neer, 'volun'teer
-ive: a'ggressive, in'active,
-ator: 'calculator, 'escalator, per'spective -ese: 'journa'lese, 'lega'lese,
'terminator -graphy: 'chore'ography, o'fficia'lese
-dom: 'boredom, 'freedom, ge'ography, 'lexi'cography -esque: 'ara'besque, bur'lesque,
'wisdom -ial: 'bene'ficial, 'dicta'torial, 'pictu'resque
-ful: 'beautiful, 'painful, suc'cessful o'fficial -ette: 'bachelo'rette, bru'nette,
'falsehood
-ing: 'filling, 'going, .C
-hood: 'brotherhood, 'childhood, -ian: gra'mmarian, ma'gician,
'poli'tician
-ion: in'flation, 'infor'mation,
re'jection
'leathe'rette
-ique: bou'tique, phy'sique,
u'nique
DD
'under'standing, 'walking -ity: pro'ximity, 'purity, 'uni'versity -oon: co'coon, la'goon, mon'soon
-ish: 'childish, 'foolish, 'thirtyish -ify: 'glorify, i'dentify, 'specify
-ism: 'criticism, pro'tectionism, -logy: bi'ology, 'ide'ology,
'realism 'soci'ology
-ise/ize: 'criticize, 'hospitalize, -uous: con'tinuous, 'monstruous,
'virtuous
LA
'theorize
-ic(s)*: 'eco'nomic, mag'netic,
-less: 'meaningless, 'reckless, 'metrics
'tireless
-like: 'birdlike, 'childlike, *The following words constitute
'motherlike exceptions: 'Arabic, a'rithmetic
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-ment: a'greement, (noun), 'Catholic, 'heretic , 'lunatic,

'politic, and 'rhetoric, among
bom'bardment, 'government
others.
-some: 'awesome, 'fearsome,
'troublesome

-wise: 'businesswise, 'clockwise,

'likewise
Stress in compound words

Compound words are the combination of two or more independent elements
functioning as one.
● Open compound: two seperate words. E.g: bus conductor
● Hyphenated compound: join by a hyphen. E.g: user-friendly
● Solid compound: one lexical item. E.g: penknife

- SINGLE STRESSED COMPOUNDS -
N+N ADJ + N N + PART N&V OTHERS

1) The second The stress falls on The noun is usually 1)An -ing verb can Compounds
element indicates the first element the subject of the precede a noun in including the words
the element or doer and the compound phrase as in: the result, with the street and gate are
of the action. is consider to be moth eaten = moths result used as a always single
E.g: ‘money lender long-established have eaten X noun: stressed, in contrast
‘lie detector E.g: ‘sleeping pill (a pill to other words
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‘black people ‘sunburnt for sleeping) denoting
2) The first noun ‘sick pay ‘blue-coloured ‘swimming pool (important) roads.
states what type of ‘grandchildren ‘typewritten ‘flying pan This list includes
thing is the second. ‘real estate ‘heartfelt compounds
E.g: po’lice officer ‘freehand ‘air-conditioned 2) Pvs and prep. containing the word
‘christmas card ‘whiteboard ‘snow-capped verbs become single building and
‘highlight ‘pear-shaped stressed when their others referring
3) Very few
compounds may
have double stress
on the meanings .C
‘wholesale
‘hothouse
‘hardback
‘lowland
Unlike other
compounds, the
stress doesn’t
noun forms are
used
‘takeaway
‘checkin
mainly to
organizations.
‘Bond street
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expressed: ‘thickhead change if the word ‘Bishopsgate
‘family name ‘short-list is used predicatively 3)N + V sometimes ‘Regent street
(last name) ‘busybody or attributively. make up compound ‘Deansgate
‘family ‘name (!) If altered the nouns: ‘Downing street
(family reputation) meaning changes ‘ceasefire ’Fishergate
‘talk show ‘Woolworth
LA
(!) E: stop press Building

‘Ford foundation
4)a noun can ‘Gideon Society
combine with a verb
ending in -ing and
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the result may be an the ‘Hoover

adjective or a noun Commission
‘breathtaking
‘money lending
‘thought-provoking

(!) E:
‘family ‘planning,
‘town ‘planning
‘zebra ‘crossing

- DOUBLE STRESSED COMPOUNDS -
Comb. with N Comb. with N and ADJ Oher combinations

N + N: ‘family ‘doctor = the doctor Adj + Adj generates combinations Self + verb -ing
of the family which are double-stressed in originate adjectives
a’cademy a’wards citation form. The default pattern
‘family ‘tree can be altered. ‘self-’catering
‘students’ ’union ‘Anglo-A’merican ‘self-’supporting
‘bitter-’sweet ‘self-’raising
OM
‘royal ‘blue ‘self-’defeating
N + N: N1 and N2 have the same Adj + N is usually doble-stressed Adverb + Participles

referent. E.g: “two elements refer by default. Most function as noun originate adjectives
to different aspects of the same phrases. Some can be proper
person” names. ‘far-’fetched
‘twin ‘sister ‘general ‘knowledge ‘far-’flung
.C
‘acid ‘rain (rain that is acid) ‘Middle ‘East ‘far-’gone
‘woman ‘witter (a woman that is a ‘civil ‘war
writer)
Also applies to compounds
DD
including nationalities, where the
item denoting nationality is the
adjectival complement:
‘French ‘windows
However, certain such
combinations ending in -man and
LA
-woman tend to have a single

stress.
N + N: N1 (and sometimes N2) is N + Adj combinations function

a proper name. Most of these generally as adjectives
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compounds are place names; they ‘tax-’free

include certain genetives. ‘sky-’blue
‘Mother ‘Nature ‘stone ‘deaf
‘Channel ‘Tunnel
‘World ‘Bank

(!) E: ‘Home Office, ‘Lake District,

‘Labor Party
N + N: N2 is made of N2 Adj + Verb -ing gives rise to

‘apple ‘pie adjectives with double stress
‘chocolate ‘biscuit ‘easy ’going
‘ivory ‘tower ‘far-r’eaching
‘cotton ‘wool ‘hard-’working
(!) E. most exceptions are

compounds made up of juice and
cake

THREE-WORD COMPOUNDS
a. ‘_ _’_ b. _’ _ _ c. ‘_ _ _
‘audiovisual ‘aid morning-’after pill ‘coffee-table book
‘nuclear-free ‘zone good ‘luck charm ‘greenhouse effect
‘self-made ‘man April's ‘Fool Day ‘inkjet printer
‘top-class ‘model teacher ‘training-college ‘windscreen wiper
‘nextdoor ‘neighbor no-’win situation ‘fingernail polish
OM
‘two-piece ‘suit school-’leaving age ‘football team
‘one-way ‘traffic
‘nationwide ‘coverage
‘old age ‘pension
‘well-balanced ‘diet
.C
DD
Stress in compound words
Stressed syllables are separated from each other by one or more unstressed syllables.
1. If a double stressed adjective occurs in an attributive position (= before

the noun they are modifying), its primary stress tends to be lost.
LA
‘pictu’resque ‘long-’winded
a ‘picturesque ‘setting the ‘long-winded ‘speech

FI
2. The same tendency can be applied to compound nouns that are modified by
a short adjective.
‘cotton ‘wool ‘soft cotton ‘wool

3. Compound adjectives that occur in a predicative position

A ‘dark blue ‘coat The ‘coat is dark ‘blue
4. Furthemore, because of the rhythmic characteristic of English, this shifting

tendency can be applied even to a few single-stressed words, resulting in a
new pattern when they are used attributively.
u’nique ‘unique ‘features
or’nate ‘ornate ‘carvings

- Unit 3: intonation -
Prominence
Connected speech, that is to say an utterance consisting of more than one word,
exhibits features of accentuation that are in many ways comparable with those found
in the polysyllabic word.
For example; consider the expression ‘mine is the best in it’ and the word
‘irritability’. You must have noticed that both instances of language can be made
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accentually alike. As was said before, “stress is one of the linguistic properties of a
word by which one (or more) of its syllables stands out with respect to the others”.
The term prominence is similar in that it affects words. However, these words are
not considered in isolation but in context.
The syllables that stand out from the rest by virtue of being in words which are
somehow salient in the context in which they are uttered. In other words, through
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prominence, the speakers signal “the points of focus in connected speech”
But, which words are generally prominent in an utterance? It is known that, within
the field of phonology, on very few occasions can we speak about rules, since a
DD
number of exceptions seem to go against any pre-established pattern of prominence
placement. There is, however, a general tendency to make prominent those words
that carry the information load of the utterance and to leave the others
non-prominent.
LA
From a grammatical point of view, we can say that, in general, content words (nouns,
lexical verbs, adjectives and adverbs) are made prominent and structural words
(auxiliary verbs, pronouns, prepositions, articles, possessive determiners and
conjunctions) are left non-prominent.
FI
However, we must also point out that the above-mentioned tendency is not always
reflected on spoken English, since “there is a certain degree of elasticity” as to the
way speakers express their thoughts in words.
There are a number of factors that affect prominence allocation.

1) One of them refers to the different meanings or attitudes that can be

conveyed by uttering the same words:
● a. 'Does he 'always 'have to 'come 'late?

b. Does he 'always have to come 'late?
If we imagine the circumstances in which these two utterances could be uttered, we

will feel that utterance ‘a’ may convey some kind of annoyance that is not present in
utterance ‘b’. Although from the lexical point of view both questions are exactly the
same, the effect they produce is different due to the choice of prominence allocation.

2) Another factor is the relationship between old and new information in
connected speech. Consider the following exchange:
● B: […] And we 'also played 'games. 'That was 'great.

A: What 'sort of games?
B: 'Guessing games, for example. A 'simple game is the 'bag game. 'One 'group
has a 'big bag and the 'other group 'guesses what´s 'in the bag.
The word ‘games’ is made prominent the first time it is mentioned. After that, it is
repeated several times and, for this reason, it is left non-prominent, as it is
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considered to be old information. Towards the end of the exchange, ‘in’, a structural
word, is made prominent, since it is informationally important and, consequently,
becomes the “point of focus”.
3) A third aspect that influences prominence is rhythm. As a feature and a

product of the phonological structure of English, rhythm is made up of the
.C
regular succession of prominent and non-prominent syllables.
In example (3), the word ‘little’ is important in terms of meaning because it
presents new information. However, it is left non-prominent to fit in with the
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rhythmical patterning typical of English.
● You're a 'nice little 'girl!
4) Finally, usage may determine the choice of prominent words in a given

LA
utterance. There are some grammatical structures, expressions, set phrases

and collocations that follow patterns that are established in the language and
that can only be changed for the sake of contrast or emphasis.
● 'That is the 'shirt you wanted.

FI
Note: technically speaking, syllables are prominent, not words. However, it seems

easier to say “prominent words”. An alternative to this would be “highlighted

word”, which (probably more) aptly describes the salience of a word by virtue of
carrying a prominent syllable.

Prominence and Information Status
The fact that a word is prominent signals that the speaker has chosen to present it as
new information, that is to say, “as not being already available to the hearer”.
The general rule is that we foreground new information and we leave old information
in the background.
1. What items are generally left non-prominent?
a) Repeated items
OM
- Do you like cats?
- 'No, I 'hate cats.
b) Synonyms
.C
- Can you complete these forms, please?
- 'Sure. I 'love doing paperwork.

DD
c) Situationally given information
(watching B having a warm cup of coffee) I’m 'dying for a cup of coffee.
LA
2. As said before, new information deserves prominence. At times, this principle is

so strong that it applies even in the case of words that are highly predictable but still
new.
FI
- How long did the movie last?
- 'Two 'hours.


Prominence and Rhythm
Being made up of a succession of prominent and non-prominent syllables, rhythm is

such a strong prosodic feature that, at times, overrides the tendency to make new
information prominent.
A. In a sequence of three content words, there is a tendency for the second

one to be left non-prominent, provided it has no more than two syllables.
However, depending on a number of variables, such as speed of delivery, a
OM
word with more than two syllables may be selected as non-prominent.
'dark brown 'hair

'long curly 'hair
.C 'long lu'xuriant 'hair

'nice old 'woman
DD
'nice pretty 'woman
'nice in'telligent 'woman
LA
B. Phrasal verbs: the stress pattern of transitive phrasal verbs changes

according to the position and the nature of the object they are accompanied
by.
FI
'switch 'on
'switch the 'radio on
'switch on the 'radio

'switch it 'on
'take 'off'
'take your 'shoes off
'take off your 'shoes
'take them "off

In the case of intransitive phrasal verbs, both parts, the verb and the particle, attract
prominence, unless they are immediately preceded and/or followed by another
prominent word.
'get 'up
I 'can't get 'up
I 'get up 'early
'go 'up
OM
'prices go 'up
they 'go up 'steadily
C. Double stressed compound and simple words generally lose one of the
.C
two stresses if they are preceded and/or followed by another prominent word.
DD
'unknown ma'terial
the ma'terial is un'known
a 'Chinese 'vase
this 'vase is Chi'nese
LA
D. Names of letters and numerals

These are generally considered to be separate words. Thus, in a group of
FI
several letters or numbers, some will receive prominence and others will not.
It’s as 'easy as the 'AB'C.

'Let’s watch the 'BB'C.

He is 'HIV 'positive.
'Let’s eat a 'BL'T.
My 'phone number is '45'25'46'1.
I was 'born in '199'5.

Prominence and Usage
There are a number of constructions in which the last content word is left
non-prominent, since it can somehow be recovered from context. These content
words are said to be items “with low semantic load” (Ortiz-Lira, 1998, p. 57).
A. Event sentences
The 'phone’s ringing. The 'baby’s crying.
OM
The 'car broke down. An 'accident happened.
B. Subject + passive verb
'Classes have been cancelled. The 'president’s been killed!
.C
E'lections have been called.
C. Final adverbials
The 'bank’s been robbed.
DD
There are 'no 'buses today. It 'rained last night.
He’s 'graduating tomorrow. The 'paperboy is here.

LA
'George’s on the phone. 'Clean the 'board, please.
D. Nouns + Infinitives
I’ve got some 'letters to write. Put this 'shirt to wash.

FI
I 'don´t 'know which 'brand to buy. I 'doubt which 'book to read.
E. Wh-questions ending with a verb

'How are 'things going? 'How’s your 'mother feeling?
'Where’s the 'baby sleeping? 'How much 'weight have you lost?
F. Final defining relative clauses:
'Here’s the 'dress you lent me. This is the 'necklace I wanted.
'Is that the 'doctor you mentioned? 'Look at the 'tree you’ve planted.

This can also be related to information status. The content of the final relative
clauses is not informative but rather shared by the interlocutors. For example, in
the sentence Here's the dress you lent me, the fact that the listener lent the speaker
a dress is shared. Then, why would we make it prominent? There is no need to.
G. Nouns + Adjectives / participles
'Keep your 'mouth shut. 'Don´t leave the 'kids alone.
'Leave the 'door open. He got 'all the 'work done.
OM
H. Empty words
He keeps 'saying things. Do you enjoy 'visiting places?
I love 'interacting with 'different people.
.C
I. Final vocatives, reporting verbs
* Sometimes vocatives are made prominent with a particular choice of tone.
DD
What’s the 'matter, Jim? 'Do it, he said.
He'llo, honey! I 'don´t want to 'go, Mary cried.

LA
J. Reflexive and emphatic pronouns: when these pronouns are used as true
reflexives –pronouns referring to the subject of the sentence, clause or verbal
phrase in which they stand-, they are left non-prominent.
FI
'Look at yourself. She 'cut herself.
'Don’t 'hurt yourself. I 'bought myself a 'new 'coat.

If, on the other hand, they are used for emphasis, they are prominent.
She 'did it her'self. I was com'pletely by my'self in that place.
K. Idiomatic expressions: many idiomatic expressions have fixed prominence

patterns that are generally different from their corresponding literal
expressions. It is worth mentioning that, in some cases, changing this pattern
may give rise to “humorous or bizarre effects”

IDIOMS
To have 'eyes in the 'back of one’s 'head
To be 'rolling in money
To have a 'chip on one’s shoulder
To 'get on like a 'house on fire
To have a 'screw loose
To 'keep your 'nose clean
OM
To 'put one’s 'house in order
To have one’s 'hands full
To push the 'boat out
.C
To have a 'bee in one’s bonnet
It’s 'pouring down
It is 'raining cats and 'dogs

DD
I’m 'leaving in a 'day or two
By 'all means
There’s 'nothing 'to it, really

LA
('She) of 'all people
Contrastive Patterns
FI
A. Sometimes speakers need to make a ‘given’ item prominent for the sake of
establishing contrast.
- She has a red car.
- Oh 'not 'red. It’s 'green.

B. Some other times, when an explicit contrast is expressed, the opposing

elements attract prominence and the repeated items are left non-prominent.
- Did you say Oxford Street?
- I 'didn´t say Oxford 'Street, I said Oxford 'Road.
C. The stress pattern of words may also be overridden by contrast.

- I´ve re'ceived 'many birthday 'presents, but just 'one birthday 'card.
- The 'tour stops at 'Central Park, 'Bryant Park and 'Battery Park.

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RESÚMEN DE FONÉTICA

- Unit 1: “phonemic adjustments” -

the second example.

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/-tn/ /-tnC/ /-dnt/ /-ʃnC/

/-dl / /-tl / /-ʃl / /-zl /

middle little official appraisal

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b) The dental fricative /θ/ is generally elided from: asthma, isthmus.

Examples: don’t they, dealt with.

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/t/ → /p/ before: /p, b, m/ taught Paul

/d/ → /b/ before: /p, b, m/ good man

/n/ → /m/ before: /p, b, m/ on Monday

/ɒn mʌndi/→/ɒm mʌndi/

/t/ → /k/ before: /k, g/ get caught

/d/ → /g/ before: /k, g/ stayed calm

/n/ → /ŋ/ before: /k, g/ one case

/s/ → /ʃ/ before: /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ this shop

/s/ → /ʃ/ before: /j/ in case you need it.

/z/ → /ʒ/ before: /ʃ, tʃ, dʒ/ those sheep

/z/ → /ʒ/ before: /j/ Has your letter come?

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/t/ + /j/ →/tʃ/ put yourself, meet you, let you

/d/ + /j/ →/dʒ/ Did you, Could you, Would you

preceded by a semivowel. In the rarer cases of syllables containing triphthongs, they

brilliant /ˈbrɪ.li.ənt/ → /ˈbrɪ.ljɪənt/

influence /ˈɪn.flu.əns/ → /ˈɪn.flwəns/

Across word boundaries, this phenomenon generally involves the conversion of

the other day /ði ˈʌðə ˈdeɪ/ → /ˈðjʌðə deɪ/

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Stress in simple words

a-: anew out-: 'outburst, 'outcast, 'outfit, pre-: 'precon'ceived , 'pre'cast

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-ment: a'greement, (noun), 'Catholic, 'heretic , 'lunatic,

-wise: 'businesswise, 'clockwise,

Stress in compound words

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N+N ADJ + N N + PART N&V OTHERS

(!) E: stop press Building

the result may be an the ‘Hoover

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Comb. with N Comb. with N and ADJ Oher combinations

N + N: N1 and N2 have the same Adj + N is usually doble-stressed Adverb + Participles

-woman tend to have a single

N + N: N1 (and sometimes N2) is N + Adj combinations function

compounds are place names; they ‘tax-’free

(!) E: ‘Home Office, ‘Lake District,

N + N: N2 is made of N2 Adj + Verb -ing gives rise to

(!) E. most exceptions are

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1. If a double stressed adjective occurs in an attributive position (= before

a ‘picturesque ‘setting the ‘long-winded ‘speech

3. Compound adjectives that occur in a predicative position

4. Furthemore, because of the rhythmic characteristic of English, this shifting

or’nate ‘ornate ‘carvings

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1) One of them refers to the different meanings or attitudes that can be

● a. 'Does he 'always 'have to 'come 'late?

If we imagine the circumstances in which these two utterances could be uttered, we

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● B: […] And we 'also played 'games. 'That was 'great.

3) A third aspect that influences prominence is rhythm. As a feature and a