Unit 14.

Some Definitions:-
- Incompressible Fluid: The fluid that has constant density.
- Viscosity: Fluid resistance.
- Laminar Flow: Smooth flow as a result of low viscosity.
- Turbulent Flow: Non-smooth flow as a result of high viscosity.
- Streamlines: A family of curved lines that are always in the
same direction as the flow (tangential to the vector)

Key Concepts:-
- Continuity Equation: The rate at which mass enters a system
is equal to the rate at which mass leaves it.
- Bernoulli’s Law: When viscosity can be neglected, an increase
in fluid viscosity is accompanied by a decrease in pressure
and/or a decrease in gravitational potential energy.
- Torricelli’s Theorem: The speed of efflux through an outlet
pipe is proportional to the square root of the head height: v =
√2gh.

Equations:-
- ff = Av
- A 1 v1 = A 2 v 2
- P1 + 1/2 ρv12 + ρgh1 = P2 + 1/2 ρv22 + ρgh2
- Vo = √2g(hs - ho)
Unit 15.

Key Concepts:-
- Viscous Fluid: A case in which we can’t ignore
the effects of friction within it and between
the fluid and neighboring interfaces
- Viscosity (η): A measurement of fluid internal
friction. It’s unit is N s m-2, which is the same
as Pa s.
- Poiseuille’s Law: ff of a viscous fluid along a
pipe is proportional to ΔP and r4, and is
inversely proportional to η and l.
- Reynolds number (Re): A dimensionless
quantity that let’s us distinguish between
laminar and turbulent flow.

Equations:-
- ff = ΔPπ r4/8ηl
- Re = ρvL/η
Unit 22.

Key Concepts:-
- Work: Energy transferred in a form than
can perform mechanical work.
- Metabolism: Biochemical reactions that
convert stored energy in food to other
forms
- Metabolic Energy: The amount of energy
transferred to the body by oxidation of
food
- First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy can
be transferred from one form to another,
but can neither be destroyed nor created

Equations:-
- ΔU = Q – W + E
- η = W/E – ΔU = W/W – Q
Unit 29.
Key Concepts:-
- Electromagnetic Waves: A fusion between an electric wave
and a magnetic wave, that travel at the same speed in
vacuum.
- Electromagnetic Spectrum: The range of possible frequencies
of electromagnetic waves.
- Photon: A discrete packet of electromagnetic radiation
(Light’s molecule).
- Reflection: A change of light’s direction when it hits a surface.
- Refraction: The Change of a wave’s direction due to change in
wave speed.
- Refractive Index: Ratio of light’s speed in a vacuum.
- Critical Angle(θc): An angle at which total reflection can
happen.(The critical angle of water-air boundary is 48.6o)
- Dispersion: Light spreading due to different wavelengths at
different speeds.

Key Equations:-
- c=fλ
- n = c/v
- θincidence = θreflection
- n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
- sinθc = n2/n1
Unit 38.

Key Concepts:-
- Tomography: Used to describe any imaging technique that
produces cross-sectional images.
- PET: Positron Emission Tomography. A radio-imaging
technique which uses positron-emitting radionuclides.
- SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography. 3D
image created by multiple images on a gamma camera
through a computer
- CT or CAT Scan: Computed Tomography or Computed Axial
Tomography. Reconstruction of multiple X-rays to form
images of slices through the body
- X-Ray Radiograph: A shadowgraph formed by exposure of a
photographic film