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Content
• Connections
• BIPV & BAPV
• Panel construction
• bifacial
• Panel tests
• Solar panel characteristics
• Conditions affecting
• How to select PV panel
• Data sheet
• Losses due to temp
• Steel & chassis
 Connections
• Series connection:
• Series connection
 Example

Thus for Panel 1.

P1 = 40 watts, V1 = 6 volts, I1 = 6.67 amperes
and for Panel 2.
P2 = 100 watts, V2 = 12 volts, I2 = 8.33 amperes
and Panel 3.
P3 = 180 watts, V3 = 24 volts, I3 = 7.50 amperes
 connections
• Parallel connection:
Example :-
• In my array .. We have many modules .. Each module is “12v , 8A”..
How we can get :

1. Panel “72v & 8A”

2. Panel “72v & 16A”
3. Panel “30V & 8A”
4. Panel “48V & 24A”
And list the number of modules
 • (72/12)= 6 modules in
series.
Panel “72v • (8 / 8 )= 1 module in
& 8A” parallel.
• >> my number of modules
= 6*1 = 6 modules

• (72/12) = 6 modules in
series.
Panel “72v • (16 / 8 ) = 2 module in
& 16A” parallel.
• >> my number of modules
= 6*2 = 12 modules

Panel
“30V & • It is not correct.
8A”

• (48/12)= 4 modules
Panel •
in series.
(24 / 8 )= 2 module
“48V & in parallel.
• >> my number of
24A” modules = 4*2 = 8
modules
BAPV & BIPV
BAPV & BIPV
Panel constructions
MC4 connectors
Bifacial panel
 Panel tests
1. STC ( Standard test condition )
Solar
radiation
•Solar radiation 1000 w/m^2

temperature
•Cell temperature 25 C

Air mass
•Air mass = 1.5
 Panel tests
2. NOCT (Nominal operating cell temperature )
Solar
• 800 w/m^2
radiation

• Cell temperature 45 C (+/- 3 )

temperature • Air temperature 20 C

• Air mass = 1.5

Air mass

• Wind speed 1m/s

Wind speed
Solar panel characteristics
I-V curve
P-V curve
MPP (maximum power point)
 Condition affecting
Solar
radiation
Temperature

Shading

Condition affecting
Temperature
Cooled with air & water
Solar radiation
Shading
 How to select PV panel

• Area

• Production power tolerance

• Warranty

• Certifications

• NOCT
Area with Slope panels

Type of panel Area

monocrystalline silicon 7-9

polycrystalline silicon 8-11

CIS Thin film 11-13

Area with Horizontal panels

Type of panel Area

monocrystalline silicon 20

polycrystalline silicon 27

CIS Thin film 32

Production power tolerance
warranty
Certifications

• IEC 61215 Quality & Tests for electrical and mechanical characteristic

• IEC 61730 Electrical & mechanical safety’

• Ip67 Waterproof type

IP : Waterproof type
NOCT
Data sheet
 Losses due to temperature
T = T + ((T - 20)/ (0.8)) * S
cell amb NOCT

P = T*P *P
losses coeff old

T=T –T cell STC

P =P +P
new old loss

Effeciency = (P / P ) * 100 new old

 Example
If we have a panel “265W” & T ambient = 35c .
Calculate the actual power of panel.
T = T + ((T - 20)/ (0.8)) * S
cell amb NOCT

T = 35 +((45-20)/(0.8)) * 1 = 66.25°C
cell

P = T * P * P = 41.25 * (-0.39/100) * 265

losses coeff old

P = -42.63W
losses

T = T – T = 66.25 – 25 = 41.25°C
cell STC

P = P + P = 265 - 42.63 = 222.37W

new old loss

Effeciency = (P / P ) * 100 = 83.91% new old

Steel & chassis
Most important component
• Rail

• Rail connectors

• End clamb

• Middle clamp
 Steel & chassis

Roof mounted racks

Ground mounted racks

Roof mounted racks

Railed Rail less

mounting mounting

Shared Flat roof

rail ballasted
mounting mounting
 Railed
mounting
Flat roof
ballasted
mounting
Rail less
mounting
Free Standing rack
Ground mounted racks
Ballasted
Foundation footing
mounting mounting

Pole / multi Solar tracker

&
pole smart flower
mounting
Ballasted
footing
mounting
Foundation
mounting
Pole / multi
pole
mounting
Pole / multi
pole
mounting
Solar tracker
&
smart flower