534
2, FEBRUARY 2018
An Improved Energy Detector for Mobile Cognitive
Users Over Generalized Fading Channels
Lokesh Gahane, Student Member, IEEE, Prabhat Kumar Sharma , Senior Member, IEEE,
Neeraj Varshney , Student Member, IEEE, Theodoros A. Tsiftsis , Senior Member, IEEE,
and Preetam Kumar, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract— A cooperative cognitive radio network (CRN) with
improved energy detection-based spectrum sensing is analyzed in
various fading scenarios. Generalized multipath (Nakagami-m)
fading and enriched multipath (Nakagami-q) fading models are
considered along with two other general fading distributions,
i.e., κ-μ and η-μ distributions. For spectrum sensing, instead
of conventional power 2-based detection method, the arbitrary
power p-based improved energy detector is used. The impact of
the cognitive user mobility on the performance of the improved
energy detector is investigated. Specifically, the statistics for the
received signal are derived over various fading environments. The
performance of the considered CRN system is evaluated in terms
of probability of false alarm, probability of missed detection, and
receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Moreover, the
area under the ROC curve is also obtained. Simulation results
are provided to corroborate the theoretical results derived in this
paper.
Index Terms— Cognitive radio network, cognitive user
mobility, energy detection, spectrum sensing.
I. I NTRODUCTION
T HE spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network (CRN)
helps the secondary user (also known as cognitive
user (CU)) determine whether the communication channel of
primary user (PU) is being occupied or not. On availability
of free spectrum allocated to PU, the CU instantly moves
into the vacant channel, without interfering the PU [1]. This
unauthorized access of PU resources facilitates the spectrum
sharing among PU and CU without causing any interference,
and thus makes the cognitive radio a promising mechanism to
Manuscript received March 11, 2017; revised July 31, 2017; accepted
September 8, 2017. Date of publication September 19, 2017; date of
current version February 14, 2018. This research was supported in part
by the Visvesvaraya Young Faculty Research Fellowship grant funded by
the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of
India. The associate editor coordinating the review of this paper and
approving it for publication was H. R. Bahrami. (Corresponding author:
Prabhat Kumar Sharma.)
L. Gahane and P. K. Sharma are with the Department of Electron-
ics and Communication Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur 440010, India (e-mail: gahanelokesh@gmail.com;
prabhatmadhavec1@gmail.com).
N. Varshney is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Kanpur,
Kanpur 208016, India (e-mail: neerajv@iitk.ac.in).
T. A. Tsiftsis is with the School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University,
Astana 010000, Kazakhstan (e-mail: theodoros.tsiftsis@nu.edu.kz).
P. Kumar is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Patna,
Patna 800013, India (e-mail: pkumar@iitp.ac.in).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2754250
0090-6778 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 66, NO.
counter the spectrum scarcity in evolving wireless communi-
cation systems.
A. Literature Review
Various spectrum sensing methods like matched filter detec-
tion [2], cyclostationary detection [3], wavelet detection [4]
and covariance detection [5] have been discussed in the open
technical literature. These methods, however, require prior
knowledge of the PU’s signal, random noise and interfer-
ence, frequency components and covariance matrices etc. In
absence of the prior knowledge of PU’s signal, the energy
detection-based [6]–[9] spectrum sensing is widely used in the
literature. Further, the energy-based spectrum sensing method
has low computational and implementation complexity as it
requires non-coherent structure. The low-complexity energy-
based detection method for spectrum sensing has shown in [6].
The conventional energy detector (CED) [7] uses the power 2
of amplitude of the received signal. However, in the improved
energy detector schemes [9]–[16], the squaring operation of
the received signal amplitude in the CED is replaced with
an arbitrary positive power p operation. It has been shown
in [9]–[14] that the improved energy detector introduces
more flexibility, and significantly improves the performance of
spectrum sensing in varying channel conditions. The improved
energy detector is considered in [13] and [14] over Rayleigh
and Hoyt fading environments, respectively.
Double threshold-based cooperative spectrum sensing for a
CRN with improved energy detectors has been shown in [16]
where each CU node makes a local decision regarding the
presence of PU using double thresholds. A hybrid double
threshold-based energy detector [17] improves the sensing
performance at CUs for cooperative spectrum sensing mech-
anisms. To overcome the noise uncertainty at the receiver, an
optimal threshold energy detection algorithm which is based
on the tradeoff between the probability of false alarm and the
probability of missed detection was derived in [18].
All the above discussed spectrum sensing methods have
considered stationary PU and CUs. However, in practical
scenarios the mobility of PUs and CUs have significant impact
on the detection performance [19]. The impact of mobility on
CED-based spectrum sensing in CRN was presented in [20].
It is shown that the node mobility increases the spatio-temporal
diversity in the received PU’s signal strengths. It has been
observed in [21] and [22] that the system always experiences
an error floor with SNR due to node mobility. The special case
GAHANE et al.: IMPROVED ENERGY DETECTOR FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE USERS OVER GENERALIZED FADING CHANNELS
of PU mobility impact on CED-based spectrum sensing was
considered in [23] where CUs were assumed to be stationary.
It is shown that the sensing capacity increases in the presence
of PU mobility if the PU protection range is smaller than the
network size.
The spectrum sensing performance of a CRN has been
evaluated under various channel statistics in [24]–[34]. The
performance of CED over generalized multipath fading chan-
nels is presented in [24]–[27]. The modeling and analysis of
cooperative spectrum sensing over Nakagami-m fading are
given in [24]. Moreover, double threshold energy detection-
based spectrum sensing over Nakagami-m channel is con-
sidered in [25]. The performance of relay-based spectrum
sensing over non-identical Nakagami-m fading links is pre-
sented in [26]. The performance of CED is investigated in [27]
over Nakagami-m fading channel. Optimization of coopera-
tive spectrum sensing in Nakagami-m fading channel using
improved energy detector is presented in [28]. Cooperative
spectrum sensing with CU selection for CRN over Nakagami-
m fading channels is analyzed in [29] where all channels
experience Nakagami-m fading and suffer from background
noise. Enriched multipath fading channel is considered in [30]
where the impact of Nakagami-q fading parameters on the
average missed detection probability assuming perfect and
imperfect channel coefficient estimations is discussed. The
performance of CRN is analyzed over κ-μ and η-μ general-
ized fading channels in [31]–[34]. Conventional energy-based
detection spectrum sensing over κ-μ fading links is considered
in [31] and [32]. In [34], dual-hop relaying network under
spectrum sensing mechanisms is considered over independent
non-identically distributed η-μ fading channel.
B. Motivation
It has been shown in [9]–[13] that the p-norm detection-
based spectrum sensing outperforms the conventional power
‘2’-based energy detection, and the better performance can be
obtained at some value ‘ p’ not equal to 2. This fact is the
basic motivation for considering the improved energy detector
in our analysis.
In [13] and [14], p-norm energy detector has been con-
sidered over Rayleigh and Nakagami-q fading scenarios,
respectively. However, none of the above works considered
mobility of CU in improved energy detection-based spectrum
sensing. The performance of improved energy detector in
terms of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and
area under ROC curve (AUC) has not been investigated in any
of the existing works. There are a few works in open litera-
ture [20]–[23] where the node mobility is considered in CRNs.
However, none of these works considered the improved energy
detector-based spectrum sensing over generalized fading sce-
narios such as η-μ, κ-μ, etc.
C. Contributions
This work analyzes the performance of the CRN with
improved energy detector over various fading channel mod-
els such as Nakagami-m, Nakagami-q, κ-μ, and η-μ with
CU mobility. Our contributions through this paper are as
follows:
535
• The effect of CU mobility on the performance of
improved energy detector-based spectrum sensing is
investigated over Nakagami-m, Nakagami-q, κ-μ, and η-
μ fading environments.
• The expressions for the probability of false alarm and
probability of missed detection are derived at each CU
nodes.
• The total error rate in the fusion center (FC) is
also obtained considering the binary symmetric channel
between CU and FC with an error probability of ε.
• The effect of CU mobility is investigated on the ROC
curves of the improved energy detector based cognitive
radio system.
• The new expressions for average AUC are obtained in the
form of a highly convergent power series.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. The sys-
tem model is described in Section II. The performance of
improved energy detector at CU is analyzed in Section III.
The expressions for the probability of false alarm, probability
of missed detection, total error rate, and AUC are derived in
Section IV. The numerical results are discussed in Section V,
and Section VI concludes this paper.
II. S YSTEM M ODEL
We consider a CRN consists of N CUs, one PU, and one FC.
It is assumed that the PU, CUs, and FC contain single antenna.
The subscript j ( j = 1, 2, .., N) denotes the CU index.
We further assume that each CU is equipped with an improved
energy detector. Moreover, this work also considers that each
of the CU nodes are mobile with arbitrary speeds. It is also
important to note that the each CU node can also be static or
stationary with arbitrary speed 0 mph.
A. Channel Models
We analyze the performance of the considered CRN system
in various fading environments. As aforementioned, the energy
detection is low complexity non-coherent detection. Hence,
performance analysis for the non-coherent detection over
fading channels requires only information about the fading
envelope statistics. The multipath and enriched multipath fad-
ing channels are modeled by the Nakagami-m and Nakagami-
q distributions, respectively. The probability density function
(PDF) of a Nakagami-m distributed envelope fading is given
by [35, eq. (2.20)]
2m m  m 
f Nak-m (h) = h 2m−1
exp − h2 , (1)
(m)m 
where Nakagami-m fading parameters m and  indicate shape
and spread respectively, and (·) is Gamma function.
For enriched multipath fading channel along envelope is
assumed to be distributed as Nakagami-q distribution with the
following PDF [35, eq. (2.10)]
f Nak-q (h)
   
(1 + q 2 )h (1 + q 2 )2 h 2 (1 − q 4 )h 2
= exp − I 0 , (2)
q 4q 2  4q 2 
536 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 66, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2018

where q is the Nakagami-q fading parameter, which ranges On other other hand, if the CUs are static or not moving, the
in the interval between zero and unity i.e., q ∈ {0, 1}. Fading links experience quasi-static fading with correlation ρ j = 1.
parameter  indicates spread and I0 (·) is the modified Bessel Also, as derived in detail in [39], the correlation coefficient
function of zeroth order. ρ j for the Jakes model is derived by computing the expected
The κ-μ is a general fading distribution. It represents the correlation over a large number of multipath components with
small-scale variations of channel in a line-of-sight condition. angles of arrival uniformly distributed in [−π, π]. Therefore,
The PDF of κ-μ distributed channel fading envelope is given the net correlation ρ j in (5) does not depend on the individual
by [36] direction of arrival of the multipath components.
μ+1
  It can be noticed from the above equation (5) that the lower
2μ(1 + κ) 2
the value of ρ j , the greater is the channel variation rate.
f κ-μ (h) = μ−1
h μ exp −μ(1 + κ)h 2
κ 2 exp(μκ) The channel realizations become i.i.d. when ρ j = 0 while
   ρ j = 1 models quasi-static fading with static nodes. This
×Iμ−1 2μ κ(1 + κ)h , (3)
model best captures the time-selective wireless channel and is
where κ and μ are two fading parameters such that κ > 0 and employed by several related works in wireless communication
μ > 0, and Iμ−1 (·) is the modified Bessel function of the first with mobile nodes such as [40] and the references therein.
kind and order μ − 1. Assuming time-selective fading links, the received signal
The η-μ is again a general fading distribution which rep- at CU at k-th instant, when PU broadcast x(k) signal with
resents the small-scale variations of fading channel in a non- average energy E s , can be given as [38]
line-of-sight condition. The PDF of κ-μ distributed channel
coefficient can be given as [36] y j (k) = ρ k−1
j h j (1)x(k) + x(k)φ j (k) + n j (k) , (6)







√ 1    
4 πμμ+2 a μ 2μ desired signal node mobility noise white noise
fη−μ (h) = 1
h exp −2μah 2
I 1
μ−2 2μAh 2
,
(μ)Aμ− 2
where n j (k) is a ZM-CSCG, additive white Gaussian noise
(4)
(AWGN) with variance σn2 j , i.e., n j ∼ CN (0, σn2 j ), here
where μ is the fading parameter such that μ > 0, (·) is σn2 j = N0 B, with B and N0 denoting the single-sided signal
the Gamma function and Iμ− 1 (·) denotes the modified Bessel bandwidth and a single-sided noise power spectral density,
2
function of the first kind and order μ − 12 . The two other respectively. Further, the channel coefficient h j (1) is charac-
parameters are a and A which are functions of η and defined terized by the generalized fading distributions as discussed
−1
as: (i) For format 1: 0 < η < ∞, a = 2+η 4 +η , and in section IV. To obtain the received signal y j (k) in (6),
−1 we expanded the expression of h j for k-th signaling position as
A = η 4−η ; (ii) For format 2: −1 < η < 1, a = 1−η 1
2,
η
and A = 1−η2 . 
k−1
h j (k) = ρ k−1
j h j (1) + 1 − ρ 2j ρ k−l−1
j e j (l) . (7)
B. Nodes Mobility l=1


Due to the mobility of CU, the relative speed between
PU and CU becomes significant and results in time-selective
fading. According to autoregressive (AR1) process given
in [37], the fading channel coefficient h j can be expressed as
h j (τ1 ) = ρ j h j (τ2 ) + 1 − ρ 2j e j (τ1 ), (5)
 
2π f v
where ρ j = J0 Rscc j is the correlation parameter for time
adjacent channel gains, v j is relative speed that characterizes
the mobility of j -th CU, and f c is the carrier frequency.
The parameter c represents speed of light, Rs is transmis-
sion symbol rate, and J0 (·) represents zeroth-order Bessel
function of first kind [37]. Further h j (τi ) where i ∈ {1, 2}
is channel gains distributed over time position τ1 and τ2
respectively. The term e j (τ1 ) is a random process distrib-
uted as zero mean circularly symmetric complex Gaussian
(ZM-CSCG) i.e., e j (τ1 ) ∼ CN (0, σe2 j ) and represents time
varying component of associated link [38].
The correlation parameter ρ j in (5) depends on the relative
speed between nodes. For the scenario when CUs are mobile,
the CU-PU links experience time-selective fading with corre-
lation parameter less than unity i.e., ρ j < 1. The value of
correlation further decreases as the relative speed increases.
 φ j (k)
The effective noise power, in the received signal is given
by (6), can be expressed as
σe2f f j = (1 − ρ 2(k−1) )σe2 j E s + σn2 j , (8)
j
where σn2 j is variance of ZM-CSCG AWGN n j (k). It can be
seen that, if the relative speed between PU and CU is zero
then ρ j = 1 i.e., stationary CU and the effective noise power
reduces to σe2f f j = σn2j .
None of the works in existing literature analyze the perfor-
mance of improved energy detector with CU mobility under
generalized fading scenarios. Therefore, the next section for-
mulates the binary hypothesis testing problem corresponding
to the presence and the absence of primary user when the
CUs are mobile with arbitrary speed. Further, we obtain the
statistics of the received signals at CUs under both hypotheses
in the presence of AWGN. The derived statistics are used
in subsequent sections for evaluating various performance
metrics such as probability of false alarm, probability of miss
detection, ROC, and AUC.
GAHANE et al.: IMPROVED ENERGY DETECTOR FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE USERS OVER GENERALIZED FADING CHANNELS 537

III. P ERFORMANCE OF I MPROVED E NERGY where λ is decision threshold in each CU. Without loss of
D ETECTOR U NDER CU M OBILITY generality, threshold λ is assumed to be same for all the CUs.
For the considered CRN system with CU mobility, the Decision 1 goes in favour of the presence and decision 0
binary hypothesis corresponding to signal received at j -th CU, goes in favour of absence of the PU signal. The probability
can be written as of getting binary decision bit 1, conditioned on the channel
coefficient h, can be expressed as
H0 : y j (k) = n j (k)  ∞
H1 : y j (k) = ρ k−1 f W j |H0 ,h (y) = 1 − FW j |H0 ,h (λ). (14)
j h j (1)x(k) + x(k)φ j (k) + n j (k). (9) λ
The hypothesis H0 indicates the absence of PU signal, whereas Similarly, the probability of binary decision bit 0, conditioned
the presence of PU signal is represented by the hypothesis H1. on the channel coefficient h, is given by
 λ
The decision statistics for j -th CU with improved energy
detector at k-th instant is given by [11], [15], f W j |H1 ,h (y) = FW j |H1 ,h (λ). (15)
−∞
|y j (k)| p A. Derivations of False Alarm and Missed
Wj = , (10)
N0 /2 Detection Probabilities
where p is the improved energy detector parameter and W j The probability of false alarm is defined by
is the p-norm energy detected using k-th observation at j -th [44, eq. (41), Ch. 2]

CU. It can be seen from (10) that W j reduces to the statistics
corresponding to the CED for p = 2. For an energy detector Pf = PW j | H0 (y)d y, (16)
Z1
with sensing interval T , the test statistics typically follow
where Z 1 is the observation space for hypothesis H1. The
the central chi-square distribution with 2u, where u = T B,
above (16) can also be written as
degrees of freedom under hypothesis H0 , and non-central  ∞
chi-square distribution with 2u degrees of freedom under Pf = f W j |H0 ,h (y)d y = 1 − FW j |H0 ,h (λ). (17)
hypothesis H1 . However, due to time selective nature of the λ
channel, this work considers the improved energy detection Substituting the conditional PDF f W j |H0 (y) from (11) to (17)
based on single observation at k-th instant. Thus, in the and subsequently, integrating over the range λ to ∞, the
following analysis u is considered as unity. probability of false alarm P f in each CU can be obtained
Lemma 1: The PDF under hypothesis H0 in the presence as
 2 
of AWGN is given by 1 λp
⎛ 2
⎞ Pf =  u, , (18)
(u) 2
⎜ −y j ⎟
p
1 2u
−1
f W j |H0 (y j ) = y p exp ⎝ ⎠. (11) where (·, ·) is upper
p(u)2u−1 j 2  ∞ incomplete Gamma function [41]
defined as (a, x) = x exp(−t)t a−1 dt.
To obtain the probability of missed detection, the CDF
Proof: The proof is relegated in Appendix. 
FW j |H1 ,h (y) of W j given hypothesis H1 is derived using (12)
Lemma 2: The PDF under hypothesis H1 in the presence
and (15) as
of AWGN is given by
⎛ ⎞ u−1 ⎛ ⎞
⎛ ⎞ u−1 ⎛ ⎞  λ
2 2 2

⎜ −(y j + 2A j h ) ⎟
p p 2
2 2 2
1 ⎜ yj ⎟
⎜ −(y j + 2A j h ) ⎟
p p 2
1 ⎜ yj ⎟ FW j |H1 ,h (λ) = ⎝ ⎠ exp ⎝ ⎠
f W j |H1 ,h (y j ) = ⎝ 2 ⎠ exp ⎝ ⎠ 0 p 2A j h 2 2
p 2A j h 2
   
p −1
2 2
2 2
p −1 ×y j 2y j A j dyj.
p
×y j Iu−1 2y j A j h 2 , (12)
p Iu−1 h2 (19)

  −1 Now, by replacing the Bessel function using [41, eq. (9.6.10)],
2(k−1)
(1−ρ j )σe2 j we get1
where A j = 1
2(k−1) + 2(k−1) , and γ j =
γ j (ρ j ) ρj
FW j |H1 ,h (λ)
Es/σn 2j is average SNR of PU- j th CU link. ⎛ ⎞ u−1
2
∞  λ A 
Proof: Following the cumulative distribution function (CDF) u−1 2
 j h2 2
1⎜ j ⎟y p
2
p −1
based approach similar to one we use in Appendix, the PDF = ⎝ ⎠ y j
f W j |H1 ,h (y j ) can be derived.  r=0 0
2 p 2A j h 2
⎛ ⎞
IV. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS A j h2 r
2
p r+ u−1
2
( 2 ) (y j )
2
⎜ −(y j + 2A j h ) ⎟
p 2
For making a decision regarding the presence or absence × exp ⎝ ⎠ d y j . (20)
of PU signal, the following decision rule, at j -th CU is r !(r + u) 2
considered
1 The infinite series expansion of the Bessel function is widely used in
1
W j ≷ λ, (13) the literature [42], [43], specifically in the literature of free space optical
0 communication. Moreover, the series is highly convergent.
538 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 66, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2018

On solving (20) followed by simple mathematical manipula- 2) Nakagami-m Channel: Substituting (1) in (22), the prob-
tion, we get ability of missed detection defined in (24) can be written as
2
∞
  2
(r +u)−(r +u, λ2 ) r 2r
p
∞
2m m  (r + u) − (r + u, λ2 ) ∞ r
p
FW j |H1 ,h (λ) = A j h exp(−A j h 2 ). Pm = Aj
r !(r +u) (m)m r !(r + u)
r=0 r=0 0
(21)  m 
× h 2r+2m−1 exp − h 2 exp(−A j h 2 )dh. (28)
The unconditional CDF under H1 hypothesis can be 
obtained by averaging (21) over the channel as Using integral identity [46, eq. (3.461.3)], the probability of
 ∞ missed detection Pm at j th CU written in (28) can be obtained
FW j |H1 (λ) = FW j |H1 ,h (λ) fh (h)dh, (22) as
0
 2 
where f h (h) is PDF of channel fading. ∞   r + u, λp 
m m 2 (r + m)
The probability of missed detection is defined by Pm = 1−
[44, eq. (41), Ch. 2] (m) m (r + u) r!
r=0
  m −r−m
Pm = PW j | H1 (y)d y, (23) ×A rj A j + . (29)

Z0

where Z 0 is the observation space for hypothesis H0. The 3) κ-μ Channel: Substituting (3) in (22), the probability of
above (23) can also be written as missed detection defined in (24) can be written as
 λ 2
μ+1
∞
Pm = f W j |H1 ,h (y) = FW j |H1 ,h (λ). (24) 2μ(1 + κ) 
2 (r + u) − (r + u, λ2 )
p

−∞ Pm = μ−1
κ 2 exp(μκ) r=0 r !(r + u)
Now we obtain the probability of missed detection for  ∞  
Nakagami-q, Nakagami-m, κ-μ and η-μ fading channels. × A rj h 2r+μ exp −μ(1 + κ)h 2
1) Nakagami-q Channel: Substituting (2) in (22), the prob- 0

  
ability of missed detection defined in (24) can be written as
×Iμ−1 2μ κ(1 + κ)h exp(−A j h 2 ) dh. (30)
2
∞
(1 + q 2 )  (r + u) − (r + u, λ2 )
p

Pm = Using [46, eq. (6.643.2)] and [47, eq. (07.44.26.002.01)], the

q r !(r + u) probability of missed detection Pm at j th CU written in (30)
r=0
 ∞ 
(1 + q 2 )2 h 2
 can be obtained as
× h 2r+1 exp −  2 
0 4q 2  ∞   + λp  μ+1
 (r + μ) r u, μ(1 + κ) 2
   Pm = 1−
2
(1 − q 4 )h 2 r! (r + u) μ−1
×A rj I0 exp(−A j h 2
) dh. (25) r=0 κ 2 exp(μκ)
4q 2  μ−1
×A rj (μ2 κ(1 + κ)) 2 (A j + μ(1 + κ))−r−μ
To solve (25) further, let h 2 = x so that dh = d√x
.
Using these  
2 x μ2 κ(1 + κ)
replacements and subsequently employing the integral identity ×1 F̃1 r + μ; μ; , (31)
[45, eq. (2.15.3.2)], the probability of missed detection Pm at A j + μ(1 + κ)
j th CU written in (25) can be obtained as
 where 1 F̃1 (a; b; z), as in [47, eq. (07.21.02.0001.01)], is the
2 
∞   r + u, λp  regularized confluent hypergeometric function of the first kind
1+q 2 2
of the confluent hypergeometric function 1 F1 (a; b; z) [47, eq.
Pm = 22r+1 1 − A rj
q (r + u) (07.20.02.0001.01)] and defined as
r=0
 1+r
q 2 1 F̃1 (a; b; z) = 1 F1 (a;b;z)
. (32)
×   (b)
1 + 2 + 4A j  q 2 + q 4
  4) η-μ Channel: Substituting (4) in (22), the probability of
1+r 2+r (−1 + q 4 )2 missed detection defined in (24) can be written as
×2 F̃1 , ; 1;    2 , (26)
2 2 1+ 2+4A j  q 2 +q 4 √ ∞
2
4 πμμ+ 2 a μ  (r + u) − (r + u, λ2 )
1 p

where 2 F̃1 (a, b; c; z) is the regularized confluent hypergeo- Pm = 1

(μ)Aμ− 2 r=0 r !(r + u)
metric function [47, eq. (07.24.02.0001.01)], and can be given  ∞  
in terms of confluent hypergeometric function 2 F1 (a, b; c; z)
× A rj h 2r+2μ exp −2μah 2
[47, eq. (07.23.02.0001.01)] as 0
  
2 F1 (a, b; c; z) ×Iμ− 1 2μAh exp(−A j h ) dh.
2 2
(33)
2 F̃1 (a, b; c; z) = . (27)
(c) 2
GAHANE et al.: IMPROVED ENERGY DETECTOR FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE USERS OVER GENERALIZED FADING CHANNELS 539

Using [45, eq. (2.15.3.2)], the probability of missed detection C. Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC)
Pm at j th CU written in (33) can be obtained as The ROC curve is generated by plotting probability of detec-
 2  tion (Pd ) i.e., 1 − Pm versus probability of false alarm (P f ).
∞   r + u, λ2 
p
The performance of an energy detector is traditionally char-
(r + 2μ)
Pm = 1− A rj acterized through its ROC curve [51]. Another performance
r! (r + u)
r=0 metrics AUC is based on prior averaging over all values of
√
2 πμμ+0.5 a μ probability of false alarm [52]. The area theorem in [53]
×(A j + 2aμ)−r−2μ |(Aμ)μ−0.5 |
(μ)Aμ−0.5 reveals that the AUC is a measure of detection capability of
  the energy detector. It has been observed in [54] that the area
r 1+r 1 4 A 2 μ2
×2 F̃1 +μ, +μ; +μ; , (34) under the curve represents the probability that choosing the
2 2 2 (A j +2aμ)2
correct decision at the detector is more likely than choosing
where | · | indicates the absolute value. the incorrect decision.
Remark 1: The effect of CU mobility on the performance The detection capability of considered improved energy
of improved energy detection-based spectrum sensing can detector using AUC approach [55] is given as
be shown using asymptotic noise floor. The expressions for  1
asymptotic floor can be derived by neglecting σn2 j in (8) at A(γ ) = Pd (γ , λ)d P f (λ). (39)
0
high SNR. At higher SNR, the expression for effective noise
power in the received signal, as in (8), can be reduced to Both Pd (γ , λ) and P f (λ) are functions of threshold λ. There-
fore, to calculate AUC A(γ ), the threshold averaging met-
σe2f f j = (1 − ρ 2(k−1)
j )σe2 j E s . (35) hod [56] is used. After changing limits, (39) can be written as
 ∞
∂ P f (λ)
The new expression of effective noise power given in (35) A(γ ) = − Pd (γ , λ) dλ, (40)
modifies the term A j as 0 ∂λ
∂ P (λ)
2(k−1) 2 !−1 where ∂λ f
is the partial derivative of P f (λ) w.r.t. λ, which
(1 − ρ j )σe j is given from (18) as
Aj = 2(k−1)
. (36)  2
ρj ∂ P f (λ) 2u
−1
= − p(u) exp − λ2 λ p .
21−u p
(41)
∂λ
By replacing the term A j in section III and IV, the asymptotic 1) Nakagami-q Channel: Using (26) and (41), AUC A(γ )
floor expressions can be obtained in straightforward manner. in (40) for Nakagami-q fading can be written as
 ∞  p 
2
∞
B. Performance at Fusion Center (FC) 1 + q 2  2r+1 (r + u, λ2 )
A(γ ) = 1− 2 1−
The performance of the proposed CRN is evaluated at 0 q (r + u)
r=0
FC and described in terms of total error rate at FC. The binary  1+r
q 2
decision corresponds to the presence or absence of PU at each ×A rj  
CU using (13) is sent to the FC over an imperfect reporting 1 + 2 + 4A j  q 2 + q 4
 
channel. N binary decisions from all N CUs are received at 1+r 2+r (−1+q 4)2
the FC. Teguig et al. [48] and Shamim Hossain et al. [49] ×2 F̃1 , ; 1;    2
2 2 1+ 2+4A j  q 2 +q 4
demonstrated that the Logical OR rule can obtain better detec-  2 
tion performance than logical AND rule. Therefore, similar 21−u λp 2u
−1
to [48], this work also uses OR hard detection rule at FC to × exp − λ p dλ. (42)
p(u) 2
take final decision on presence or absence of PU. The channel
between each CU and FC is assumed to be binary symmetric After some mathematical manipulations, (42) can be
channel with an error probability of ε. The total error rate Q, re-written as
for the sensing at the kth signalling instant, can be obtained as A(γ )

∞
 1+r
Q  β E f + (1 − β)E m , (37) q 2
= 1−  
1 + 2 + 4A j  q 2 + q 4
where E f is the probability of false alarm and E m is the r=0 
probability of missed detection in the FC and is given by [50] 1+r 2+r (−1 + q 4 )2
×2 F̃1 , ; 1;    2
2 2 1 + 2 + 4A j  q 2 + q 4
E f = 1 − [(1 − P f )(1 − ε) + ε P f ] N , 
1 + q2 r
E m = [Pm (1 − ε) + ε(1 − Pm )] N , (38) ×22r+1 Aj
q
 ∞ 1−u  2  p 
2
Furhter, β and (1 − β) in (37) are the prior probabilities 2 λp 2u
−1 (r + u, λ2 )
of the hypotheses H0 and H1 respectively. The equiprobable × exp − λ p 1− dλ .
0 p(u) 2 (r + u)
hypothesis i.e., β = 0.5 indicates the total error rate of

considered CRN system is twice the probability of bit error I1
from an on-off keying perspective [13]. (43)
540 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 66, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2018

The term I1 can be expressed in closed-form with the use After substituting (44) in (48), the expression for AUC A(γ )
of [46, Eqs. (3.351.3), (6.455.1)]. Based on this, the expression can be further written as
for the integral I1 in (43) can be evaluated as  ∞ μ+1
(r + μ) μ(1 + κ) 2
A(γ ) = 1 − × μ−1
! r! κ 2 exp(μκ)
r=0
(r + 2u)2 F̃1 (u, r + 2u; 1 + u; −1)
I1 = 1 − . (44) μ−1
(r + u) ×A rj (μ2 κ(1 + κ)) 2 (A j + μ(1 + κ))−r−μ
 
μ2 κ(1 + κ)
Using (44), the expression for AUC A(γ ) in (43) can be further ×1 F̃1 r + μ; μ;
A j + μ(1 + κ)
written as
!
(r +2u)2 F̃1 (u, r +2u; 1+u;−1)
∞
 1+r × 1− . (49)
1 + q 2  2r+1 q 2 (r +u)
A(γ ) = 1 − 2  
q
r=0
1+ 2+4A j  q 2 +q 4 4) η-μ Channel: Using (34) and (41), AUC A(γ ) in (40)
  for η-μ fading can be written as
1+r 2+r (−1 + q 4 )2
×2 F̃1 , ; 1;    2 
2 2 ∞
1 + 2 + 4A j  q 2 + q 4 (r + 2μ)
! A(γ ) = 1 − (A j + 2aμ)−r−2μ
r (r + 2u)2 F̃1 (u, r + 2u; 1 + u; −1) r!
×A j 1 − . (45) r=0
√ μ+0.5 μ
(r + u) 2 πμ a
×A jr
μ−0.5
(μ)A
 
2) Nakagami-m Channel: Using (29) and (41), AUC A(γ ) r 1+r 1 4 A 2 μ2
×2 F̃1 + μ, + μ; + μ;
in (40) for Nakagami-m fading can be written as 2 2 2 (A j + 2aμ)2
 ∞ 1−u  2   p 
2

  2 λp 2u
−1 (r +u, λ2 )
m m  (r + m)  m −r−m r
∞
× exp − λ p 1− dλ.
A(γ ) = 1 − Aj + Aj 0 p(u) 2 (r +u)
(m)m r! 
r=0 (50)
  2   2
∞ 21−u λp (r +u, 2 ) λp After substituting (44) in (50), the expression for AUC A(γ )
2u
−1
× exp − λ p 1− dλ. (46) can be further written as
p(u) 2 (r +u)
0  ∞
(r + 2μ)
A(γ ) = 1 − (A j + 2aμ)−r−2μ
After substituting (44) in (46), the expression for AUC A(γ ) r!
r=0
√ μ+0.5 μ
can be further written as 2 πμ a
×A rj
(μ)Aμ−0.5
  
m m  (r + m)  m −r−m r
∞
r 1+r 1 4 A 2 μ2
A(γ ) = 1 − A j + Aj ×2 F̃1 + μ, + μ; + μ;
(m)m r!  2 2 2 (A j + 2aμ)2
r=0 !
! (r + 2u)2 F̃1 (u, r + 2u; 1 + u; −1)
(r + 2u)2 F̃1 (u, r + 2u; 1 + u; −1) × 1− . (51)
× 1− . (47) (r + u)
(r + u)

V. N UMERICAL R ESULTS
3) κ-μ Channel: Using (31) and (41), AUC A(γ ) in (40) This section presents the simulation results to demonstrate
for κ-μ fading can be written as the error rate performance at FC considering mobile CUs with
generalized fading scenarios and also, to validate the various

∞ μ+1
analytical results derived. Similar to [13], the transmission of
(r + μ) μ(1 + κ) 2
A(γ ) = 1 − × μ−1 the symbol rate Rs = 9.6 kbps is considered with carrier
r! κ 2 exp(μκ)
r=0 frequency f c = 1.9 GHz and ε = 0.001. Further, for numerical
μ−1
×A rj (μ2 κ(1 + κ)) 2 (A j + μ(1 + κ))−r−μ purpose the links are considered to be identical, and the
average SNRs of all the links are assumed to be same. The total
    ∞ 1−u error rate is plotted against average SNR for different values
μ2 κ(1 + κ) 2
×1 F̃1 r + μ; μ; of generalized and enriched multipath fading parameters q and
A j + μ(1 + κ) 0 p(u) m in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively. The number of CUs are
assumed to be N = 4. We consider two values of CU mobility
   p 
2
λp
2
2u (r + u, λ2 ) i.e., v = 35 mph and v = 40 mph. It can be observed from
× exp − λ p −1 1− dλ. (48) these figures that the higher mobility results in poorer sensing
2 (r + u)
performance. Moreover, it is also evident that better channel
GAHANE et al.: IMPROVED ENERGY DETECTOR FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE USERS OVER GENERALIZED FADING CHANNELS
Fig. 1. Total error rate versus average SNR plot for different values of q
considering CU mobility. k = 5, N = 4,  = 10 and p = 3.
Fig. 2. Total error rate versus average SNR plot for different values of m
considering CU mobility. k = 5, N = 4,  = 10 and p = 3.
Fig. 3. Total error rate versus average SNR plot for κ-μ and η-μ fading
channels considering CU mobility. k = 5, N = 4 and p = 3.
condition leads to significant improvement in the performance
of spectrum sensing.
The total error rate is plotted against average SNR over
κ-μ and η-μ fading channels in Fig. 3. Similar to previous
scenario, the number of CUs are assumed to be N = 4.
However, we consider three values of CU mobility i.e., v =
20 mph, v = 30 mph and v = 40 mph. It can be observed
from the figure that the higher mobility of CU results in
performance degradation of improved energy detection-based
spectrum sensing. The asymptotic results which represent the
error floor are also provided in Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
It is apparent that the analytical expressions are overlapping
with asymptotic curves at higher SNR. Further, in Fig. 1,
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, one can clearly observe that the error rate
performance experiences the asymptotic floor at high SNR
541
Fig. 4. Total error rate versus improved energy detector parameter p for
varying fading parameters. N = 2, k = 5, v = 40 mph and SNR = 10 dB.
due to the mobile nature of the CU. It can also be observed
that time selective fading arises due to mobility significantly
degrades the error rate performance. Moreover, the severity
of degradation increases with increasing relative speed, which
leads to an increase in the asymptotic floor.
In Fig. 4, the total error rate Q is plotted with the improved
energy detector parameter p for various values of fading
parameters q and m. For this simulation, we consider the
number of CUs to be N = 2. Moreover, the other relevant
parameters are as follows: k = 5, v = 40 mph, and average
SNR = 10 dB. It can be seen from this figure that poor channel
condition degrades the sensing performance. Additionally,
another important observation is that there are concave curves
of improved energy detector parameter p. It indicates that
for the minimum error rate the value of detector parameter
p depends on the channel conditions. For better channel, the
lower value of parameter p provides the minimum error rate,
whereas the poorer channel needs higher value of parameter p.
For example, in Nakagami-q fading, the minimum error rate
for the case of q = 0.1,  = 10 and q = 0.2,  = 20 found
out at p equals to 3.17 and 3.05, respectively. However, the
effect of change in carrier frequency on the spectrum sensing
performance of improved energy detector is also shown. It can
be seen from figure that higher frequency deteriorates the
sensing performance. Further, for a given channel conditions,
the minimum error rate at high frequency can be achievable
at higher value of p. For the case of f c = 1.9 GHz over
Nakagami-m fading, the minimum error rate for the case of
m = 3,  = 40 and m = 5,  = 70 found out at p equals
to 2.68 and 2.48, respectively. On the other hand, for the case
of f c = 5.9 GHz [21] over Nakagami-m fading, the minimum
error rate for the case of m = 3,  = 40 and m = 5,
 = 70 found out at p equals to 3.14 and 3.05, respectively.2
It is important to note that the analytical results derived in
this manuscript are general, and not limited to any particular
value for fc , Rs , ε, N, v, m, and q. One can consider different
parameters for simulations according to the scenarios.
In Fig. 5, the total error rate Q is plotted with the improved
energy detector parameter p considering CU mobility over
2 The solution for d Q(Pm ,P f ) = 0 using KKT framework is analytically
dp
intractable and difficult to be derived. Therefore, closed-form expression for
optimal value of p considering generalized fading channels e.g., η − μ, κ − μ
etc. cannot be easily derived due to their intractable nature.
542 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 66, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2018

Fig. 5. Total error rate versus improved energy detector parameter p Fig. 7. ROC curves for η-μ and κ-μ fading channels for varying mobility
for various fading channels considering CU mobility. k = 5, N = 4 and of CU and SNR. k = 5 and p = 3.
SNR = 10 dB.

Fig. 8. Average AUC versus average SNR for Nakagami-m fading channel
Fig. 6. ROC curves for Nakagami-m and Nakagami-q fading channels for varying mobility of CU and fading parameters. k = 5 and p = 3.
different improved energy detector parameters p. k = 5, v = 40 mph, N = 2
and SNR = 0 dB.

different fading channels. The fading parameters we assumed

are m = 0.3,  = 10, q = 0.3, κ = 1.5, a = 1.125,
and A = 0.375. Further, for CU mobility we considered
v = 15 mph and v = 30 mph. It is apparent from figure that
higher mobility of CU results in performance deterioration.
Further, the concave curves of improved energy detector
parameter p in considered fading scenarios represents the
minimum error rate is achievable at particular value of detector
parameter p. Furthermore, it is also evident from the figure
that the optimal value of p, at which the best performance is
achieved, depends on the mobility of CU also.
The performance of improved energy detector in terms Fig. 9. Average AUC versus average SNR for Nakagami-q fading channel
of ROC curves in considered fading scenarios is illus- varying mobility of CU and fading parameters. k = 5, p = 3 and q = 0.8.
trated in Figs. 6 and 7. The ROC curves for Nakagami-m
and Nakagami-q fading channels are illustrated in Fig. 6. (iii) for the given value of average SNR, the performance of
We assumed fading parameters are q = 0.5, m = 2, energy detector deteriorates with increase in mobility of CU.
 = 30. The ROC curve for optimal value of p in the figure The measure of detection capability of improved energy
shows that improved energy detector outperforms the CED. detector in terms of AUC is shown in Fig. 8, Fig. 9, and
Further, it can be seen from the figure that, increasing value Fig. 10. It can be seen from these figures, the performance
of p beyond optimal value, results in similar ROC curve to of improved energy detector improves as the relative speed
that of optimal value of p. The ROC curves for κ-μ and of CUs decreases and improves in channel conditions. AUC
η-μ fading are provided in Fig. 7. The value of improved is plotted for Nakagami-m fading channel in Fig. 8. It can
energy detector parameter p is assumed to be 3. The three be found that for the case of γ = 10 dB and m = 1, the
important observations from this figure are as follows: (i) for a AUC for mobility of CU v = 20 mph is 4.36% more than for
given channel conditions, the performance of improved energy v = 30 mph. For the case of γ = 10 dB and v = 30 mph the
detector enhance with decrease in mobility of CU; (ii) for a AUC for m = 5 is 0.312% more that for m = 3. In Fig. 9,
given mobility of CU, the performance of improved energy AUC is plotted for Nakagami-q fading channel. It can be
detector improves with increase in the value of average SNR; seen that for γ = 12 dB the AUC for no mobility of CU is
GAHANE et al.: IMPROVED ENERGY DETECTOR FOR MOBILE COGNITIVE USERS OVER GENERALIZED FADING CHANNELS
Fig. 10. Average AUC versus average SNR for η-μ and κ-μ fading channels
for different mobility of CU. k = 5 and p = 3.
Fig. 11. Total error rate versus average SNR plot for Nakagami-m fading
channel comparing different scenarios. k = 5, v = 40, and N = 2.
0.00000238% more than for v = 20 mph. Similarly, in Fig. 10,
AUC is plotted for κ-μ and η-μ fading channels. In the case
of κ-μ fading, it is found that for γ = 12 dB the AUC
for no mobility of CU is 6.58% and 13.44% more than for
v = 20 mph and v = 40 mph, respectively. In the case of η-μ
fading, it is found that for γ = 12 dB the AUC for no mobility
of CU is 15.07% and 31.95% more than for v = 20 mph and
v = 40 mph, respectively.
The comparison among different schemes for Nakagami-m
fading channel is illustrated in Fig. 11. The fading parameters
we assumed are m = 2,  = 30. The performance of
improved energy detector in terms of total error rate ver-
sus average SNR for optimal value of p is compared with
(i) p = 2, and (ii) double threshold based spectrum sensing
( p = 2) [16]. It can be seen from the figure that minimum
error rate is achievable using optimal value of p compared to
p = 2 and double threshold based spectrum sensing.
Total error rate versus p plot for Nakagami-m fading
channel for the case when the hypothesis are not equiprobable
is shown in Fig. 12. We considered different probabilities for
the hypothesis by varying value of β. It can be observed
from the figure that for given channel conditions and mobility
of CU, both optimum value of p and minimum error rate are
dependent on probability of occurrence of hypothesis. Further,
as we varies mobility of CU, any change in the value of β
results in different Q and optimum p.
Total error rate versus number of CUs (N) plot for
Nakagami-m fading channel considering mobility of CUs is
543
Fig. 12. Total error rate versus p plot for Nakagami-m fading channel
assuming hypothesis are not equiprobable. k = 5, m = 3,  = 30, N = 2 and
SNR= 10 dB.
Fig. 13. Total error rate versus number of CUs N plot for Nakagami-m
fading channel considering mobility of CUs. k = 5, m = 3,  = 40 and
SNR= 10 dB.
illustrated in Fig. 13. We considered the optimum value of
improved energy parameter p for each mobility of CU shown
in the figure. The three important observations from this figure
are as follows: (i) initially, as the value of N increases, the
total error rate decreases; (ii) for a given mobility of CU,
the minimum error rate is achievable at particular value of
N i.e., Nopt ; (iii) for any mobility of CU, increasing value of
N beyond its Nopt value, the error rate increases first and then
saturates. As can be seen from Figs. 1-12, the analytical values
obtained using (37) and (40) match exactly with the simulated
results, thereby validating the derived analytical results.
VI. C ONCLUSION
The sensing performance of a CRN system has been investi-
gated under the influence of CU mobility. The probabilities of
false alarm and missed detection were derived in Nakagami-m,
Nakagami-q, κ-μ, and η-μ fading scenarios. It has been
observed that the square norm detector is not the optimum
energy detector under various channel conditions and relative
velocities of the CUs. The arbitrary power parameter p,
significantly depends on both the relative velocity of CU and
number of CUs.
A PPENDIX
D ERIVATION OF PDF U NDER H YPOTHESIS H0
The required PDF i.e., f W j |H0 (y j ) can be found out using
CDF approach and it is given by,
d
f W j (y j ) = FW j (y j ). (52)
dWj
544
For square norm detector (i.e., p = 2), the PDF of
|x (k)|2
W j= Nj 0 /2 is given as [57]
1  x 
j threshold-based cooperative spectrum sensing for a cognitive radio
f W j (x j ) = u x j u−1 exp − , (53)
2 (u) 2 network with improved energy detectors,” IET Commun., vol. 9, no. 18,
where u is unity.
The CDF of the received signal for squared norm detector
FW j (x j ) is obtained as,
1  x 
j detection scheme for cognitive radio networks in low SNR region,” in
FW j |H0 (x j ) = 1 −  u, , (54)
(u) 2 Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Comput. Commun., Jul. 2012, pp. 684–689.
where (·, ·) denotes the upper incomplete Gamma
function [41]. Now using CDF for squared norm detector,
p-norm detector CDF can be written as,
FW j (y j ) = FW j (x j 2/ p ). (55)
Further using (54) and (55), the CDF of the received signal
for p-norm detector obtained as,
 2/ p 
1 yj
FW j |H0 (y j ) = 1 −  u, . (56)
(u) 2 [23] A. S. Cacciapuoti, I. F. Akyildiz, and L. Paura, “Primary-user mobility
On differentiation of (56), one can obtain final expression for
the PDF under hypothesis H0 as (11).
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Lokesh Gahane received the B.E. degree in elec-
tronics and telecommunication engineering from
Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra,
India, in 2014, and the M.Tech. degree in commu-
nication system engineering from the Visvesvaraya
National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India, in
2017. His research interests are in cognitive radio
network, full duplex wireless communications, and
cooperative communications.
545
Prabhat Kumar Sharma (S’12–M’15–SM’17)
received the B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in elec-
tronics and communication engineering and VLSI
design from Uttar Pradesh Technical University,
Lucknow, and the Malaviya National Institute of
Technology, Jaipur, respectively, and the Ph.D.
degree in wireless communications from the Univer-
sity of Delhi in 2015. He is an Assistant Professor
with the Department of Electronics and Communica-
tion Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur, India. He has authored over 40
journal and conference papers. His current research interests include cognitive
radio, free-space optical communication, and full duplex wireless commu-
nications. He is a recipient of the Visvesvaraya Young Faculty Research
Fellowship from the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology,
Government of India.
Neeraj Varshney (S’10) received the B.Tech. degree
in electronics and communication engineering from
Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, India,
in 2008, and the M.Tech. degree in electronics
and communication engineering from the Jaypee
Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India, in
2011. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering with the IIT Kanpur, Kanpur,
India. His research interests are in signal processing,
communications and networks which include digital
communication, MIMO technology, and cooperative
communication. From 2011 to 2012, he was a Project Research Fellow with
the Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, India.
Theodoros A. Tsiftsis (S’02–M’04–SM’10) was
born in Lamia, Greece, in 1970. He received
the B.Sc. degree in physics from the Aristotle
University of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1993, the
M.Sc. degree in digital systems engineering from
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K., in 1995,
the M.Sc. degree in decision sciences from the
Athens University of Economics and Business, in
2000, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Patras, Greece, in 2006.
He joined the Technological Educational Institute of
Central Greece, in 2010. He is currently an Associate Professor in communi-
cation technologies with the School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University,
Astana, Kazakhstan. He has authored or co-authored over 130 technical
papers in scientific journals and international conferences. His current research
interests include the broad areas of cooperative communications, cognitive
radio, communication theory, wireless powered communication systems, and
optical wireless communication systems.
Dr. Tsiftsis serves as a reviewer for several international journals and con-
ferences. He has served as a Senior or Associate Editor of the Editorial Boards
of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON V EHICULAR T ECHNOLOGY and the IEEE
C OMMUNICATIONS L ETTERS . He is currently an Area Editor of Wireless
Communications II of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON C OMMUNICATIONS and
an Associate Editor of the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON M OBILE C OMPUTING.
Preetam Kumar (S’01–M’08–SM’16) received the
Ph.D. degree in wireless communications from IIT
Kharagpur. He is currently an Associate Professor
with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT
Patna, Patna, India. He was also associated with
the Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi.
He has more than 20 years of teaching, research,
and industry experience. He has authored extensively
in refereed journals and conferences. His research
interests are physical layer issues in wireless com-
munications, error control coding and digital com-
munication systems. He is an Editorial Board Member of the International
Journal of Wireless Personal Communications (Springer). He is a regular
reviewer of premier journals and conferences. He was the Organizing Chair
of the 1st IEEE 5G symposium in Asia, IIT Patna, in 2016.