Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Agriculture, Multan

Submitted To:
Dr. Mirza Abid

Submitted By:
Hira Akhtar

Reg No#
2019-uam-291

Degree:
Bsc(Hons)Agri

Semester:
Pp 6th

Course:
Pp 518

Topic:
Basic Definitions
1. Zygote:
“A zygote is a cell that is formed when two gamates fuse during fertilization”.
Procedure of zygote development:
The zygote produced after fertilization must undergo various cellular divisions
and differentiations to become a mature embryo. An end stage embryo has five
major components including the shoot apical meristems, hypocotyl, root meristem,
root cap, and cotyledons
Example:
A fertilized female egg from which a baby will develop is an example
of a zygote. A fertilized egg cell.
2. Embryo:
“A plant embryo is an undeveloped plant inside a seed” or
“A young, developing plant, such as the rudimentary plant inside the seed of higher
plants or that inside the archegonium of mosses and ferns”
3.Mitosis:
“ A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number
and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus”.
 Mitosis in plants happens in the meristems of the plant that are located at the
tip of the stems and roots. These two areas are responsible to produce all the
cells the plants needs to grow.
Stages of mitosis:
Mitosis has four stages:
 Prophase
 Metaphas
 Anaphase
 telophase.

4.Inbred line:
“Plant lines are considered inbred when the offspring (progeny) from
a self-fertilized plant look identical to the parent, as well as identical to one
another”.
5.Embyogenesis:
“ Embyogenesis is the process that forms an embryo from a zygote
developed from the syngamy”

6.Somatic embyogenesis:
 ”Somatic embryogenesis is an artificial process
that forms an embryo from somatic cells of the plants”.
 Somatic embryogenesis is a developmental process where a plant somatic cell
can differentiated to a totipotent embryonic stem cell that has the ability to give
rise to an embryo under appropriate conditions. This new embryo can further
develop into a whole plants

Stages of embryonic development:

Embryogenesis occurs naturally as a
result of single, or double fertilization, of the ovule, giving rise to two distinct
structures: the plant embryo and the endosperm which go on to develop into a seed.
The zygote goes through various cellular differentiations and divisions in order to
produce a mature embryo.

7. Meiosis:
“A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of
chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores”.
Stages of meiosis:
 When plants reproduce sexually, they use meiosis to produce haploid cells that
have half the genetic information of the parent (one of every chromosome).
Eventually, the haploid cells produce eggs and sperm that combine to create a
new, genetically unique diploid organism that has two of every chromosome.

Stages of meiosis:
In each round of division, cells go through four stages: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase.