Ny en) We “© MO DAU VE CAN BANG HOA HOC + Trinh bay duoc khai niém phan tg thudn nghich va trang thai can béing cia mot phan img thudn nghich. + Viet dugc biéu thitc hang 86 can bang (KJ ctia phan img thudn nghich + Thue hién diege thi nghiém nghién ctu anh hung ctia nhiét dé t6i chuyén dich can bing. | + Van dung duoc nguyén li chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier (Lo Sa-to-li-é, dé giai thich anh hung ctia nhiét dé, nong a6, dp dén can bing hod hoc. © Khi NO, (mau nau dé) lién tue chuyén thanh khi N,O, (khéng mau) va nguoc lai, tai mot diéu kign xc dinh. Ciing tai diéu kién nay, binh khi NO, hay binh khi N,O, (Hinh 1.1), sau nhing khoang thoi gian xéc dinh déu chuyén thanh hén hop khi cé thinh phan nh nhau va khéng déi theo thoi gian. ® ero eg» 9g 88 NO, NO, va N,O, N,O, Hinh 1.1. Swrbién ddi NO, va N,O, Tai thoi diém hén hop khi trong hai binh cé thanh phan nhw nhau, 6 phan tng dign ra trong hai binh nay hay khong? @) KHAI NIEM PHAN UNG THUAN NGHICH VA TRANG THAI CAN BANG Trong thue té, 6 cing diéu kién, nhiéu phan tng khéng chi dién ra theo mét chiéu ma déng thoi theo cd hai chiéu, chiéu thuan va chiéu nghichN,(g) + 3H,(g)= 2NH, (g) a) Chiéu tir trai sang phai (chiéu cdc chat ban dau tao thanh chat san pham) due goi 1a chiéu thuan Chiéu tir phai sang trai (chiéu cac chat sin pham tao thanh chat ban dau) durgc goi la chiéu nghich Do vay, phan ing (1) durge goi li phan tng thuan nghich Phan img thugn nghich la phan img trong dé 6 cing diéu kién, xay ra déng thoi swe chuyén chat phan tmg thanh chat san phdm va sue chuyén chat san pham thanh chat phan tng. Xem xét phan ting thudn nghich 6 khia eanh téc d9 phan ting qua vi du didi day Khi tron mét Ivong hydrogen (chat khi khéng mau) v6i m6t lvong iodine (dang hoi, mau tim) trong mot binh thuy tinh kin va gitt 6 nhiét d6 khoang 400 °C, hai chat nay phan img voi nhau dé tao thanh hydrogen iodide (HI, chat khi khéng mau). Hign twong quan sat duroe 1a mau tim cia hén hop trong binh nhat dan theo thoi gian: nhung dén mét thoi diém nao do, mau tim cia hon hop khi khong bj nhat thém nia. Qué trinh trén durgc thé hign qua phan ing thuan nghich: H(g) + 1(g) = 2HI(g) @) Trong trang hop nay, cac phan tng thudn va phan ing nghich cla (2) déu la phan tng don gian nén téc d6 cia phan img thugn va phan img nghich tuong tng nhw sau: vy KCnG,, Ga) (3b) ge Trong do, k, va k, tong ting 1a hing s6 t6c dé cia phan ig thudn va phan img nghich, Cy, C,, va C,q lan rot la néng d6 mol ctta cc chat tuong tng. Phan img mét chicu la phan } img chi xay ra theo chiéu chat phan img bién ddi thinh chat san pham, vi du: AB ‘Trong cing digu kién, khong thé bién doi ‘chat A duge. al 1. Hay néu mot s6 vi du vé phan ting thuan nghich maem biét. 1. Phan ting thuan nghich 6 xay ra hoan toan dugc khong? Vi sao? @ 2.Xét Vidu 2: a) Gidi thich vi sao mau tim cla hén hop khi lai nhat dn so véi lic méi bat déu tron hai khiH, val, véinhau. b) Sau mt khong thai gian, mau tim cia hén hop khéng thay déi, chung 4 néng d6 ciia chat nao khong thay d6i2 HOA Hoc 13 FQD) 3.Cho hai dé thi (a) va (b) dudi day, Méi 46 thi biéu dién su thay déi tée do phan ting thuan va téc 8 phan ting nghich theo théi gian. 2 € 3 Thaigian * @ 5 a iS rr Théi: Pesos Hay cho biét dé thi nao thé hién ding Vi du 2. Duong mau xanh trong 46 thi dé biéu dién tée dé phan ting thuan hay téc dé phan ding nghich? ©——_ Vi sao gi tr ‘ laméthing sd Snhigt d6 xéc dinh? (8 )\worwoc 11 + Tai thoi diém ban déu, ngay Khi vita méi tron H., va 1, voi nhau, chia cé HI tao thanh nén néng dé chat nay bang 0; ‘Trong khi do, khi méi trOn véi nhau, nong d6 cia H, va I, la lén nhat nén v, la lon nhat. Nong do vy, ban du d6 ctia I, J6n nhat nén mau tim cia hon hop la dim nbat. Sau khi tr6n hai khi, phan img thuan dién ra, néng 46 H, va 1, giam dan nén v, gidm dan, mau tim cia hon hop cing nhat dan. Trong khi d6, lwong HI sinh ra theo phan img thudn cing nhiéu va néng d6 HI ting, nén v, tang dén Sau mét khoang thoi gian nhat dinh, toc 46 cia phan img thuan bang téc d6 cia phan ing nghich’ vv, (4) Khi do, ta n6i phan tng (2) da dat trang thai cdn bing. Thay (a), (3b) vao (4), ta dug KCu, Cin CC, “kia k, = (5) Biéu thire (5) img v6i trang thai ca phin img thudn nghich ma tai d6 tée d6 phan img thudn va nghich la bing nhau; gid tri ctia biéu thite (5) la mét hing s6 tai m6t nhiét d6 xac dinh. Trang thai cn bang ctia phan img thudn nghich Ia trang thai mai téc dé phan tg thudn bing t6c d6 phan img nghich. Trong Vi du 2, mau tim ctia hdn hop khéng bi nhat thém, chifng t6 néng d6 cia 1, khong thay di nia, Lic nay, hé dat toi trang thdi can bing, thoa man biéu thire (4) va do vay néng dé cia H, va HI tai trang thai efin biing kh6ng thay doi nita, Tuy nhién, 6 trang thai can bing, pl n ing thudn va phan img nghich vin tiép dién véi t6c d6 bing nhau nhung néng dé cita mét chat bat ki trong phan tng khéng doi la do Ivong mat di va long sinh ra chat dé la bang nhau. Nhu vay, can bing hod hoc 1a can bing dong,a,b, m,n lan lugt li he s6 luong tuong img cla ede chat A,B, M, N trong phurong © Biéu THUc HANG S6 CAN BANG VA Y NGHIA 1. Bigu thiic hing s6 cn bang hhod hoc; kyva ky ld hing 36 tbc Vi mét phin img thudn nghich bat ki, ching han: 6 cia phan ting thuga va phin | _ ting nghich; C,, Cys Cyp Cy in aA DBM aN lugt Ti néng 6} mol cia cde Khi phan ting 6 trang thai cn bing, ta c6 chit A. B, M,N. CECE _ gt , =k 6 @—___. ccf 6) « - 5.Viét biéu thie hang 6 K, due goi li hang sé cn bang (tinh theo néng d6 mol); can bang K_ cho phan ting gia tri ctia K,, chi phu thudc vio ban chat ciia cde chat on ee y= ano) i ie a)N,(9) +3H,(9) = fn bios wa chigt eat L(9)+ 3H, K trong fn bang va nhiét dé! , | b)CaCO)=C2045)+C0,9) Lun ¥: Néng dé ciia cae chat trong biéu thire (6) phdi la 6. iét biéu thi hing 6 can néng d6 mol & trang thdi can bang, chi xét nhitng chat pang K, cho phan ting (*), 6 thé khi hod chdt tan trong dung dich. Dé nhin man ©) 3u@h day. . diéu nay, ngudi ta hay sir dung kbhiéu [X] 48 chi néng a : ©) =2HI9) d6 cita chat X 6 trang thai can bang. Khi d6, biéu thire Hila) + u1)= Hig) ™) (6) duge viét lai nhw sau: Pico Wr aut hol hig IMPInr 56 can bang nay cé bang TAPIBP. “° ™ nhau khong? Day duge goi la biéu thire hing s6 can bang K, 2.Trong cong __nghiép, 2. ¥ nghia cia biéu thie hing sé can bang ee ae ie ust ao biéu thire hing s6 can bang thé hién qua mét sé Gi(9)+ 4,010) =34(0)+ C010) NaCeaM. a) Tinh hang sé can bang Cho can bang hoa hoe: FE ee 60°C. N,(g) + 3H,(g) = 2NH,(g). Biét & nhiét d6 nay, tat ca Tinh néng d6 mol cia NH, 6 trang thai can bang (nong do cdc chat déu 6 thé khi va on tik, + Ee i i i om, eal néng d6 mol cia CH, H,O, cn bing cia NH,). Biét ring 6 472 °C, néng d6 eén bing | 4 \3.c0 8 trang théi in ctia N, va H, lan hot 14 0,0402 M va 0,1200 M; hang sé | bang lan luot la 0,126 M; can bang K,, 1a 0,1050 0,242 M;1,150M va 0,126 M. . b*) 6 760°C, gid sit ban dau chi c6 CH, va H.O co néng d6 bing nhau va [1] Déi v6i phan tng cé chat rin tham gia, trong céng thie tinh hing 86 can bing K,, khong biéu dign néng d6 chat ran. bang M Xécdinhs; bigt [2] Théng thuong, khi khong néi toi nhiét d6 thi cde gid tri cia néng dé cla H, 6 trang hing s6 can bing duoc hiéu la 6 25 °C. thai can bang [a 0,6 M. HOA Hoe 12 9{iy cho biét trong céng nghiép, dé thu duge nhiéu NH, hon thi cén tang hay giam néng 46 N, va H. EELS . [ Hang s6 can bang lén (hay | | nhé) chi cho biét phan ting ! | thuan dign ra thuan loi hay | | khéng thuan Igi ma khong | cho biét thai gian dat dén i trang thai can bang la | nhanh hay cham. +O——————_ 7.Hai acid HA va HB cing néng dé ban dau 1a 0,5 M, phan li trong nudc theo cac can bing: HA=Ht+A HB—=H'+B> Véi céc hang sé can bing (hay ggi la hang s6 phan li acid) tuong ung la Kopin) = 0.2 V8 Kooga) = Tinh néng 46 Ht ctia moi dung dich acid. Rut ra két Juan vé méi lién hé gita 46 manh cia acid voi do én cla hang sé phan li acid. Biét rang acid cang manh khi cing dé tao ra H". a (10 {wos toe 12 Biéu thire hing s6 cn bing ciia phan tng , INH, N,(g) +3H,(g)= 2NH,(g) la K.= ——— ° “INSTT Thay s6 tuong img vao biéu thire trén, ta durge NH __ = 0.1050 = [NH,] = 0.00270 M. 0,0402.(0,1200) Nhu vay, 6 thé tinh duge néng dé edn bang cia NH, tir biéu thite hing sé can bing Vidu4) 6 25°C, hing sé cn bing K, clia phan tng H,(g) + Br,(g) =2HBr(g) la rat lon, khong 1.9.10" Diéu nay cé nghia, tai 25 °C, khi phan (mg dat trang thai cfin bing, néng d6 ciia HBr lén hon rit nhiéu so véi nong 46 ciia H, va Br,, phan img thuan dién ra thudn loi hon phan img nghich nén hau nhw cac chat dau phan tng hét dé tao san pham. Trong khi d6, ciing 6 25 °C, hang sé can bang cia phan ting No(g) + O,(g) = 2NO(g) la rat nho, khoang 4,1.107" Diéu nay e6 nghia, tai 25 °C, khi phan tng dat trang thai can bing. ndng d6 ciia NO nhé hon rat nhiéu so véi néng, d@ cia N, va O,, phan img thudn dién ra kém thudn loi hon phan tmg nghich rat nhiéu nén hau nhw cdc chat tham gia phan ttg rat it bj tiéu hao. Nhu vay, dura vio dé Idn ciia hing sé cn bang c6 thé biét duoc néng 6 eta chat tham gia hay chat san pham 1a chiém uu thé 6 trang thai cn bang, cing nhu phan tng thudn cé xay ra thudn loi hay khéng. Mét cach gan ding: + Néu phan ing thudn nghich c6 Kg rat lon so vi 1 thi phan img thuan dién ra thudn loi hon rit nhiéu so voi phan img nghich; céc chat 6 trang thai cn bing chu yeu la chat san phim + Néu phan tng thudn nghich c6 Ke rat nho so véi 1 thi phan img thudn dién ra kém thudn loi hon rat nhiéu so voi phan img nghich; cac chat 6 trang thai cin bing chi yéu la chat ban dau.3. Methanol (CH,OH) [a nguyén ligu quan trong trong céng nghiép hod hoc. Dua vao hang s6 cdn bang ctia céc phan ting 625°C, hay Iya chon phan ting thich hgp dé digu ché CH;OH. Giaithich. CO(g) + 2H,(9) = CHOH(9) CO,(g) + 3H,(9) = CH,OH(g) + H,0(9) QD, ANH HUGNe CUA NHIET BO, NONG DO VA AP SUAT BEN CAN BANG HOA HOC O trang thai can bing, phan img thudn va phan img nghich van tiép tue dién ra voi toc d6 bing nhau nén néng dé cdc chat trong cén bing la khéng doi 6 m6t nhiét d6 xac dinh. Khi thay di digu kién phan tmg (nhu nhiét d6, ndng d6, ap suat,..), néng dé can bing ciia cac chat c6 thay doi hay khong? 1. Anh hudng cia nhigt 49 téi can bang hoa hoc a Thi nghiém 1. Chuan bi: Ba ng nghiém (1), (2), (3) chia NO, (cé mau giéng nhau), mét céc nude ndng (70 - 80°C) va mét cc nude da. Tién hanh: Ong nghiém thi nhat (1) duac dé 6 nhiét 46 phong (khoang 25 °C). Ong nghiém thi hai (2) dugc nhiing vao cc nuécnéng. Ong nghiém tht/ba (3) dugc nhting vao céc nude da, Yeu cu: Quan sat hién tugng va gidi thich. Biét NO, c6 thé chuyén hod thanh NO, theo phan ting thuan va ngugc lai N,O, cé thé chuyén lai thanh NO, theo phan ting nghich. Qué trinh nay dugc biéu dién theo phan ting thuan nghich sau: 2NO3(g) = N20x(g) AHia=-58 KI (8) maunaudd khéng mau Cha y an toan: Khi NO, d6c nén trénh hit phai khi NO,. Nén lam thi nghiém nay trong tu hét. Ke =2,26.10" (1) Ke =8,27.10" (2) Tir thi nghiém trén co thé rut ra cac nhan xét sau day co mau nau dim hon tré nén nhat mau hon Bién thign enthalpy ct phan img thuan va bién thién | enthalpy cia phan tmg nghich | trong phin img (8) co gid tri bing nhau nhung nguoc div (in iugt la ~$8 kT va 58D), © 8.Tu Thi nghiém 1, hay cho biét: a) Dua vao dau higu nao dé biét trang thai can bang cla phan tg (8) bi chuyén dich khi thay d6i nhiét d6. b*) Khi ting nhiét 40 hodc gidm nhiét d6, cin bang chuyén dich theo chiéu thu nhiét hay toa n Cin bang (8) bi pha v6 (bi chuyén dich) khi thay d6i nhiét 9. Khi ting nhiét d6, can bing chuyén dich theo chiéu nghich, tao ra NO, nén hén hop Khi ha nhiét d6, can bing chuyén dich theo chiéu thudn, tao ra N,O, nén hén hop Hod woe 12 | 11)= kj 4, Dua vao thi nghiém 2, cho biét khi tang nhiét 4 thi cin bang (9) chuyén dich theo chiéu thuan hay chiéu nghich? —. 5. Can bang sau chuyén dich theo chiéu nao khi tang nhiét d6? 250,(g) + 0,(g) = 250, (9) AH, =-197,8 kW. © 9, Can bing 2NO, (g)=N,0,(9) chuyén dich theo chiéu nao khi ting 4p suét cia hon hop (bang cdch nén hén hop) & diéu kién nhiét do khong déi. Biét ring ap suat til8 vi s6 mol chat khi. A (12 {wos woe 12 a Thinghiém 2. ‘Chudin bi: CH,COOH tinh thé; dng nghiém, céc thuy tinh. Tién hanh: Cho mot thia thuy tinh tinh thé sodium acetate (CH,COONa) vao éng nghiém A chia khoang 5 mL nudc cat, lc déu cho tan hét, r6i thém vao 6ng nghiém 2 ~ 3 giot chat chi thi phenolphthalein. Rot khoang mét nila dung dich ti ‘ng nghiém A sang dng nghiém B, sau dé dat dng nghiém B vo mét céc nude néng (khoang 70°C - 80°C). Sau khoang 2 phut, quan sat va so snh mau sac cila dung dich trong hai ng nghiém A va B. Cho biét gitfa ion acetate va nude c6 phan ting thuan nghich sau: CH,COO- + H,O==CH,COOH + OH 9) Yeu céu: Thao luan vé chiéu chuyén dich can bang trén khi nhigt do tang lén, 2. Nguyén li chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier Cée thi nghiém néu trén cho thay ring, khi mot phan ing thuan nghich 6 trang thai cn bing, néu thay déi nhiét 46 thi cn bang cfi sé bi pha vo, can béing mdi dugc hinh thanh theo chiéu lam gidim su thay déi nhiét d6 dé. Ta goi day li sy chuyén dich cén bing (tir cn bing cit sang can bing mdi), 5) Can bing 2NO. =N,0,(g)c6 phan tmg thuan 1a toa mhiét (Lim ting mhiét dé méi trong), phan ing nghich 1a thu nhiét (1am gidm nhiét 46 méi trrng). Khi ting nhiét d6, cin bing chuyén dich theo chiéu chéng lai su thay doi d6, nghia la theo chiéu lam gidm nhiét do, do la chiéu nghich. Ngwoc lai, khi giam nhiét d6, cn bing sé dich chuyén theo chiéu lam ting nhiét d6, dé chinh 1 chiéu thuan. Le Chatelier (1850 — 1936, nha Hoa hoc ngudi Phap) da kham pha ra rang, khéng chi sy thay déi vé nhiét d6, ma ca su thay déi ap suat (néu trong phan ing c6 chat khi) va néng dé cing lam chuyén dich cén bing. Ong phat biéu mt each tong quat nur sau: Mot phan tig thudn nghich dang 6 trang thai can bing hi chiu tae dong tie ben ngoai nh bién doi nhiét d6, nong d6 hay dp sudt thi can bang sé chuyén dich theo chiéu Iam gidm tée dong bén ngoai do Phat biéu nay duro goi 1 nguyén li chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier. Day 14 mét nguyén Ii rat quan trong duoc img dung nhiéu trong thure tién.Chat xc tac 1am ting dong thoi toc d6 phan tmg thudn va phan tng nghich nhw nhau, do dé khong lam chuyén dich céin bang hoa hoc Su hé hap etia con ngudi lién quan dén phan img sau Hb(aq) + O,(g) = HbO (aq) Trong dé, phan tir hemoglobin (Hb) sé hap thu oxygen & phéi dé tao ra HbO,, Onhtng ngudi bénh ma sur hé hp tr nén khé khan, ngwoi bénh throng chro sir dung O, néng d6 cao hon binh throng dé tho. Khi do, can bang chuyén dich theo chiéu lam giam néng d6 O,, do la chiéu thud, tao ra nhiéu HbO, hon Vidu7) Phuong trinh hod hoe cia phan ing nung voi hw sau CaCO (s)= CaO(s)+CO(g) — AH?= 179.2 KI Dé thu duge nhiéu véi séng (CaO) hon, ching ta cin phai lam cfn bing chuyén dich theo chiéu thudn theo cae cach sau: Tang nhiét d6 dé can bang chuyén dich theo chiéu thu nhiét (Lam giam nhiét 46) Thiét ké dé khi CO, thoat ra khoi 16 nhanh hon (nghia la lam giam néng dé CO, nhanh hon) dé cn bang chuyén dich theo chiéu thud dé chéng lai sy giam néng d6 do CO, thoat ra khoi 16. chiéu lam ting néng do CO, Methanol (CH,OH) duroc téng hop trong cong nghiép theo phan ting sau: CO(g) + 2H,(g) = CH,OH(g). Trong thie té, nguoi ta thyre hién phan img nay 6 ap sudt cao, khoang 50 bar~ 100 bar (4p sudt khi quyén khoang LOL bar). Op sudt cao, can bing chuyén dich theo ch hiéu lam gidm sé mol khi (lam giam Ap suat), [ro 2.Qué trinh téng hop NH, trong cong nghiép tirN, va H, nén thuc hién 6 dp suat cao hay 4p suat thap? Giai thich. Tim hiéu théng tin, cho biét phan tng téng hop NH, & céc nha may thuong duge thuc hién & 4p suat nao. 3.Thanh phan chinh ca tinh déu chudi la ester CH,COOCH,CH,CH(CH,),. 6 thu dugc hén hop chat chia nhiéu ester nay thi cn thay d6i néng 46 cac chat nhu thé nao trong can bing: CH,COOH(aq) + ROH(aq) = CH,CHOOR(aq) + H,0() V6iR-la(CH,),CHCH,CH,-. Co thé chung ta la mét he! théng hoan hao véi rat} nhiéu qua trinh duge coi nh! trang thai can bang. Su! mat can bang 6 mét vai qua! trinh nao dé sé khién con’ ngusi bi bénh. Chang han,| néu lugng duéng trong co} thé dug sinh ra nhiéu ho binh thuéng, con nguéi sé bi bénh dai thao duéng. j Tir day c6 thé hiéu vi sao! chung ta phai uéng du) lugng nuéc, vi sao ching «| phai an udng day dui va diéu | 46, visao nhiét do aoe s ngudi néi chung duy tri én dinh (khoang 37°C). HOA Hoe 137 13,Phan ting thuan nghich la phan ting trong 46 6 cling diéu kién, xay ra déng thoi sy chuyén cht phan ting thanh chat sn pham va sy chuyén chat sin pham thanh chat phan ng. Trang thai can bang cia phan ting thuan nghich Ia trang thai ma téc d6 cila phan tng thuan bang téc dé cila phan ting nghich. ‘Mét phan ting thuan nghich bit ki, chang han aA + bB == mM + AN tai trang thai can bing 6 biéu thtic hang sé can bang nhu sau: [MPINr eS ace (APBP Trong dé, A, B, M,N la nhéing chat khi hoac chat tan trong dung dich. Nguyen li chuyén dich can bang Le Chatelier: Mét phan ting thuan nghich dang é trang thai can bing khi chiu téc dng tis bén ngoai nhutbién déi nhiét do, 4p suat hay néng do thi can. bang sé chuyén dich theo chiéu lam giam tac déng bén ngoai dé. Bai 1. Phat biéu nao sau day vé mét phan Ung thudn nghich tai trang thai can bing la khéng ding? A. Téc d§ etia phan img thuan bing téc dé ciia phan ing nghich. B. Néng dé etia tat ca cdc chat trong hon hop phan img la khong déi C. Néng d6 mol cia chat phan img luén bing néng 46 mol cia chat san pham phan tng D. Phan tg thudn va phan ig nghich van dién ra. Bai 2. Cho 0.4 mol SO, va 0.6 mol O, vao mét binh dung tich 1 lit duoc git 6 mot nhigt d6 khéng doi. Phan tng trong binh xay ra nh sau 280g) + O,(g) = 280,(g) Khi phan ting dat dén trang thai cn bing, Itong SO, trong binh [a 0,3 mol, Tinh hing sd cdn bing K,, cita phan ting ting hop SO, 6 nhigt 49 trén Bai 3. Nhii da duoc hinh thanh trong cac hang déng lién quan dén cén bing sau day’ Ca(HCO, ),(ag) = CaCO (8) + CO,(ag) + HOW) Néu néng dé CO, hoa tan trong nude ting én thi co thuan Igi cho su hinh thanh nhii da hay khéng? Giai thich. A (144 {wor ne 12