Hypothesis Testing in Statistics

8/2/22, 12:15 PM Immersive Reader
Hypothesis Testing in Statistics

– Short Lecture Notes + PPT
Statistical Hypothesis Testing

(Statistical Significance Testing
– Simple Easy Lecture Notes)
read://https_www.easybiologyclass.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.easybiologyclass.com%2Fhypothesis-testing-in-statistics-short-lecture-notes%2F 1/13
“Truth can be stated in a thousand different ways, yet each one can be
true…”
Swami Vivekananda
What is ‘Test of Hypothesis’?

Ø Test of Hypothesis (Hypothesis Testing) is a process of testing of the
significance regarding the parameters of the population on the basis of
sample drawn from it.
Ø Test of hypothesis is also called as ‘Test of Significance’.
Ø J. Neyman and E.S. Pearson initiated the practice of testing of

hypothesis in statistics.
What is the purpose of Hypothesis Testing?
Ø The main purpose of hypothesis testing is to help the researcher in

reaching a conclusion regarding the population by examining a sample
taken from that population.
Ø The hypothesis testing does not provide proof for the hypothesis.
Ø The test only indicates whether the hypothesis is supported or not

supported by the available data.
What is Hypothesis?
Ø Hypothesis is a statement about one or more populations.
Ø It is a statement about the parameters of the population about which

the statement is made.
Ø Example:
$ A doctor hypothesized: “The drug ‘X’ is ineffective in 99% of cases of

which it is used”.
$ “The average pass percentage of central university degree programme

is 98”.
Ø Through the hypothesis testing the researcher or investigator can

determine whether or not such statements are compatible with the
available data.
Types of Hypothesis
Ø There are TWO types of hypothesis.
(A). Research Hypothesis
(B). Statistical Hypothesis
(A). Research Hypothesis

Ø Research Hypothesis is “a tentative solution for the problem being

investigated”.
Ø It is the supposition (guess) that motivates the research.
Ø In research, the researcher determines whether or not their

supposition can be supported through scientific investigation.
Ø The research hypothesis directly leads to statistical hypothesis.
(B). Statistical Hypothesis
Details of the Statistical hypothesis are discussed in the “Steps or

Components in Testing of Statistical Hypothesis”.
Steps / Components in Testing of Statistical Hypothesis:
Ø The statistical hypothesis testing consists of following Steps /

Components
(1). Data (variable)
(2). Statistical Hypothesis
(3). Test Statistic
(4). Decision Rule
(5). Significance Level
(6). Statistical Decision
(7). p – Value
(1). Data (variable)
Ø Data is the information collected from the population.
Ø It may be the observation of a natural phenomenon, Result of an

experiment, Data from a survey or a secondary data.
Ø The nature of data determines the type of statistical test to be selected.
Ø All the features of the data such as continuous, discontinuous,

quantitative or qualitative etc. matters in the process of hypothesis
testing.
(2). Statistical Hypothesis
Ø Statistical hypothesis is a statement about the population which we

want to verify on the basis of information available from the sample.
Ø A statistical hypothesis is stated in such a way that they may be

evaluated by appropriate statistical techniques.
Ø There are TWO types of statistical hypothesizes:

(a). Null hypothesis
(b). Alternative hypothesis
(a). Null Hypothesis
Ø The Null hypothesis is the hypothesis to be tested by test statistic.
Ø Null hypothesis is denoted as H0.
Ø Usually the null hypothesis stated as the ‘Hypothesis of No Difference’.
Ø The statement is created complementary to the conclusion that the

researcher is seeking to reach through his research.
Ø Usually stated in the negative terms of the original research

hypothesis.
Ø Example: The drug ‘X’ DO NOT induces apoptosis in cancerous cells.
Ø In the statistical testing process, the null hypothesis is either:
$ Rejected
$ Not rejected (Fail to be rejected / accepted)
Ø If the null hypothesis is not rejected, we say that the data on which the
test is based do not provide sufficient evidence to cause the rejection of
null hypothesis.
Ø If the null hypothesis is rejected in the testing process, we say that the
data at hand are not compatible with the null hypothesis but are
supportive for some other hypothesis (commonly called as alternative
hypothesis).
(b). Alternative Hypothesis
Ø Alternate hypothesis is created in a negative meaning of the null

hypothesis.
Ø It is denoted as H1 or HA.
Ø Usually the alternative hypothesis and research hypothesis are the

same.
Ø Example: The drug ‘X’ induces apoptosis in cancerous cells.
How to state the statistical hypothesis?
Ø The null hypothesis should contain an equality sign (=, ≤ or ≥).
Ø Example: The population mean (μ) is not 100.
$ H0: μ = 100
$ H1: μ ≠ 100
Ø Example: The population means is greater than 100.
$ H0: μ ≤ 100
$ H1: μ > 100
Ø Example: The population mean is less than 100.
$ H0: μ ≥ 100
$ H1: μ < 100
Things to remember when constructing the Null Hypothesis:
$ What you expected to conclude with the study should be placed in the
alternative hypothesis.
$ The null hypothesis should contain a statement of equality (=, ≤, ≥).
$ The null hypothesis is the hypothesis to be tested.
$ The null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis should be

complementary.
(3). Test Statistic
Ø Test statistic is the statistic computed from the data sample.
Ø There are many possible values that the test statistic can adopt.
Ø Test value of the statistic depends on the nature of the sample.
Ø The test statistic is the decision maker in hypothesis testing.
Ø Decision is to reject or not reject the null hypothesis.
Ø General formula for test statistic: (applicable to most of the test

statistic but not to all)
Example:
Where:
x̄ : mean
μ0 : hypothesized value of population mean
σ/√n : Standard error
(4). Decision Rule
Ø All the possible values that the test statistic can assume are points on
the horizontal axis of a graph of the distribution of the test statistic.
Ø The values are divided into two groups:
1. Values of the rejection region
2. Values of the non-rejection region
Ø The decision rule tell us to reject the null hypothesis if the values of the
test statistic that we compute from our sample is one of the values in the
rejection region and not to reject the null hypothesis if the computed
values of the test statistic is on the values in the non-rejection region.
(5) Significance Level
Ø Level of significance is the probability of rejecting a true null

hypothesis in the statistical testing procedure.
Ø The level of significance is a probability value and it is denoted as ‘α’.
Ø The significance level decide the decision value to go the rejection

region or to the non-rejection region.
Ø Due to the ‘Level of significance’ the test statistic is often called as

‘Significance Test’.
Ø If we reject a true null hypothesis we are committed an error.
Ø Thus, you have to ensure that the probability of rejecting a true null
hypothesis is very small.
Ø Thus, we select a small value of α to ensure the probability of rejecting

a true null hypothesis is very less.
Ø The frequently used α values are 0.01 (99%), 0.05 (95%).
Ø Explanation: if we select 0.01 (99%) as the significance level, it means

that we are 99% confident in our decision but still there is 1% change for
our decision being false.
(6). Statistical Decision
Ø It is the decision of rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis.
Ø We reject the null hypothesis if the computed value of the test statistic
is fall in the rejection region.
Ø We will NOT reject the null hypothesis if the computed value falls in
the non-rejection region.
Ø Conclusion:
Ø If we reject H0, we conclude that HA is true.
Ø If we fail to reject H0, we conclude that the H0 may be true.
Ø When a null hypothesis is not rejected one should not say that the null
hypothesis accepted but we say that null hypothesis is not rejected.
Ø We usually avoid the usage ‘accept’, because we may have committed a

type II error.
Learn more: Statistical Errors (Type I and Type II Errors)
(7). p-Value
Ø p-value is the smallest value of α for which we can reject a null

hypothesis.
Ø A p-value is the probability that the computed value for a test statistic
is at least as extreme as specified value of the test statistic when the null
hypothesis is true.

Hypothesis Testing in Statistics - Short Lecture Notes +

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hypothesis Testing in Statistics - Short Lecture Notes +

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8/2/22, 12:15 PM Immersive Reader

Statistical Hypothesis Testing

What is ‘Test of Hypothesis’?

Ø Test of hypothesis is also called as ‘Test of Significance’.

Ø J. Neyman and E.S. Pearson initiated the practice of testing of

What is the purpose of Hypothesis Testing?

Ø The main purpose of hypothesis testing is to help the researcher in

Ø The test only indicates whether the hypothesis is supported or not

Ø Hypothesis is a statement about one or more populations.

Ø It is a statement about the parameters of the population about which

$ A doctor hypothesized: “The drug ‘X’ is ineffective in 99% of cases of

$ “The average pass percentage of central university degree programme

Ø Through the hypothesis testing the researcher or investigator can

Ø There are TWO types of hypothesis.

(A). Research Hypothesis

(B). Statistical Hypothesis

(A). Research Hypothesis

Ø Research Hypothesis is “a tentative solution for the problem being

Ø It is the supposition (guess) that motivates the research.

Ø In research, the researcher determines whether or not their

Ø The research hypothesis directly leads to statistical hypothesis.

(B). Statistical Hypothesis

Details of the Statistical hypothesis are discussed in the “Steps or

Steps / Components in Testing of Statistical Hypothesis:

Ø The statistical hypothesis testing consists of following Steps /

(1). Data (variable)

(2). Statistical Hypothesis

(3). Test Statistic

(4). Decision Rule

(5). Significance Level

(6). Statistical Decision

(1). Data (variable)

Ø Data is the information collected from the population.

Ø It may be the observation of a natural phenomenon, Result of an

Ø The nature of data determines the type of statistical test to be selected.

Ø All the features of the data such as continuous, discontinuous,

(2). Statistical Hypothesis

Ø Statistical hypothesis is a statement about the population which we

Ø A statistical hypothesis is stated in such a way that they may be

Ø There are TWO types of statistical hypothesizes:

(a). Null hypothesis

(b). Alternative hypothesis

(a). Null Hypothesis

Ø The Null hypothesis is the hypothesis to be tested by test statistic.

Ø Null hypothesis is denoted as H0.

Ø Usually the null hypothesis stated as the ‘Hypothesis of No Difference’.

Ø The statement is created complementary to the conclusion that the

Ø Usually stated in the negative terms of the original research

Ø Example: The drug ‘X’ DO NOT induces apoptosis in cancerous cells.

Ø In the statistical testing process, the null hypothesis is either:

$ Not rejected (Fail to be rejected / accepted)

(b). Alternative Hypothesis

Ø Alternate hypothesis is created in a negative meaning of the null

Ø Usually the alternative hypothesis and research hypothesis are the

Ø Example: The drug ‘X’ induces apoptosis in cancerous cells.

How to state the statistical hypothesis?

Ø The null hypothesis should contain an equality sign (=, ≤ or ≥).

Ø Example: The population mean (μ) is not 100.

$ H0: μ = 100

$ H1: μ ≠ 100

Ø Example: The population means is greater than 100.

$ H0: μ ≤ 100