2021 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT)
Estimation of Power Quality in Distribution System
with High Penetration of Renewable Power
Generation
Nagendra Kumar Swarnkar Om Prakash Mahela
Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajasthan Rajya Vidhyut Prasaran
Rajasthan Technical University Nigam Ltd.
Kota-324010, India Jaipur, India
Email: swarnkar.n123@gmail.com Email: opmahela@gmail.com
Abstract— This manuscript details a study to estimate the
power quality (PQ) disturbances with hybrid grid with availability
2021 Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT) | 978-1-6654-2691-6/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/I-PACT52855.2021.9696688
of both wind farm (WF) and solar park (SP). This is achieved by
applying the hybrid combination of Stockwell transform (ST) and
Hilbert Transform (HT). A PQ identification index (IPI) and event
location event (IPL) are computed by decomposing the voltage
signals using the ST and HT. It is established that IPI index
effectively recognizes the PQ issues associated with hybrid grid
grid with availability of high penetration of power from the WF
and SP during the operational events like switching on/off the
feeder, generator of SP, generator of WF and island formation of
the hybrid grid. IPL effectively localized these operational events.
Further, these events of hybrid grid have been categorized by the
application of decision rules which are driven the features
computed from the IPI and IPL indices. Performance of proposed
technique is superior in comparison to the Discrete Wavelet
transform (DWT) based technique. Study is performed on IEEE-
13 buses test network with application MATLAB.
Keywords—Hybrid grid; Hilbert transform; power quality; Solar
park; Stockwell transform; wind farm.
I. INTRODUCTION
Recently the demand of electrical energy has escalated due to
the urbanization, industrialization and rise in living standards.
This increased power demand can be met from conventional
sources of the energy due to the huge amount of pollutants
produced by the conventional power plants create serious
environmental problems [1]. Hence, hybrid renewable energy
sources (HRES) have emerged as important sources of energy
which are effective to fulfil the future load demand by
overcoming the problem of environment pollution. Solar
photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy is emerging as most
important HRES for grid level generation of renewable energy
(RE) power. However, volatile and intermittent nature of these
sources deteriorates the quality of power in the hybrid grids [2].
Signal processing and intelligent techniques can be
implemented to identify and to classify the PQ issues associated
with hybrid grid which includes the Wavelet transform (WT),
discrete Wavelet transform (DWT), Fourier Transform (FT),
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), Gabor transform (GT), Stockwell
transform (ST), Wigner distribution function (WDF), artificial
neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), rule based
decision tree (RBDT), and machine leaning (ML) [3]. In [4],
authors designed a controlled hybrid energy system (HES) with
high wind energy penetration to improve PQ by the use of shunt
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Mahendra Lalwani
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Rajasthan Technical University
Kota-324010, India
Email: mlalwani.ee@gmail.com
active power filter (SAPF). Optimal use of SAPF is ensured by
the use of fuzzy logic (FL), ANN and ANFIS. A detailed study
of the PQ estimation and improvement in the hybrid grid is
reported in [5]. Signal processing techniques are applied for
detection of PQ issues and PQ improvement is performed by
applying the Distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM)
equipped with a battery. In [6], authors designed a method
based on the use of DWT, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP)
neural network, support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naive
Bayes (NB) to detect and classify PQ events pertaining to
microgrid where both wind and solar power plants are
interfaced. Various techniques are reported to recognize PQ
issues in the hybrid grids [7]-[10]. Following are the key
contributions of the manuscript:-
• A method making the use of hybrid application of HT and
ST is introduced to estimate the PQ issues in the hybrid
grid where penetration of power from wind farm and solar
park is high. This is achieved by effective use of the IPI
and IPL indices. PQ issues associated with operational
events of hybrid grid such as switching on/off the feeder,
generator of SP, generator of WF and island formation of the
hybrid grid have been recognized.
• Features F1 to F4 are computed and used to effectively
recognize the operational condition in the grid.
• Performance of method is superior relative to DWT based
method.
The contents in the manuscript are grouped in seven
sections. Section I details the introduction and contribution of
research. Hybrid grid test system used for performing the study
is demonstrated in Section II. PQ estimation technique is
detailed in Section III. Results of study are elaborated and
analysed in the Section IV. Section V details the results for
categorization of events. A study to compare results of the
method with results of existing DWT technique is included in
Section VI. Conclusions are included in Section VII.
II. TEST DISTRIBUTION GRID WITH WPP AND SPP
Test distribution network having the integrated wind farm
plant (WF) and solar power plant (SPP) used for the study is
realized using an IEEE-13 nodes test system which is operated
at voltages of 4.16kV and 0.48 kV [11]. A wind farm rated at a
rating of 1.5MW, voltage of 575V, and frequency of 60Hz is
integrated to test network on nodes 680 as detailed in Fig. 1.
1
Further, a solar park (SP) rated at a capacity of 1.0MW, voltage AHTOM. Detailed mathematical explanation of the HT
of 260V, and frequency of 60Hz is integrated to test network on used for the study is available in [17].
nodes 680 as detailed in Fig. 1. Details of feeders, loads, and 6. Variance of the AHTOM matrix (HV) is computed using
capacitors used in this study have been reported in [12]-[13]. the below described matlab command.
Details of the wind farm used in this study is available in [14]. = ( ) (4)
The wind farm generates power at 575V which is stepped up to 7. Compute the index for PQ identification (IPI) as described
4.16 kV using the transformers WFT. The solar park generates
below.
power at 260V which is stepped up to 4.16 using the
transformer SPT. Distribution transformer (DT) installed = × × × (5)
between the nodes 633 and 634 maintains these nodes at the Here, WFI: weight factor. It is considered equal to 104.
voltages of 4.16kV and 0.48kV. Large are Utility grid 8. Compute the index for PQ event location (IPL) as
transformer (LAUGT) connects the test system operated at demonstrated below.
voltage of 4.16kV to the large area utility network maintained = × × (6)
at 115kV. Transformer details available in [11], [13] have been Here, WFL: weight factor. It is considered equal to 104.
used to design the transformers used for the study.
B. Event Classification
Events are categorized using the decision rules. Following
features computed from the IPI and IPL indices have been used
for categorization of the events.
F1: Covariance of IPI
1= ( ) (7)
F2: Summation of all elements of IPI
2= ( ) (8)
F3: Covariance of IPL
3= ( ) (9)
F4: Summation of all elements of IPL
4= ( ) (10)
Decision rules used for event categorization are described
in the section V.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Fig. 1. Test distribution grid with WPP and SPP Simulation results to estimate the PQ issues in the hybrid grid
with WF and SP during different operational scenarios using
III. PQ ESTIMATION METHOD the proposed hybrid approach are detailed and analysed in this
The voltage signal recorded on junction 650 of hybrid grid section.
is decomposed using ST and HT to estimate PQ disturbances. A. Feeder Tripping Event in Hybrid Grid
All steps are demonstrated in below detailed sub-sections:-
Event of feeder tripping is simulated on test hybrid grid (HG)
A. PQ Estimation with availability of WF and SP at 6th cycle by opening circuit
Following steps are used to estimate a PQ event pertaining breaker (CB) installed between the nodes 671 and 692 of HG.
to various scenarios of hybrid grid with WF and SP:- Voltage captured on node 650 is described in Fig. 2(a). This
1. Process the voltage signal using ST and compute absolute voltage signal is decomposed applying the proposed algorithm
magnitudes of output matrix and assign the symbol for computing IPI and IPL which are illustrated in Fig. 2 (b) and
ASTOM. Detailed mathematical explanation of the ST (c) respectively.
used for the study is available in [15]-[16]. Fig. 2 (a) details that voltage magnitude is not affected by the
2. Median of the matrix ASTOM (SM) is computed applying event of feeder tripping and remains constant. Fig. 2(b) details
the below described matlab command. that magnitude of the IPI index has increased due to the feeder
= ( ) (1) tripping event which indicates that high voltage is occurred.
3. Variance of the ASTOM matrix (SV) is computed using Further, oscillations observed on the IPI magnitude indicate the
the below described matlab command. presence of oscillatory transient (OT) due to the event of feeder
= ( ) (2) tripping. Fig. 2(c) details that magnitude of the IPL index has
4. Standard deviation of the ASTOM matrix (SSTD) is raised due to incidence of the feeder tripping event. It is seen
computed using the below described matlab command. from Table I that computation time for recognition of PQs and
identification of feeder tripping event is 0.720764s.
= ( ) (3)
5. Process the voltage signal using HT and compute absolute
magnitudes of output matrix and assign the symbol

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 Fig. 3 (a) details that voltage magnitude is slightly changed
and transients are observed by the event of feeder closing in the
hybrid grid. Fig. 3(b) details that magnitude of the IPI index has
changed due to the feeder closing event and oscillations are
observed on the IPI magnitude which indicates the availability
of oscillatory transient (OT) of high magnitude due to the event
of feeder closing. Fig. 3(c) details that magnitude of the IPL
index has raised due to incidence of feeder closing event. It is
seen from Table I that computation time for recognition of PQs
and identification of feeder closing event is 0.339896s.
C. Switching off the SP in Hybrid Grid
Event of switching off the solar park from the hybrid grid is
simulated on test hybrid grid (HG) with availability of WF and
SP at 6th cycle by opening the CB used to integrate the SP with
the HG. Voltage captured on node 650 is described in Fig. 4
(a). This voltage signal is decomposed applying the proposed
algorithm for computing IPI and IPL which are illustrated in
Fig. 2. Feeder tripping in hybrid grid (a) voltage signal (b) IPI (c) IPL Fig. 4 (b) and (c) respectively.

TABLE I TIME OF PQ ESTIMATION

S. Type of Event Category Time (s)
No. Hybrid
Grid Event
1 HE1 Feeder Tripping Event in Hybrid Grid 0.720764
2 HE2 Event of Feeder Closing in Hybrid Grid 0.339896
3 HE3 Switching off the SP in Hybrid Grid 0.148193
4 HE4 Switching ON the SP in Hybrid Grid 0.125041
5 HE5 Switching off the WF in Hybrid Grid 0.128531
6 HE6 Switching ON the WF in Hybrid Grid 0.076436
7 HE7 Island Formation in Hybrid Grid 0.101777

B. Event of Feeder Closing in Hybrid Grid

Event of feeder closing is simulated on test hybrid grid
(HG) with availability of WF and SP at 6th cycle by closing the
CB installed between junctions 671 and 692 of HG which is
initially kept open. Voltage captured on node 650 is described
in Fig. 3(a). This voltage signal is decomposed applying the
proposed algorithm for computing IPI and IPL which are
illustrated in Fig. 3 (b) and (c) respectively.
Fig. 4. Switching off the SP event in Hybrid Grid (a) voltage signal (b) IPI
(c) IPL

Fig. 4 (a) details that voltage magnitude is remains changed

by the event of Switching off the SP from Hybrid Grid. Fig. 4
(b) details that magnitude of IPI index has decreased due to the
event of switching off the SP from hybrid grid and oscillations
are observed on the IPI magnitude which indicates availability
of oscillatory transient (OT) due to event of switching off the
SP from hybrid grid. Fig. 4(c) details that magnitude of IPL
index has raised due to incidence of event of switching off the
SP from hybrid grid. It is seen from Table I that computation
time for recognition of PQs and identification of event of
switching off the solar park from the hybrid grid is 0.148193s.
D. Switching ON the SP in Hybrid Grid
Event of switching on the solar park to the hybrid grid is
simulated on test hybrid grid (HG) with availability of WF and
SP at 6th cycle by closing the circuit breaker used to integrate
the SP with the HG which was initially kept constant. Voltage
Fig. 3. Feeder closing event in hybrid grid (a) voltage signal (b) IPI (c) IPL captured on node 650 is described in Fig. 5 (a). This voltage
signal is decomposed applying the proposed algorithm for

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computing IPI and IPL which are illustrated in Fig. 5 (b) and
(c) respectively.

Fig. 6. Switching off the WF event in Hybrid Grid (a) voltage signal (b) IPI
(c) IPL.

Fig. 5. Switching ON the SP event in Hybrid Grid (a) voltage signal (b) IPI F. Switching ON the WF in Hybrid Grid
(c) IPL
Event of switching on the wind farm to the hybrid grid is
Fig. 5 (a) details that voltage magnitude is changed by the simulated on test hybrid grid (HG) with availability of WF and
event of switching on the SP to the hybrid grid. Fig. 5 (b) details SP at 6th cycle by closing the circuit breaker used to integrate
that magnitude of the IPI index has changed due to the event of the WF with the HG which was initially kept constant. Voltage
switching on the SP to the hybrid grid and oscillations are captured on node 650 is described in Fig. 7 (a). This voltage
observed on the IPI magnitude which indicates the availability signal is decomposed applying the proposed algorithm for
of notches and spikes due to the event of switching on the SP to computing IPI and IPL which are illustrated in Fig. 7 (b) and
the hybrid grid. Fig. 5(c) details that magnitude of the IPL index (c) respectively.
has raised due to incidence of event of switching on the SP to
the hybrid grid. It is seen from Table I that computation time
for recognition of PQs and identification of the event of
switching on the SP is 0.125041s.
E. Switching off the WF in Hybrid Grid
Event of switching off the wind farm park from the hybrid
grid is simulated on test hybrid grid (HG) with availability of
WF and SP at 6th cycle by opening the CB used to integrate the
WF with the HG. Voltage captured on node 650 is described in
Fig. 6 (a). This voltage signal is decomposed applying the
proposed algorithm for computing IPI and IPL which are
illustrated in Fig. 6 (b) and (c) respectively.
Fig. 6 (a) details that voltage magnitude remains changed by
the event of switching off the WF from Hybrid Grid. Fig. 6 (b)
details that magnitude of the IPI index has decreased due to the
event of switching off the WF from hybrid grid and oscillations
are observed on IPI magnitude which indicates availability of
oscillatory transient (OT) due to the event of switching off the
WF from hybrid grid. Fig. 6(c) details that magnitude of IPL
index has raised due to incidence of event of switching off the Fig. 7. Switching ON the WF event in Hybrid Grid (a) voltage signal (b)
WF from hybrid grid. It is seen from Table I that computation IPI (c) IPL
time for recognition of PQs and identification of event of
switching off the solar park from the hybrid grid is 0.128531s. Fig. 7 (a) details that voltage magnitude is changed and
transients are observed with the voltage signal by the event of
switching on the WF to the hybrid grid. Fig. 7 (b) details that
magnitude of the IPI index has increased sharply due to the
event of switching on the WF to the hybrid grid which indicates

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the availability of impulsive transient (IT) due to the event of S. No.
HG Features
switching on the WF to the hybrid grid. Further, two ITs are Event F1 F2 F3 F4
observed one after the other due to the event of switching on the 1 HE1 2.0967x10-9 0.0327 5.6745x10-5 631.7199
2 HE2 0.0011 16.5877 8.9289x10-4 623.1000
WF to the hybrid grid. Fig. 7(c) details that magnitude of IPL
3 HE3 1.3471 x10-9 0.0175 8.7822x10-5 624.0214
index has raised due to occurrence of event of switching on the 4 HE4 0.0035 32.5099 0.0075 633.6690
WF to the hybrid grid. It is seen from Table I that computation 5 HE5 3.0027 x10-8 0.0475 1.8935x10-4 633.7031
time for recognition of PQs and identification of the event of 6 HE6 0.1554 264.9212 1.6367 778.4140
switching on the WF is 0.076436s 7 HE7 0.6038 134.3488 0.0479 441.1295

G. Island Formation in Hybrid Grid

Event island formation of the hybrid grid is simulated on test
hybrid grid (HG) with availability of WF and SP at 6th cycle by
opening the CB used to integrate the HG with the large area
utility grid. Voltage captured on node 650 is described in Fig. 8
(a). This voltage signal is decomposed applying the proposed
algorithm for computing IPI and IPL which are illustrated in
Fig. 8 (b) and (c) respectively.

Fig. 9. Categorization of events in hybrid grid

Event categorization started with the feature F2. Events

Fig. 8. Island Formation event in Hybrid Grid (a) voltage signal (b) IPI (c)
IPL
Fig. 8 (a) details that voltage magnitude is decreased due to
the event island formation of the hybrid grid. Fig. 8 (b) details
that magnitude of the IPI index has decreased due to the event
of island formation of the hybrid grid which indicates
availability of voltage sag PQ disturbance. Further, low
magnitude transients are also observed due to the event of
island formation of the HG. Fig. 8(c) details that magnitude of
IPL index has raised due to incidence of event of island
formation of the hybrid grid. It is seen from Table I that
computation time for recognition of PQs and identification of
the event of island formation of the hybrid grid is 0.101777s.
V. HG EVENT CATEGORIZATION
Features F1to F4 computed for the investigated HG events
are included in the Table II. A plot showing the various decision
rules utilized for categorizing the events in hybrid grid is
detailed in Fig. 9.
TABLE II FEATURES UTILIZED TO CLASSIFY THE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH
HYBRID GRID
with F2>1 are included in the group-HG1 and events of HG
with F2<1 are included in group HG2. Events of groups HG1
and HG are classified one by using decision rules as detailed in
Fig. 9.
VI. COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH DWT APPROACH
Effectiveness of the techniques introduced in this
manuscript is compared with discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
equipped method reported in [18]. It is observed that efficiency
of the DWT method is found to be 95% whereas efficiency of
introduced method is high and found to be equal to 100%.
Further, performance of DWT based approach is affected in
noisy environment whereas performance of the method is
effective even in the availability of high noise.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
This manuscript investigated a method which makes the use
of hybrid application of HT and ST to estimate the PQ issues in
the hybrid grid where penetration of power from wind farm and
solar park is high. This is achieved by effective use of the IPI
and IPL indices. PQ issues associated with operational events
of hybrid grid such as switching on/off the feeder, generator of

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SP, generator of WF and island formation of the hybrid grid [12] Abdul Gafoor Shaik and Om Prakash Mahela, “Power quality
have been recognized effectively. Four features are computed assessment and event detection in hybrid power system,” Electric
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investigated techniques is better compared to the DWT method Gupta, Nilesh Patel, Tomonobu Senjyu, Mir Sayed Shah Danish,
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