Introduction Update 26.3.2023 K9CE

VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
Lecturer : Nguyen Viet Khoi Nguyen, MSc.

Email : nguyennvk@pvu.edu.vn
Website : www.pvu.edu.vn
VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
INTRODUCTION
Lecturer : Nguyen Viet Khoi Nguyen, MSc.

Email : nguyennvk@pvu.edu.vn
Website : www.pvu.edu.vn
References
1. Công nghệ mỏ ứng dụng, Huỳnh Thanh Sơn & Lê
Phước Hảo, NXB ĐHQG Tp.HCM, 2003.
2. Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, Craft
B.C, Hawkins M.F and Terry R.E, Prentice-Hall Inc.,
New Jersey, 1991. (here)
3. Petroleum Engineering Handbook for the Practicing
Engineer Vol.1, Mian M.A, PennWell Publishing Co.,
Oklahoma, 1992.
4. Reservoir Engineering Handbook (4th edition), Tarek
Ahmed, Gulf Professional Publishing, 2010. (here)
5. Multiphase Flow in Wells, James P. Brill & Hemanta
Mukherjee, SPE, 1999. (here)
Reservoir Engineering 3
Introduction
❖ What is Reservoir?
Introduction
❖ Oil and gas accumulations occur in

underground traps.
❖ The HC accumulations occur in the more
porous and permeable portion of beds
(sands, sandstones, limestones and
dolomites)
Introduction
Introduction
❖ A reservoir is that portion of the trapped

formation that contains oil and gas as a
single hydraulically connected system
Introduction
Introduction
❖ Aquifer is a volume of water-bearing rock which

has hydraulically connected with the HC reservoir
❖ Many reservoirs are located in large sedimentary
basins and share a common aquifer
Introduction
Introduction
❖ A single phase reservoir fluid may be in a liquid

phase (oil) or gas phase (natural gas)
❖ Dissolved gas is the gas which produced at the
surface from a liquid in the reservoir
❖ Gas condensate is the liquid which produced from
a liquid at the surface condition
Introduction
Introduction
❖ When HC reservoir is in two-phase state, the

overlying vapor phase is called the gas cap and the
underlying liquid phase is called the oil zone
Classification of Res. and Res. Fluids
❖ Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as oil or

gas reservoirs.
❖ These broad classifications are further subdivided
depending on:
▪ The composition of the reservoir hydrocarbon mixture
▪ Initial reservoir pressure and temperature
▪ Pressure and temperature of the surface production
❖ The conditions under which these phases exist are

a matter of considerable practical importance.
❖ The experimental or the mathematical
determinations of these conditions are conveniently
expressed in different types of diagrams commonly
called phase diagrams.
❖ One such diagram is called the pressure-
temperature diagram.
❖ In general, reservoirs are conveniently classified

based on the location of the point representing the
initial reservoir pressure pi and temperature T with
respect to the pressure-temperature diagram of the
reservoir fluid.
Identification of Fluid Type
❖ Three properties are readily available:
▪ The initial producing gas-oil ratio
▪ The gravity of the stock-tank liquid
▪ The color of the stock-tank liquid
Black Oil
Black Oil
❖ Black Oil consist of a wide variety of
chemical species including large, heavy, non-
volatile molecules
❖ The phase diagram predictably covers a
wide tempt range
❖ The critical point is well up the slope of the
phase envelope
Black Oil
❖ Initial producing GOR: < 2,000 scf/STB
❖ The gravity of the stock-tank oil: < 45 oAPI
❖ The color is very dark, indicating the presence of
heavy HCs, often black, sometimes with a greenish
cast, or brown.
❖ The initial oil formation volume factor: < 2.0 rb/STB
Volatile Oil
Volatile Oil
❖ Volatile Oil contain relatively fewer heavy
molecules and more intermediate (C2 – C6) than
black oil
❖ The initial producing GOR: from 2,000 to 3,300
scf/STB
❖ The stock-tank oil gravity: > 40 oAPI
❖ The color is colored (usually brown, orange, or
sometime green)
Retrograde Gas
Retrograde Gas
❖ The initial producing GOR: > 3,300 scf/STB (values
of over 150,000 scf/STB have been observed)
❖ The stock-tank oil gravity: from 40 to 60 oAPI
❖ The color is light, brown, orange, greenish or water-
white
Wet Gas
Dry Gas
Summary
❖ There are some empirical equations of state that
used as a quantitative tool in describing and
classifying the hydrocarbon system
❖ These EOS require:
▪ Detailed compositional analyses of the hydrocarbon
system
▪ Complete descriptions of the physical and critical
properties of the mixture individual components
❖ Many characteristic properties of these pure
substances have been measured and compiled
over the years.
❖ These properties provide vital information for
calculating the thermodynamic properties of pure
components, as well as their mixtures.
❖ The most important of these properties are:
▪ Critical pressure, pc
▪ Critical temperature, Tc
▪ Critical volume, Vc
▪ Critical compressibility factor, zc
▪ Acentric factor, w
▪ Molecular weight, Mw
❖ Riazi & Daubert (1987) developed a
developed a simple two-parameter equation
for predicting the physical properties of pure
compounds and undefined hydrocarbon
mixtures.
❖ The empirical equation is based on the
molecular weight, M, and specific gravity, g,
of the undefined petroleum fraction as the
correlating parameters
❖ The Riazi & Daubert’s generalized empirical
equation for physical properties has the
following form:
 = a  M b  g c exp ( d  M + e  g + f  M  g )
 a b c d e f
Tc, oR 544.4 0.2998 1.0555 -1.3478x10-4 -0.61641 0.0
Pc, psia 4.5203x104 -0.8063 1.6015 -1.8078x10-3 -0.3084 0.0
Vc, ft3/lb 1.206x10-2 0.20378 -1.3036 -2.657x10-3 0.5287 2.6012x10-3
T b, oR 6.77857 0.401673 -1.58262 3.77409x10-3 2.984036 -4.25288x10-3
❖ Example 1.1: Using Riazi & Daubert’s
correlation, determine the following
properties of propane:
▪ Critical temperature
▪ Critical pressure
▪ Boiling-point temperature
Then, compare results with the physical constants
table in GPSA book (section 23)
Extra Informations
❖ Edmister(1958) proposed a correlation for
estimating the acentric factor:
3  log  pc 

w=  14.70  −1
7  Tc 
− 1
 Tb 
❖ Example 1.2: Using the results in Example
1.1, determine the acentric factor of propane
via Edmister correlation:
Then, compare results with the physical constants
table in GPSA book (section 23)
Estimating Reserves
❖ The process of estimating oil and gas reserves for a
producing field continues throughout the life of the
field. There is always uncertainty in making such
estimates. The level of uncertainty is affected by
the following factors:
1. Reservoir type,
2. Source of reservoir energy,
3. Quantity and quality of the geological, engineering, and
geophysical data,
4. Assumptions adopted when making the estimate,
5. Available technology, and
6. Experience and knowledge of the evaluator.
Estimating Reserves
Estimating Reserves
❖ The oil and gas reserves estimation methods can

be grouped into the following categories:
1. Analogy,
2. Volumetric,
3. Decline analysis,
4. Material balance calculations for oil reservoirs,
5. Material balance calculations for gas reservoirs,
6. Reservoir simulation.
Estimating Reserves
Method Application Accuracy
OOIP, OGIP, recoverable reserves. Highly dependent on similarity of reservoir

Analogy Use early in exploration and initial characteristics. Reserve estimates are often
field development. very general
Dependent on quality of reservoir

OOIP, OGIP, recoverable reserves. description. Reserves estimates often high
Volumetric
Use early in life of field. because this method does not consider
problems of reservoir heterogeneity.
Recoverable reserves. Use after a Dependent on amount of production history

Production
moderate amount of production available. Reserve estimates tend to be
history
data is available. realistic.
OOIP, OGIP (assumes adequate
production history available),
recoverable reserves
Highly dependent on quality of reservoir
Material (assumes OOIP and OGIP known.
description and amount of production data
balance Use in a mature field with
available. Reserve estimates variable.
abundant geological,
petrophysical, and engineering
data.
Estimating Reserves – Analogy
❖ Analogy:
▪ The analogy method is applied to reserves estimation by
comparing factors for the analogous and current fields or
wells
▪ This method directly compares a poorly or newly
discovered reservoir to a known reservoir that has similar
geologic and petrophysical properties such as lithology of
the formation, depth, porosity to mention a few.
▪ Hence, the accuracy with this method is the least among
other methods of reserve estimation.
Estimating Reserves - Volumetric
❖ Volumetric:
▪ It is probably the easiest method used by engineers to
estimate reserves
▪ Pros:
− Requires a limited amount of data for the estimation
▪ Cons:
− Reserves estimation is often high
❖ Errors in Volumetric method:
▪ Volumetric method is subject to considerable error
▪ The porosity and saturation are measured either from
core samples or logs that are measured from a small
portion of the reservoir and under best circumstances, it
only approximates the condition in the reservoir.
▪ The volumetric method is only seen as a gross estimate
of oil or gas in place.
❖ Application of Volumetric method:
▪ Reserves estimation of the initial oil and gas in place
▪ Reserves estimation of oil and gas in place at any time of
depletion
▪ During the development period before reservoirs limit
have been defined
▪ Later in the life of the reservoir, when reservoir volume is
defined and performance data are available, volumetric
estimation provide valuable checks on oil and gas in
place estimates obtained from material balance and
reservoir simulation methods.
❖ Application of Volumetric method:
▪ Reserves estimation of the initial oil and gas in place
▪ Reserves estimation of oil and gas in place at any time of
depletion
▪ During the development period before reservoirs limit
have been defined
▪ Later in the life of the reservoir, when reservoir volume is
defined and performance data are available, volumetric
estimation provide valuable checks on oil and gas in
place estimates obtained from material balance and
reservoir simulation methods.
❖ Volumetric method: Oil reservoirs
7758  Ah    (1 − S wi ) Net
NR = 
Boi Gross
❖ Volumetric method: Calculating the Reservoir
Bulk Volume
Bulk Volume
▪ Trapezoidal rule
1
V = h  ( A1 + A2 )
2
▪ Pyramidal rule
1
(
V = h  A1 + A2 + A1 A2
3
)
Bulk Volume
▪ Trapezoidal rule
1
V = h  ( A1 + A2 )
2
▪ Pyramidal rule
1
(
V = h  A1 + A2 + A1 A2
3
)
Bulk Volume
▪ Notes:
− Use trapezoidal rule if
A1
 0.5
A2
− Pyramidal rule
A1
 0.5
A2
Bulk Volume
▪ Example 1.3: Calculate the reservoir bulk volume with
following data Depth, ft Area, acres
1000 0
1050 23.9
1128 89.4
1217 118.2
1337 137.5
1512 168.7
1727 189.5
1967 220.9
2237 250.1
❖ Volumetric method:
▪ Example 1.4: Use the result in example 1.3 and given
that the average porosity is 27%, connate water
saturation as 24%, formation volume factor is 1.324
bbl/STB. From the lithology log, it was determined that
the net reservoir sand thickness 220 ft and the gross
sand thickness is 298 ft.
▪ Calculate the stock tank oil initially in place from
volumetric techniques.
❖ Volumetric method: Gas reservoirs
43560  Ah    (1 − S wi ) Net
Gi = 
Bgi Gross
❖ Sources of Volumetric Input Data:
❖ Exercise 1.5:
❖ Exercise 1.5: Solution

▪ Step 1: calculate the reservoir pore volume PV
PV = 43560  Ah
▪ Step 2: calculate Bg at given pressure
zT
Bg = 0.02827
p
▪ Step 3: calculate initial gas in place (at 2600 psi)
❖ Exercise 1.5: Solution (cont’d)

▪ Step 4: calculate the remaining gas at 1000 psi
and 400 psi
▪ Step 5: calculate cumulative gas production and
the recovery factor
Estimating Reserves – Decline Analysis
❖ Production-decline analysis is the analysis of past
trends of declining production performance, that is,
rate versus time and rate versus cumulative
production plots, for wells and reservoirs.
❖ There are two kinds of decline-curve analysis
techniques:
▪ The classical curve fit of historical production data
▪ The type-curve matching technique
❖ Decline Curve Analysis:
▪ Decline curves are one of the most extensively used
forms of data analysis employed in evaluating gas
reserves and predicting future production
▪ Assumption: past production trends and their controlling
factors will continue in the future
▪ These decline curves are characterized by three factors:
− Initial production rate, or the rate at some particular time
− Curvature of the decline
− Rate of decline
▪ Arps (1945) recognized the following three types of rate-
decline behavior:
− Exponential decline
− Harmonic decline
− Hyperbolic decline

▪ Nearly all conventional decline-curve analysis is based on
empirical relationships of production rate versus time,
given by Arps as follows:
qi
qt =
(1 + bDit )
1
b

▪ Exponential (b=0)
qt = qi exp ( − Di t )
or
ln ( qt ) = ln ( qi ) − Di t
Di
log ( qt ) = log ( qi ) − t
2.303

▪ Exponential (b=0):
− The decline rate is:
1 dq 1 qi
Di = − = ln
q dt ( ti +1 − ti ) qi +1
− The elapse time between two different rates is given:
1 q1
t2 − t1 = ln
Di q2

▪ Harmonic (b=1)
qi
qt =
(1 + Dit )

▪ Harmonic (b=1):
 qi 
ln (1 + Di t ) = ln   = ln qi − ln qt
 qt 

▪ Hyperbolic (0<b<1)
qi
qt =
(1 + bDit )
1
b

▪ Summary of Decline Model

▪ Example 1.6: A given data from “Gas_Well.xlsx” show
production data of X field, VN offshore.
− Identify a suitable decline model
− Determine model parameter (Di, qi)
− Predict the production rate at every month in one year after the
5480th day of production data.

▪ Example 1.7: A well at Bach Ho field that started
production at 1100 stb/d has declined to 850 stb/d at the
end of the first year. If the economic limit of the well is 25
stb/d, assuming exponential decline, calculate:
− The yearly and monthly decline rates
− The life of well
− The cumulative production
❖ Type-Curve Analysis: Fetkovich (1980)
▪ Arps Dimensionless Decline Flow Rate Type Curve
t Dd = Di t
q(t ) 1
b = 0 : q Dd = =
qi e Dit
q(t ) 1
b  0 : q Dd = =
(1 + bDit )
1
qi b
❖ Type-Curve Analysis: Fetkovich (1980)
▪ Arps Dimensionless Decline Flow Rate Type Curve
❖ Type-Curve Analysis: Fetkovich Type-Curve
❖ Type-Curve Analysis: Fetkovich Type-Curve
❖ Type-Curve Analysis: The procedures used in
Fetkovich Type-Curve matching of declining rate-
time are as follows:
▪ Step 1: Plot the production data flow rate vs. time in log-
log scale
▪ Step 2: Match the plot in Step 1 with a specific value of b
in Fetkovich Type-Curve
▪ Step 3: Record values of re/rwa and b
▪ Step 4: Select any match point on the actual data plot (qt
and t)MP and the corresponding values (qDd, tDd)MP.
❖ Type-Curve Analysis: The procedures used in
Fetkovich Type-Curve matching of declining rate-
time are as follows: (cont’d)
 q 
▪ Step 5: Calculate the initial surface gas flow rate qi =  t 
 qDt  MP
t 
▪ Step 6: Calculate the initial decline rate Di =  Dd 
 t  MP
 re   rw  
▪ Step 7: Calculate the skin factor s = ln    
 wa  MP  re  
r
qi
▪ Step 8: Calculate the initial gas in place G=
Di (1 − b )
❖ Type-Curve Analysis:
▪ Example 1.8: Rework with data in Example 1.6, and
assuming rw = 0.365ft, re = 1160.16ft. Calculate:
− Skin factor
− The initial gas in place
Production from Petroleum Reservoirs
❖ Production is a replacement process. That means

that when HC is produced from a reservoir, the
space that it occupied must be replaced with
something (water from aquifer, expansion of
formation…)
❖ The initial production of HCs from an underground

reservoir is accomplished by the use of natural
reservoir energy which called primary production
(slide 47)
❖ Sources of natural reservoir energy that lead to
primary production include the release of solution
gas as the reservoir pressure declines or aquifer
and formation expansion
❖ When the natural reservoir energy has been

depleted, it is necessary to reinject solution gas,
CO2 or N2 w/out water. This process is referred to
as water-flooding
❖ Main purpose of this process is to repressurize the

reservoir and maintain the reservoir at a high
pressure. Hence, pressure maintaince is used to
describe a secondary recovery process
❖ Other displacement processes called tertiary

recovery processes have been developed when
secondary processes have become ineffective
❖ For most reservoirs, it is advantageous to begin a
secondary or a tertiary process before primary
production is completed and these processes are
called Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Drive Mechanisms
❖Gas-Cap Drive
❖Water Drive
❖Depletion Drive (Solution gas,
Dissolved gas, Internal gas)
❖Gravity Drive
❖Combination Drive
Depletion Drive Mechanism
❖ The principal source of energy is a result of gas

liberation from the crude oil and the subsequent
expansion of the solution gas as the reservoir
pressure is reduced.
❖ Reservoir pressure:
▪ The reservoir pressure declines rapidly and
continuously.
▪ This reservoir pressure behavior is attributed to
the fact that no extraneous fluids or gas caps are
available to provide a replacement of the gas and
oil withdrawals.
❖ Water production:
▪ The absence of a water drive means there will be
little or no water production with the oil during the
entire producing life of the reservoir
❖ Gas-oil ratio:
▪ Rapidly increasing gas-oil ratio from all wells,
regardless of their structural position
▪ After the reservoir pressure has been reduced
below the bubble-point pressure, gas evolves
from solution throughout the reservoir.
▪ Once the gas saturation exceeds the critical gas
saturation, free gas begins to flow toward the
wellbore and gas-oil ratio increases
❖ Ultimate Oil Recovery:

▪ Ultimate oil recovery from depletion-drive
reservoirs may vary from less than 5% to about
30%.
▪ Depletion-drive reservoirs are considered the
best candidates for secondary recovery
applications.
❖ Summary
Gas-Cap Drive Mechanism
❖ Due to the ability of the gas cap to expand, these

reservoirs are characterized by a slow decline in
the reservoir pressure
❖ The natural energy available to produce the crude

oil comes from the 2 sources:
▪ Expansion of the gas-cap gas
▪ Expansion of the solution gas as it is liberated
❖ Reservoir pressure:
▪ Falls slowly and continuously
▪ Tends to be maintained at a higher level than in a
depletion-drive reservoir

❖ Water production:
▪ Absent or negligible water production

❖ Gas-oil ratio:
▪ Rises continuously in up-structure wells
▪ The gas-oil ratio from the affected wells will increase to
high values

❖ Ultimate oil recovery:

▪ Slide 67 shows the relative positions of the gas-oil contact
at different times in the producing life of the reservoir.
▪ The expected oil recovery ranges from 20% to 40%.


❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

largely on these parameters
1. Size of the Original Gas Cap: the ultimate oil recovery
increases with increasing the size of the gas cap


2. Vertical Permeability: Good vertical permeability will
permit the oil to move downward with less bypassing of
gas


3. Oil Viscosity: As the oil viscosity increases, the amount
of gas bypassing will also increase, which leads to a
lower oil recovery


4. Degree of Conservation of the Gas: n order to conserve
gas, and thereby increase ultimate oil recovery, it is
necessary to shut-in the wells that produce excessive
gas


5. Oil Production Rate: As the reservoir pressure declines
with production, solution gas evolves from the crude oil
and the gas saturation increases continuously. As a
result of creating a mobile gas phase in the oil zone, the
following two events will occur


5. Oil Production Rate:
✓ The effective permeability to oil will be decreased as a result of
the increased gas saturation
✓ The effective permeability to gas will be increased, thereby
increasing the flow of gas


5. Dip Angle: a steep angle of dip that allows good oil
drainage to the bottom of the structure, considerably
higher recoveries (up to 60% or greater) may be
obtained.

❖ Well behavior:
▪ Gas-cap-drive reservoirs tend to flow longer than
depletion-drive reservoirs, because of effects of gas-cap
expansion on maintaining reservoir pressure and the
effect of decreased liquid column weight.

❖ The below figure shows a typical production and
pressure data for a gas-cap-drive reservoir.

Water Drive Mechanism

❖ Many reservoirs are bounded on a portion or all of

their peripheries by water bearing rocks called
aquifers
❖ The aquifer itself may be entirely bounded by
impermeable rock so that the reservoir and aquifer
together form a closed unit or may be outcropped
at one or more places where it may be replenished
by surface water in Slide 77.

❖ Bottom water occurs directly beneath the oil and

edge water occurs off the flanks of the structure at
the edge of the oil as shown in below figure

❖ Notes: Regardless of the source of water, the water

drive is the result of water moving into the pore
spaces originally occupied by oil, replacing the oil
and displacing it to the producing wells

❖ Reservoir Pressure:
▪ Decline is usually very gradual

❖ Reservoir Pressure: An example shows the

pressure-production history of a typical water-drive
reservoir in slide 81
▪ The reason for the small decline in reservoir pressure is
that oil and gas withdrawals from the reservoir are
replaced almost volume for volume by water encroaching
into the oil zone

❖ Water Production:
▪ Early excess water production occurs in structurally low
wells and provides the water is encroaching in a uniform
manner
▪ If the reservoir has one or more lenses of very high
permeability, then the water may be moving through this
more permeable zone

❖ Gas-Oil Ratio:
▪ There is normally little change in the producing gas-oil
ratio during the life of the reservoir


▪ Usually much larger than recovery under any other
producing mechanism
▪ Recovery is dependent upon the efficiency of the flushing
action of the water as it displaces the oil. In general, as
the reservoir heterogeneity increases, the recovery will
decrease
▪ The ultimate oil recovery normally ranges from 35% to
75% of the original oil-in-place

❖ The below figure shows a typical production and

pressure data for a water-drive reservoir.

❖ Summary:

Gravity Drive Mechanism

❖ The mechanism of gravity drainage occurs in

petroleum reservoirs as a result of differences in
densities of the reservoir fluids
❖ The fluids in petroleum reservoirs have all been
subjected to the forces of gravity, as evidenced by
the relative positions of the fluids, i.e., gas on top,
oil underlying the gas, and water underlying oil
❖ If the reservoir fluids are in equilibrium, then the
gas-oil and oil-water contacts should be essentially
horizontal
❖ Initial fluids distribution in an oil reservoir as shown

below

❖ Reservoir Pressure:
▪ Variable rates of pressure decline, depending principally
upon the amount of gas conservation, the reservoir would
show a rapid pressure decline

❖ Gas-Oil Ratio:
▪ Low gas-oil ratio from structurally low wells
▪ The structurally high wells will experience an increasing
gas-oil ratio as a result of the up structure migration of the
gas released from the crude oil

❖ Secondary Gas Cap:

▪ Formation of a secondary gas cap in reservoirs that
initially were undersaturated

❖ Water Production :
▪ Little or no water production. Water production is
indicative of a water drive


▪ Recovery from gravity-drainage reservoirs has exceeded
80% of the initial oil-in-place
▪ the oil saturation in the vicinity of the wellbore must be
maintained as high as possible, because of:
− A high oil saturation means a higher oil flow rate
− A high oil saturation means a lower gas flow rate


▪ Factors that affect ultimate recovery from gravity-drainage
reservoirs are:
− Permeability in the direction of dip
− Dip of the reservoir
− Reservoir producing rates
− Oil viscosity
− Relative permeability characteristics

❖ Permeability in the Direction of Dip

▪ Good permeability in the direction of migration of the oil is
a prerequisite for efficient gravity drainage

❖ Dip of the Reservoir:

▪ In most reservoirs, the permeability in the direction of dip
is considerably larger than the permeability transverse to
the direction of dip
▪ The dip of the reservoir increases, the oil and gas can
flow along the direction of dip and still achieve their
desired structural position

❖ Reservoir-Producing Rates:
▪ Since the gravity-drainage rate is limited, the reservoir-
producing rates should be limited to the gravity-drainage
rate, and then maximum recovery will result
▪ If the reservoir-producing rate exceeds the gravity-
drainage rate, the depletion-drive-producing mechanism
will become more significant with a consequent reduction
in ultimate oil recovery

❖ Oil Viscosity
▪ In the fluid flow equations, the flow rate increases as the
viscosity decreases. Therefore, the gravity-drainage rate
will increase as the reservoir oil viscosity decreases

❖ Relative Permeability Characteristics

▪ For an efficient gravity-drive mechanism to be operative,
the gas must flow up structure while the oil flows down
structure

Compare drive mechanisms


Solution Gas Drive Reservoirs
Characteristics Trend
1. Reservoir Pressure Decline rapidly and continuously
2. GOR First low then rises to a max and then drops
3. Production Rate First high, then decreases rapidly and continues to decline
4. Water Production None
5. Well Behaviour Requires artificial lift at early stages
6. Expected Oil Recovery 10-30% of original OIIP
Gas Cap Drive Reservoirs

1. Reservoir Pressure Falls slowly and continuously
2. GOR Rises continuously
3. Production Rate First high, then declines gradually
4. Water Production Absent or negligible
5. Well Behaviour Long flowing life depending on size of gas cap
Water Drive Reservoirs

1. Reservoir Pressure Remain high
2. GOR Remain steady
3. Production Rate Decline slowly depending on size of aquifer
4. Water Production Starts early and increases to appreciable amount
5. Well Behaviour Flow until water production gets excessive

Combination Drive Mechanism

❖ The most common type of drive is a combination-

drive mechanism
❖ Two combinations of driving forces:
▪ Depletion drive and a weak water drive
▪ Depletion drive with a small gas cap and a weak water
drive

❖ Reservoirs can be a combination of some of the
following factors:
a. Relatively rapid pressure decline. Water encroachment
and/or external gas-cap expansion are insufficient to
maintain reservoir pressures
b. Water encroaching slowly into the lower part of the
reservoir. Structurally low producing wells will exhibit
slowly increasing water producing rates.
c. A substantial percentage of the total oil recovery may be
due to the depletion-drive mechanism. The gas-oil ratio
of structurally low wells will also continue to increase
due to evolution of solution gas through-out the
reservoir, as pressure is reduced.
following factors:
d. If a small gas cap is present the structurally high wells
will exhibit continually increasing gas-oil ratios, provided
the gas cap is expanding. It is possible that the gas cap
will shrink due to production of excess free gas, in
which case the structurally high wells will exhibit a
decreasing gas-oil ratio. This condition should be
avoided whenever possible, as large volumes of oil can
be lost as a result of a shrinking gas cap.

following factors:
e. Ultimate recovery from combination-drive reservoirs is
usually greater than recovery from depletion-drive
reservoirs but less than recovery from water-drive or
gas-cap-drive reservoirs. In most combination-drive
reservoirs, it will be economically feasible to institute
some type of pressure maintenance operation, either
gas injection, water injection, or both gas and water
injection, depending upon the availability of the fluids

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VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP

Lecturer : Nguyen Viet Khoi Nguyen, MSc.

Lecturer : Nguyen Viet Khoi Nguyen, MSc.

❖ Oil and gas accumulations occur in

❖ A reservoir is that portion of the trapped

❖ Aquifer is a volume of water-bearing rock which

❖ A single phase reservoir fluid may be in a liquid

❖ When HC reservoir is in two-phase state, the

❖ Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as oil or

❖ The conditions under which these phases exist are

❖ In general, reservoirs are conveniently classified

Tc, oR 544.4 0.2998 1.0555 -1.3478x10-4 -0.61641 0.0

Pc, psia 4.5203x104 -0.8063 1.6015 -1.8078x10-3 -0.3084 0.0

Vc, ft3/lb 1.206x10-2 0.20378 -1.3036 -2.657x10-3 0.5287 2.6012x10-3

T b, oR 6.77857 0.401673 -1.58262 3.77409x10-3 2.984036 -4.25288x10-3

❖ The oil and gas reserves estimation methods can

OOIP, OGIP, recoverable reserves. Highly dependent on similarity of reservoir

Dependent on quality of reservoir

Recoverable reserves. Use after a Dependent on amount of production history

❖ Exercise 1.5: Solution

❖ Exercise 1.5: Solution (cont’d)

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Decline Curve Analysis:

❖ Production is a replacement process. That means

❖ The initial production of HCs from an underground

❖ When the natural reservoir energy has been

❖ Main purpose of this process is to repressurize the

❖ Other displacement processes called tertiary

❖ The principal source of energy is a result of gas

❖ Ultimate Oil Recovery:

❖ Due to the ability of the gas cap to expand, these

❖ The natural energy available to produce the crude

Reservoir Engineering 100

Reservoir Engineering 101

Reservoir Engineering 102

❖ Ultimate oil recovery:

Reservoir Engineering 103

Reservoir Engineering 104

❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

Reservoir Engineering 105

❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

Reservoir Engineering 106

❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

Reservoir Engineering 107

❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

Reservoir Engineering 108

❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

Reservoir Engineering 109

❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

Reservoir Engineering 110

❖ Ultimate oil recovery: this factor will vary depending

Reservoir Engineering 111

Reservoir Engineering 112