DATE of ISSUE

2020-01-09
MCC COURSE

EDITION
1
0
CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
THEORY
REVISION
101
CRM THEORY

REVISION RECORD

Rev. No. Date By Changes

0 2020-01-09 Žižka, Pružina New edition

CRM THEORY

CRM EVOLUTION

ERROR Management

LOFT

COMPANY Resource Management

CREW Resource Management

COCKPIT Resource Management

CRM THEORY

WHAT IS CRM NOT!

• Regulation (Order), for correct crew behavior in cockpit

• One time matter (for ever)
• Concentration on single events only
• System which replace other form of training
• System which orders how cooperate in the cockpit
• Effort how to degrade authority of CAPT
• Passive watching classroom lesson
CRM THEORY

WHAT IS CRM?

Definition:

CRM is the best and effective utilization of all accessible sources

by the crew

Personnel, informations and systems for safe and economical

operation of the airplane.
CRM THEORY

HOW TO MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS ?

1 FATAL ACCIDENT

50 incidents 1 incident

1000 presumptions 20 presumptions

to accidents
CRM THEORY

ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS

Source:
Boeing
CRM THEORY

ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS

Source:
Boeing
CRM THEORY

ACCIDENTS CAUSES
CRM THEORY

ACCIDENTS CAUSES (Boeing 1951 – 2017)

CRM THEORY

FATAL ACCIDENTS PER MILLION DEPARTURES

(2002)

 AIRLINES 0,34

 GENERAL AVIATION 16

 PRIVATE FLYING 30

 GLIDING 14
CRM THEORY

ACCIDENT OCCURRENCE ACCORDING TO FLIGHT PHASE

Source: Boeing
CRM THEORY

CAUSE ANALYSIS OF AIR ACCIDENTS

Take off, approach and landing occupy 6% of total

flight time, yet during these phases 71% of all

accidents took place, among those accidents 80%

were caused by human error !

CRM THEORY

CAUSE ANALYSIS OF AIR ACCIDENTS

Most fatal accidents had a solution!

The crew either did not know about the solution, or did not
make it, or made a mistake !

… and just that´s what CRM is all about!!!

CRM THEORY

CRM STRUCTURE

leadership - most decision making

directive or not clear process – error chain

communication – ERRORS stress – vigilance,

wrong form, unclear fatique

perception – wrong discipline – SOP´s

evaluation of the situation break

automatization -
inadequate utilization
CRM THEORY

ERRORS CHAIN

Errare Humanum Est

- Hieronymus (AD 347 - 420)

‘Possibility of error can only be excluded by total inactivity’

-
general Graf Erhard von P.
CRM THEORY

ERRORS CHAIN – External influences

Company environment

Operational conditions – flight time, traffic density

Flight crew planning - workload

Difficulties outside crew

competency: SOP´s errors
• aircraft
• bad work of ATC
• whether
• unexpected event in
traffic operation

ACCIDENTS
CRM THEORY

ERRORS CHAIN – Crew work

Unsufficient knowledge

Crew cooperation – bad SITAW, communication´s and cooperation´s

mistakes

Crew decision´s mistakes

Human factor:
-inexperience
-underrate situation
-overestimate your own
abilities

- RULES AND DISCIPLINE VIOLATIONS

ACCIDENTS
CRM THEORY

ERRORS CHAIN – Crew work

COPE WITH SITUATION FROM THE BEGGINING!!!

Workload

CRW ABILITY LIMIT Accident

EVENT´S
GRADUATION

If we cut error chain cut early,

Our workload and danger is low

Time
CRM THEORY

How to cut errors chain - CRM LOOP

EVALUATION
Situation diagnostic
Diagnostic error = way to bad direction

DECISION
Choose the best idea
Priorities, alternatives, limits,
It is not important WHO is right, but WHAT is right!

RECAPITULATION
If we have a time: Who, what and how ,make it.
In time pressure choose more safety STD decision –
do not improvise!

FEEDBACK + / - How is the plan functioning??

CRM THEORY

5 C METHOD

CUT Errors chain

CLIMB Climb, make a STD procedure

Do not improvise!
CONSERVE Conserve fuel, take a break
TAKE YOUR TIME TO MAKE TIME
CONFESS Evaluate

CONSULT Consult situation,reach more information

Refuse external pressure!
ATC and OPC must serve YOU – not you to them!
CRM THEORY

Short Term Strategy - DECIDE

 DETECT

CRM LOOP
FEEDBACK + / -
 ESTIMATE
 CHOOSE
 IDENTIFY
 DO!
 EVALUATE
CRM THEORY

Short Term Strategy - EMERGENCY D. I. E.

 DETECT the need for an action or decicion

 IMPLEMENT the the emergency procedure

 EVALUATE the results of action

CRM THEORY

STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

In the following lesson you will learn more about:

Stress, Stress Management, Fatigue and Vigilance.

You will be able to recognise:

Personal Stress and Stress in others.
Human Performance Limitations and Overload
Stress/Fatigue Management and Sleep

By knowing the whys and hows of the above mentioned you and others will have a much easier life,
more safer, relaxed flights and… less stress than others.
CRM THEORY

STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

Stress is a necessary evil in a pilot's life.

In moderation, it is a key factor in the achievement of peak performance.
Too much stress will detract from the pilot's ability to reason and function.
Not enough stress causes complacency.
Either not enough stress or too much stress can lead to a lack of situational awareness.

True situational awareness is an

individual's accurate perception of
reality.

What is Stress?
The definition of "stress" originated from the engineering field.
A force placed upon an object to cause straining, bending or breaking.
Related to humans, the term stress is used to describe the body's response to demands placed on it.
CRM THEORY

STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

There are three types of stress:

• Physical - environmental conditions, noise, vibration, stages of hypoxia

• Physiological - fatigue, lack of physical fitness, improper eating habits
• Emotional - social and emotional factors related to living and intellectual activities, such as solving
difficult problems in flight

There are also two categories of stress

• Chronic Stress - the result of long term demands of lifestyle or personal situations (health,
relationships, job security)
• Acute Stress - the result of demands placed on the body by a current issue (time constraints, bad
weather, equipment failure)
CRM THEORY

STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

Effects of Stress

• Stress is cumulative. The body does not differentiate between the type of stress it feels, but there is
a biological differentiation between the category of stress.

• Acute stress injects adrenaline into the bloodstream and becomes a source of energy. Heartbeat,
breathing rate and blood sugar levels all increase. The body is charged into a "fight or flight" mode
which enables the individual to quickly react to the situation.

• Chronic stress is the more dangerous of the two. It can make a situation that normally should be
controllable seem more difficult to handle. Chronic stress will exaggerate the effects of acute stress.
Long term chronic stress may cause illness, insomnia, irritability, ulcers, and high blood pressure. It
can threaten an individual's health.
CRM THEORY

STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

Stress is cumulative. High levels of stress over a period of time will push the individual on the back side
of the stress curve and affect the pilot's ability to deal with complex or difficult tasks. Performance will
be progressively degraded. Communication and CRM principles will be adversely affected .
CRM THEORY

STRESSORS IN AVIATION

Confined
Space
Medicals Illnes
Checkrides

Poor
Visibility
Temperature Diet Conflict
And
Humidity
Pay
Dehydration
Altitude
Time Changes
Schedules
Fears
Related to Passengers
flying Noise
And
Vibration
CRM THEORY

STRESS SYMPTOMS

Muscle tightness Upset Stomach

Aches&Pain Anxiety

Emotional
Depression Burnout
Emotional
Feelings of Outbursts
Depletion

Conflict in
Relationships
Withdrawal Lack of Energy
CRM THEORY

STRESS AND STRESS MANAGEMENT

Recognizing Stress Levels

• Either monotony or over-stimulation have the potential to increase the rate of human error. Pilots
require some stress to maintain peak performance. How much stress is too much? Stress levels
change from day to day, from individual to individual.
• An awareness of what our stress levels are, and a lookout for an indication of what other crew
member's stress levels are, will provide an indication of what performance level can be anticipated.
CRM THEORY

STRESS TEST

• Give yourself 10 points if you feel you have
supportive family around you.  home to which you can go to relax or be by yourself.
• Give yourself 10 points if you actively pursue a hobby.
• Give yourself 10 points if you belong to a social or
activity group in which you participate more than once
a month.
• Give yourself 15 points if you are within 10 pounds of
your "ideal" body weight, considering your height and
bone structure.
• Give yourself 15 points if you practice some form of
"deep relaxation" at least five times a week. Deep
relaxation includes meditation, progressive muscle
relaxation, imagery and yoga.
• Give yourself 5 points for each time you exercise for
30 minutes or longer during an average week.
• Give yourself 5 points for each nutritionally balanced
and wholesome meal you eat during an average day.
A nutritionally balanced meal is low in fat and high in
vegetables, fruits and whole-grain products.
• Give yourself 5 points if you do something you really
enjoy and which is "just for you" during an average
week.
• Give yourself 10 points if you have a place in your
• Give yourself 10 points if you practice time
management techniques daily.
• Subtract 10 points for each pack of cigarettes you
smoke during an average day.
• Subtract 5 points for each evening during an average
week that you use any form of medication or chemical
substance, including alcohol, to help you sleep.
• Subtract 10 points for each day during an average
week that you consume any form of medication or
chemical substance, including alcohol, to reduce
anxiety or just to calm down.
• Subtract 5 points for each evening during an average
week that you bring work home – work meant to be
done at your place of employment.
CRM THEORY

STRESS TEST

Now calculate your total score. A "perfect" score is 115. If you scored in the 50-60 range, you probably
have adequate coping skills for most common stress. However, keep in mind that the higher your score,
the greater your ability to cope with stress in an effective, healthy manner.
CRM THEORY

SIGNS OF STRESS

It is relatively easy to see the signs of stress in yourself and in others - if you know what to look for.
Is this profile recognizable in anyone you know?

Do they:
• Rush speaking
• Complete other people's sentences
• Rush eating
• Hate waiting in line
• Never seem to catch up
• Schedule more activities than they have time available
• Detest wasting time
• Drive too fast most of the time
• Often try to do several things at once
• Become impatient if others are too slow
• Have little time for relaxation, intimacy, or enjoying the environment
CRM THEORY

SIGNS OF STRESS

On the back side of the stress curve, pilot performance will be degraded. Too much stress leads an
individual to distress.
As the pilot suffers from over-stress, it could lead to:
• Eroded judgment
• Compromised or accepting of lower performance levels
• Inattention
• Loss of vigilance and alertness
• Preoccupation with a single task
• Fixation on one instrument or procedure
• Forgetting or omitting procedural steps
• Greater tendency toward spatial disorientation and misperceptions
• Misreading charts or checklists
• Misjudgement of distance or altitude
• Loss of time perception
• Loss of situational awareness
CRM THEORY

STRESS MANAGEMENT

If we don't manage stress, stress will manage us. Life events do not create stress; we create the stress
in our minds. You can let it consume you - or you can eliminate or reduce it - and change stress into an
energy source instead of an illness. The source of stress must be identified before it can be addressed
and reduced, or eliminated. Take a rational look at the stressor.

Ask yourself:
• Is my emotional mind working to lesson or increase my stress level?
• What is the reality of the situation?
• What is the very worst thing that is likely to happen to me?
• Am I over-reacting to the problem?
• Can I change the situation for a positive outcome?
• If I cannot, what is the best way to cope with it?
• Has this ever happened to me before?
• If so, what did I do and what can I do better?
• If not, then what is the best rational plan?
CRM THEORY

STRESS MANAGEMENT

Make a plan and act on it. The goal is to control or to eliminate the effects of stress, recognizing that
the stressor itself may not be under your control.

Ensure sure that your solution contains the "I" word at the beginning, because that is the one thing you
control. "We" or "they" may be part of the solution but "I" will have to work towards the solution.

Stress causes an unnecessary expenditure of energy through adrenaline production. The best way to rid
the body of excess adrenaline is with physical exertion, or exercise. When it is not possible to exercise,
a walk is an good way to relieve the effects of high stress, and also provides a mental time-out from the
stressor. Vitamin C also helps rid your body of adrenaline.

Weight control, diet, use of alcohol or tobacco will affect the body's ability to control stress. Get the
proper amount of sleep.
CRM THEORY

STRESS MANAGEMENT

Be realistic and practical. This may call for you to be flexible and willing to adapt. You can reduce the
effects of stress and cope with it better if you take a break from the problem. Stress relief is one of the
main reasons why we take a vacation, but if that is not possible, sometimes a change is as good as a
break. Discussing the stressor with a sympathetic ear will help you to cope with the situation, and input
can be provided from someone who may not be emotionally involved.

A positive attitude and a sense of hum or will help an individual to cope with stress. Perseverance with
a plan of attack, and a look at the "big picture" will also help to modify the effects of stress.
CRM THEORY

SUMMARY

• Identify, recognize, eliminate or reduce too much stress

• Cope actively with demands
• Eat, sleep and exercise properly
• Communicate
• Avoid mind altering substances
• Check your attitude, sense of humor and general emotional state
• Stress is associated not only with distress but also with excitement, achievement, and effective
performance
• One of the major reasons for learning effective stress management is long-term preventive health
care
• In addition to helping our lives work better, stress will help us to achieve peak performance
CRM THEORY

QUESTIONS

 What is your worst stressor on the

flight deck?

 How and when did you first identify

this stressor?

 How do you cope with this stressor?

CRM THEORY

FATIGUE

Fatigue in aviation is recognized as a serious

safety concern. Fatigue poses a threat to the
principles of CRM and induces human error.
Human error is a contributing factor in 80% of
all aviation accidents.
CRM THEORY

THE DANGER OF FATIGUE

The Danger of Fatigue

Pilots may be of the opinion that because they can stay awake for extended periods of time, they
escape the adverse effects of fatigue.

This is not the case.

Fatigue is insidious; individuals cannot readily feel the onset of fatigue. The fatigued person may not be
aware of it's gradual and cumulative effects and consequently, may be unaware that their performance
has become degraded.

The fatigued pilot may not easily accept an assessment of their degraded performance or be able to
improve their performance despite increased effort.
CRM THEORY

FATIGUE

Fatigued pilots are less vigilant, more willing to accept below par performance, and show signs of
poor judgment. They may find it increasingly difficult to make decisions; they may have to recheck
information several times as a result of an impaired memory or inability to process information.
Alertness and reactions times are decreased.
Irritability and mood swings easily block communication and hamper CRM principles.

One of the worst dangers of pilot fatigue is apathy.

The fatigued pilot can be indifferent as to the outcome of the flight and their operational performance.
CRM THEORY

FATIGUE

The NASA-Ames studies show that a person who goes without sleep for 18 - 20 hours experiences the
same effects as if they had had two or three beers.

They are euphoric, punchy, display decreased response time and motor control skills, segmented from
their surroundings, impaired thinking.
CRM THEORY

CAUSES OF PILOT FATIGUE

The main causes of Pilot fatigue:

 The disturbance of circadian rhythms

 Continuous wakefulness

 Cumulative sleep loss

CRM THEORY

CIRCADIAN RYTHM

The aviation industry maintains a schedule that is 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Humans operate on a
different schedule, a circadian rhythm, which can conflict with a crew member's required work periods.

This clash of schedules can affect pilot performance, behaviour and attitude.

There are two circadian low periods where an individual will experience increased sleepiness
- between 3 and 5 o'clock both a.m. And p.m.
A combination of the circadian low period and fatigue could reduce pilot performance by up
to 35%.
CRM THEORY

CIRCADIAN RYTHM

During sleep, the body's core temperature, often used as a biological marker, drops notably.
If you are forced to stay awake during the time normally allotted for sleep, the disruption of the
circadian cycle produces the effects of fatigue.

The more time zones crossed, the longer it will take an individual to adjust.
It is easier to adjust to a westbound time zone change than eastbound.
CRM THEORY

SLEEP LOSS AND MICROSLEEPS

The loss of as little as one hour sleep begins a person's sleep debt.
Eight hours of disrupted sleep can also produce the effect of too little sleep. You cannot indefinitely
deny your body of its required sleep, nor can you substitute it with anything else.

The only cure for a sleep debt is to sleep!

Acute fatigue is severe, and could result from the loss of a night's sleep. Chronic fatigue is the result
long term sleep debt. It is usually not recognized by the individual and is more difficult to counteract.

Acute or chronic fatigue can lead to a microsleep!

CRM THEORY

MICROSLEEPS

Microsleeps are uncontrolled spontaneous episodes of sleep that could last for seconds or minutes.
During a microsleep, a person disengages from reality and becomes unresponsive. They fail to respond
to outside information.

 There is a 10 times increase of a microsleep at night than during the day

 There is a 10 times increase of a microsleep relative to each hour worked
 Microsleeps increase with cumulative sleep debt
 A microsleep does not decrease a sleep debt
CRM THEORY

OTHER FATIGUE INDUCERS

Noise Wearing
Length Vibration
Of Headsets
Flicker
Duty day Heat/cold
Bad weather
Caffeine Congested
Airspace
Hypoglycemia Monitoring
Instruments

Illness Easterly
24hr layover Direction Poor cockpit
Following Flights Seat design
Night arrival Through more Or ergonomics
Quality of sleep
Time zones

Time of Restricted
Day, Multiple Time
Schedule
Shift Layovers in Allowed for
Consecutive
Irregularities Quick succession Sleep
Duty days
CRM THEORY

SYMPTOMS OF FATIGUE

Be aware that these are some of the symptoms that may affect you, but also watch for them
in other crew members

• Slowed reaction time, both physically and • Easily distracted by unimportant items
mentally
• Sloppy flying
• Increased errors despite increased effort
• Loss of initiative
• Individual's underestimation of their
performance degradation • Depressed, apathetic, lethargic or moody
• Performance variability and unpredictability • Willingness to accept below standard
performance
• Preoccupation with a single task
• Limited situational awareness
• Fixation on a single source of information
• Poor communication skills
• Perseverance of an ineffective solution
• Short-term memory loss, such as a frequency
change
• Impaired judgment and decision making
CRM THEORY

COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

A pilot suffering the effects of fatigue will not be able to counteract them by:
• Skill
• Increased effort
• Stamina
• Physical conditioning
• Education
• Training
• Experience
• Will
• Professionalism
• Motivation
CRM THEORY

ALCOHOL AND FATIGUE

Alcohol is the most widely used sleep aid, but quantities can interfere with quality
of sleep therefore increase sleepiness.

Pilots on short haul trips consume three times the amount of alcohol on a
layover than they consume at home.
CRM THEORY

ARTIFICIAL ENHANCERS

Caffeine is the most popular artificial stimulant, and can be useful after waking up. Continued caffeine
intake will deter sleep during the time allotted for sleep. Caffeine is also a diuretic and causes
dehydration.

Melatonin is natural hormone which allegedly induces sleep in shift workers or elderly people.

The biological effects and the long term use of Melatonin are not known.
CRM THEORY

FATIGUE COUNTERMEASURES

• Do not begin a flight with a sleep debt, make this a priority over outside activities. NASA studies
have shown that an individual who received 8 hours of sleep was better able to carry out pilot duties
after being awake for 20 hours, than that of a pilot who received just 6 hours of sleep
• Pre-planning for a known sleep disruption is essential for managing alertness. Develop a regular pre-
sleep routine, sleep in a comfortable environment
• Proper diet, physical conditioning, avoiding alcohol and smoking will help the body to stay healthy
and be better able to cope with the effects of fatigue. Do not exercise or eat a large meal directly
before sleep
• Use caffeine sparingly during flight as it may keep you awake later when you are trying to sleep.
Water is favoured to counteract dehydration effects.
• If you wake up spontaneously and cannot go back to sleep within 15 - 20 minutes, or have trouble
falling asleep, get up and try again later
• During a layover, get as much sleep as you would normally in a 24-hour period. Trust your own
physiology - if you feel sleepy and circumstances permit, sleep
• A 40-minute nap, dubbed the NASA-nap, will help to rejuvenate an individual without them
entering into a deep sleep, which is more difficult to wake-up from
CRM THEORY

SUMMARY

• The only remedy for a sleep debt is to

sleep

• No amount of will-power will overcome

the effects of fatigue

• Pilots retain a level of control over their

fatigue levels

• Fatigued pilots must be aware of the

gradual and cumulative effects of
fatigue, which degrades their
performance
CRM THEORY

QUESTIONS

• What Fatigue Countermeasures have you

found to be working for you personally?

• What impact does Circadian Rythm have on

your personal monthly flying schedule?

• What experiences do you have with

Microsleeps?
CRM THEORY

VIGILANCE

Vigilance is hard work for the human brain.

More and more human work today involves automation, the supervised control of machines or flying
airplanes.
People might think that vigilance - looking at a screen or supervising a machine, isn‘t „doing much“.

Studies have shown that this is wrong and actually very stressful.

One way to improve vigilance success is to provide cues that a critical signal is coming.
In fact, when subjects constantly receive reliable cues before a critical signal, vigilance will improve
drastically.

„Cuing“ reduces the workload of surveillance and of information processing. It has to be reliable in
order to reduce brain strain.
CRM THEORY

ATTITUDE

Definition:
a frame of mind affecting one's thoughts and behaviour; a general cast of mind with regard to
something.

Hazardous Attitudes:
• Anti-authority
• Impulsivity
• Invulnerability
• Macho
• Resignation
CRM THEORY

HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES

Anti-authority:
"Don't tell me!"
This hazardous attitude is found in someone who does not like to be told what to do. They may either
be resentful of having someone tell them what to do or may just disregard rules and procedures. An
assertive person will question authority if warranted.

Impulsivity:
"Do something quickly!„
Someone who does not stop and think about what they are about to do. They do not select the best
alternative, they do the first thing that comes to mind.

Invulnerability:
"It won't happen to me!"
Many people feel that accidents will happen to others but not to them. People who think this way are
more likely to be risk takers beyond acceptable levels.
CRM THEORY

HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES

Macho:
"I can do it!"
People who are always trying to prove themselves take risks to try and impress others. Both men and
women are susceptible.

Resignation:
"What's the use?"
People who have this hazardous attitude do not see themselves as making a great deal of difference in
what happens to them. They attribute events to either good or bad luck; they leave actions to others.
They can go along with unreasonable requests to be a "nice-guy.“
CRM THEORY

HAZARDOUS ATTITUDES - EXAMPLE

You have just completed your base leg for a landing on runway 14 at an uncontrolled airport.
As you turn to final, you see that the wind has changed, blowing from about 90 degrees. You
make two sharp turns and land on runway 08. What was your reasoning?
a. You believe you are a really good pilot who can safely make sudden manoeuvres.
b. You believe your flight instructor was overly cautious when insisting that a pilot must go around
rather than make sudden course changes while on final approach.
c. You know there would be no danger in making the sudden turns because you do things like this all
the time.
d. You know landing into the wind is best, so you act as soon as you can to avoid a crosswind landing.
e. The unexpected wind change is a bad break, but you figure if the wind can change, so can you.

a) Macho
b) Anti-authority
c) Invulnerability
d) Impulsivity Source: Diehl et al. 1987

e) Resignation
CRM THEORY

LEADERSHIP
CRM THEORY

AUTHORITY

Definition:
Authority is Assigned
Authority is Not Leadership
Authority & Leadership = Optimal Situation

Modern Cockpit Design Transfers Some Authority From CPT to FO (Automation)

Trans–cockpit Gradient
(TAG)

(Edwards, 1975)
CRM THEORY

ROLE CPT / ROLE FO

In the „Old Days“ The Captain Was The „King“

CRM Introduced Changed Operating Philosophy
Many Captains Face Dilemma By Adopting to New Philosophy

When Captain is PF, Redundancy and Double-Checking is reduced

Study Showed That CPT Detected 35 Percent of Anomalies, FO Detected 18 Percent (NASA CR 166433)
During Flying
“Monitored Approach” Suitable In Many Situations
CRM THEORY

LEADERSHIP

 Leadership is a Rational Process

 Leadership is the Exercise of Skills

 Leadership is Proactive not Reactive

 Leadership takes into Account other Crewmember

 Leadership style depends on current circumstances

CRM THEORY

LEADERSHIP

Leadership methods (styles):

 Control - command

 Guidance - motivation

 Couching - advancement

 Delegating - sharing
CRM THEORY

CONTROL - COMMAND

Cooperation advantages: Cooperation disadvantages:

+ Quick instruction transfer - It can be stressful for other crewmembers
+ Reinforce of authority - It reduces input form other CRW
+ Clear procedure - It can decrease other CRW assertiveness/effort
+ Minimalization of „wasty“ talks - It demands reliance on CPT performance

Cooperation profile:
• I'm the captain, so I make the rules!
• Your job is to do what I say!
• If you mess up, I'll let you know about it!
• If you don't hear from me, that means you're doing fine!
• You'd better be careful not to make a mistake!
CRM THEORY

GUIDANCE - MOTIVATION

Cooperation advantages: Cooperation disadvantages:

+ Pleasant atmosphere - It can be time consuming
+ Conflict minimalization - F/O will make little progress
+ Team support - Dependent on CPT skills
+ Space creation for assertiveness - Can lead to F/O passivity

Cooperation profile:
• Don’t worry, Ill help you
• Ok, very good, now do this
• You’ve made a mistake, never mind, you will do better next time
• If you mess up, I’m here to help
CRM THEORY
COUCHING - ADVANCEMENT
Cooperation advantages:
+ Qualification development of F/O
+ Preparation for situations
+ Independence development of F/O
+ Usually a positive work environment
Cooperation disadvantages:
- More demanding for F/O
- Requires skilled CPT, who can estimate F/O’s
strengths, weaknesses, …
- Can be time demanding, not always appropriate
- May create conflicts, if F/O shows no progress or is
overly self confident
CRM THEORY

DELEGATING - SHARING

Cooperation advantages: Cooperation disadvantages:

+ Capacity release - Larger room for error on F/O behalf
+ Responsibility sharing - Demanding for F/O
+ FO’s independence development - Possibility of insufficient communication
+ Highest category cooperation - F/O may become overconfident
CRM THEORY

AUTHORITY VERSUS ASSERTIVITY

OPTIMUM COOPERATION IS
Adequate authority of CAPT

With

Sufficient assertivity of FO

RESULT

In crew with clear command

but fully utilising capacity of all crew members!
CRM THEORY

AUTHORITY

What creates authority of the CAPT? What mistakes could lead to?

 Knowledges  I shall not allow mistake

 Experiences  I know all!
 Certainty - calm  No matter in all cases!
 Determination  Principally do not ask!
CRM THEORY

ASSERTIVNESS

How the assertive reaction looks like? What typical mistakes can develop?

 Description  He must see it too

 Explanation  Single order (w/o context)
 Challenge  Aggressivity
 Action  Unexpected action
CRM THEORY

ASSERTIVENESS

Inquiry
CRM-LOOP

As
ck

se
ba

rti
ed

en v
Fe

es
s
s .
Re
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CRM THEORY

ASSERTIVENESS - EXERCISE

Watch the Video – and be Assertive!

1. Get Acknowledgement „What Do You Think?“

2. State Name or Crew Position
3. State Discomfort
4. Explain Reason for Discomfort
5. Offer Alternative
CRM THEORY

ASSERTIVENESS - EXERCISE

Watch the Video – and be Assertive!

1. Get Acknowledgement „What Do You Think?“

2. State Name or Crew Position
3. State Discomfort
4. Explain Reason for Discomfort
5. Offer Alternative
CRM THEORY

ASSERTIVENESS - EXAMPLE

Let´s have a look at the 1982 Potomac river accident (USA).

The FO notices something wrong with the engine instruments
(B737-200)

15:59:51 CA It's spooled. Real cold, real cold.

15:59:58 F/O God, look at that thing. That don't seem right,
does it? Uh, that's not right
16:00:09 CA Yes it is, there's eighty
16:00:10 F/O Naw, I don't think that's right. Ah, maybe it is.
16:00:21 CA CAM-1 Hundred and twenty.
16:00:23 F/O CAM-2 I don't know
16:00:31 CA Vee-one. Easy, vee-two
16:00:39 [Sound of stick shaker starts and continues until impact]
16:00:41 TWR Palm 90 contact departure control.
16:00:45 CA Forward, forward, easy. We only want five hundred.
16:00:48 CA Come on forward....forward, just barely climb.
16:00:59 CA Stalling, we're falling!
16:01:00 F/O Larry, we're going down, Larry....
16:01:01 CA I know it.
16:01:01 [Sound of impact]  
CRM THEORY

ASSERTIVENESS - EXAMPLE

CAM2 = F/O
CAM1 = CPT

16:00:10 CAM-2 Naw, I don't think that's right. Ah, maybe it is.

16:00:21 CAM-1 Hundred and twenty.

16:00:23 CAM-2 I don't know.

16:00:31 CAM-1 Vee-one. Easy, vee-two.

CRM THEORY

COMMUNICATION

IDEAL COMMUNICATION
Is information´s transfer in

ADEQUATE AMMOUNT
THE SAME MANNER
THE SAME CODE
WITH CONTROLLED EMOTIONS
CRM THEORY

COMMUNICATION ELEMENTS

Receptive skills Expressive skills

• Hearing • Asking
• Watching • Description
• Empathy • Conclusions making
 COMMUNICATION LOOP
CRM THEORY

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CRM THEORY
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CRM THEORY

COMMUNICATION - MESSAGE TRANSFER PROCESS

What problems can develop, when the message is transferred?

(filters)
• Omitting
• Transformation
• Interference

When you are doubt about CHECK – DO NOT

SUPPOSE!
Break uncertainty! Ask!

Do not suppose that things will be O.K.

THEY WILL NOT!
CRM THEORY

COMMUNICATION - BRIEFING

 Talk WITH crew, not TO crew

 Involve each crewmember into cooperation
 Create joint situation model
 Determine duties, limits and alternate solutions
 Use FMA, FMS, SOP´s, charts etc.
 Check everybody understands and agrees
CRM THEORY

COMMUNICATION - DEBRIEFING

 As early after flight as possible – write notes

 Start by myself
 Give the CRW talk about them
 Show negatives and positives
 Do not punish, do not humble, do not make a fun of the crew
 Encourage – give an acclamation if possible
 Discuss – as instruction of errors
 Make an emphasize how make IT better next time
CRM THEORY

QUESTIONS

What personnel filters have you met more often with?

What situation filters complicate flight to you and how?

CRM THEORY

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

What is SITAW?
Clear and early idea (precise situation model)
about
WHAT HAPPENED,
WHAT IS HAPPENING,
WHAT CAN HAPPEN

How all crewmembers perceive the situation to understand all conditions and factors of flight.
CRM THEORY

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

MISSION
CREW
AIRCRAFT objectives
preconditions
limitations reserves
intentions
performance restrictions
stand. behaviour
aircraft status indiv. behaviour
avionics

Needed knowledges
for SITAW
(Mental Model)

ATC ENVIRONMENT
improvement Company
Instructions Active -flight deck
watching: -ATC CRW
information Nav. possibilities
-other CRW
-environment weather
-own feelings traffic
CRM THEORY

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

1. Obtain maximum amount of information from all sources

2. Quick decisions are rarely needed
3. Evaluate all possibilities
4. Make an stocktaking of the situation all the time
5. Correspond new idea to new information?
6. Check always, if activity correspond to situation
7. Do not refuse information which not correspond to imagination
8. See the world how is. Not you could have it.
9. Hope in the better. Be prepare to the worse.
CRM THEORY

SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

How to understand to situation BEST?

„TO BE AHEAD OF THE AIRCRAFT“

To anticipate what can happen ,

not to react to current situation,
or to save (rescue) what happened!
CRM THEORY

SITAW –ERRORS SOURCES

• Stress
• Personnel conflicts
• Low experience
• Attention dispersion
• Fatigue
• Extreme workload
• Lack of interest
• Self-satisfaction
• Exaggerate confidence into system
CRM THEORY

INFORMATION PROCESSING - EXCERCISE

Divide into two groups:

• Group A counts how

many times the
basketball was thrown
by the players in black.

• Group b counts how

many times the
basketball was thrown
by the players in white.
CRM THEORY

CRM EVOLUTION

Divide into two groups

• Group A counts how many times

the white objects hit the wall

• Group B counts how many times

the black object hits the wall
CRM THEORY

INFORMATION PROCESSING

Summary
• Human sensors have narrow limits & are subject to degradation
• Sensing is not perception
• “Expectation” can have serious effects
• Stress & fatigue cause return to “old habits”
• “Gorilla Effect” – inattention blindness (Chabris & Simons, 1999)
CRM THEORY

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

There are definite safety benefits from the use of Standard Operating Procedures but they must first be
adopted by the flight crews.

Company check pilots should monitor for crew adherence to the SOPs.

Finally, there is no substitute for good judgment, and decisions made in the cockpit should be
supported by management.
CRM THEORY

AUTOMATION

Automation philosophy:
First intention
• Lower the pilot´s workload
• To minimize pilot´s error
• To improve traffic effectiveness

Actual status
• Bigger workload of pilots
• Bigger format errors possibility

Automation question:
What amount of control could leave the pilot to automated system ?
When the pilot must take over the control from automation?
CRM THEORY

AUTOMATION

Pilot´s relationship to automation :

COMPUTER NEVER DOES WHAT YOU WANT

BUT DOES WHAT
YOU PROGRAMME IT TO DO!
CRM THEORY

AUTOMATION

FLY THE PLANE FIRST

WHEN YOU DOUBT ABOUT AUTOMATED SYSTEM, SWITCH OFF AP

RETURN TO BASIC:
AVIATE - NAVIGATE – COMMUNICATE
IN THAT ORDER ! ! !
CRM THEORY

AUTOMATION - SUMMARY

Do not change your piloting priorities

• Make clear beforehand what the system is supposed to do
• Be aware of system limitations
• Be highly suspicious
• Check what is it doing
• Do not accept system performance that you could do safer or better yourself
 PILOT TRAINING CENTER
1st CZECH FLIGHT SCHOOL

Vladislav Pružina
pruzina@f-air.cz

© F AIR Ltd.
www.f-air.cz
CZ/ATO-001