Mузеј града Новог Сада City Museum of Novi Sad

ГОДИШЊАК
Музејa града Новог Сада

THE ALMANAC
of the City Museum of Novi Sad

15 / 2019
Нови Сад / Novi Sad 2020.
 ГОДИШЊАК
Музеја града Новог Сада
15/2019
Издавач
Музеј града Новог Сада
Тврђава 4, Петроварадин
muzejgrada.ns@gmail.com
www.museumns.rs
ТHE ALMANAC
of the City Museum of Novi Sad
15/2019
Publisher
The City Museum of Novi Sad
Tvrđava 4 Petrovaradin
muzejgrada.ns@gmail.com
www.museumns.rs

Главни и одговорни уредник Editor in Chief

MSc Весна Иковић MSc Vesna Iković

Уредник Editor
Др Гордана Петковић PhD Gordana Petković

Редакција Editorial Board

Дивна Гачић Divna Gačić
Љиљана Лазић Ljiljana Lazić
Ивана Јовановић Гудурић Ivana Jovanović Gudurić
Др Слободан Бјелица PhD Slobodan Bjelica
Петар Ђурђев Petar Đurđev

Лектор Language Editor

Гордана Ђилас Gordana Đilas

Превод Translation
Сава Ракић Sava Rakić

Фотографија Photography
Феђа Киселички Feđa Kiselički

Техничко урединштво Technical support

Simulta, Нови Сад Simulta, Novi Sad

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300 примерака 300 samples

The printing of the Almanac was supportred by the

Department of Culture of the City of Novi Sad

Штампање Годишњака омогућила је

Управа за културу Града Новог Сада

ISSN 1452-547X

Ставови изражени у појединим стручним радовима објављеним у Годишњаку Музеја града Новог Сада
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 САДРЖАЈ / CONTENTS

УВОДНА РЕЧ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Jasmina Davidović / Јасмина Давидовић, Biljana Lučić / Биљана Лучић, Miroslav Vujović, PhD / Др Мирослав Вујовић
THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM - ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD . . . . . . . . 11
Резиме: ПРЕДМЕТИ ОД СТАКЛА ОТКРИВЕНИ НА ЛОКАЛИТЕТУ 1А (ЦАРСКА ПАЛАТА)
AРХЕОЛОГИЈА

У СИРМИJУМУ – РИМСКИ И СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНИ ПЕРИОД . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Надежда Савић / Nadežda Savić
РИМСКО УТВРЂЕЊЕ CUSUM НА ПЕТРОВАРАДИНСКОЈ ТВРЂАВИ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Summary: REMAINS OF THE ROMAN FORTIFICATION “CUSUM” IN THE PETROVARADIN FORTRESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Гордана Буловић / Gordana Bulović
ШТА ЋЕМО СА ТВРЂАВОМ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Summary: WHAT HAPPENS WITH THE FORTRESS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
ИСТОРИЈА

Маријана Раткелић Лазић / Marijana Ratkelić Lazić, Дивна Гачић / Divna Gačić
ЖЕНСКЕ СТРУЧНЕ ШКОЛЕ У СРЕМСКИМ КАРЛОВЦИМА . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Summary: GIRLS’ VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS IN SREMSKI KARLOVCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Љиљана Лазић / Ljiljana Lazić
ПОЛА ВЕКА ПОСТОЈАЊА ЗБИРКЕ СТРАНЕ УМЕТНОСТИ МУЗЕЈА
ГРАДА НОВОГ САДА (ЛЕГАТ ДР БРАНКА ИЛИЋА) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Summary: 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE FOREIGN ART COLLECTION
OF THE CITY MUSEUM OF NOVI SAD (LEGACY OF DR. BRANKO ILIĆ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
УМЕТНОСТИ

Ивана Јовановић Гудурић / Ivana Jovanović Gudurić

ИСТОРИЈА

ПОРТРЕТНЕ ФОТОГРАФИЈЕ МЕЛАНИЈЕ БУГАРИНОВИЋ :

ИЗГРАДЊА ИДЕНТИТЕТА ЈЕДНЕ ОПЕРСКЕ ДИВЕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Summary: PORTRAIT PHOTOGRAPHS OF MELANIJA BUGARINOVIĆ :
CREATING THE IDENTITY OF AN OPERA DIVA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Љубомир Вујаклија / Ljubomir Vujaklija
ДВАДЕСЕТ ЧЕТИРИ САТА МУЗЕЈА ГРАДА НОВОГ САДА. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Summary: 24 CLOCKS OF THE CITY MUSEUM OF NOVI SAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Надежда Савић
ИГЛА ЗА КОСУ ИЗ РИМСКОГ ПЕРИОДА. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Дивна Гачић
ПИСАЋА МАШИНА МАРКЕ МИЊОН / MIGNON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
ЈЕДНА ПРЕДМЕТ – ЈЕДНА ПРИЧА

Др Гордана Петковић
ПЕСМЕ БРАНКА РАДИЧЕВИЋА
(СА СИЛУЕТАМА БРАНКА РАДУЛОВИЋА) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Љиљана Лазић
КАМИНСКИ САТ С МИТОЛОШКИМ ФИГУРАМА . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Др Јелена Бањац
КРОВОВИ ПЕТРОВАРАДИНА МИЛАНА КЕШЕЉА . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Ивана Јовановић Гудурић
ИНВЕНТАР ДЕВОЈАЧКЕ СПРЕМЕ ИВАНЕ УГРИШИЋ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Душанка Марковић
СПОМЕН ПЕШКИР ИВАНКЕ УРОШЕВ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

5
 Гордана Буловић
ПРИКАЗ ИЗЛОЖБЕ УСИТЊАВАЊЕ – ПРИЧА О АВАНУ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Др Јелена Бањац
ИНТЕРНАЦИОНАЛНА САРАДЊА МЛАДИХ НАУЧНИХ ИСТРАЖИВАЧА НА ИЗЛОЖБИ
ПАРАЛЕЛНЕ БИОГРАФИЈЕ СРБИЈА/НЕМАЧКА: ИДЕНТИТЕТ И РАД У МУЗЕЈУ ГРАДА НОВОГ САДА . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Др Весна Марјановић
ИЗЛОЖБА КРСНА СЛАВА – СВЕТА ПЕТКА . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Горан Деспотовски
ПРИКАЗ ИЗЛОЖБЕ СЛИКА . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Тибор Бодоло
ПРИКАЗ ИЗЛОЖБЕ РОТАРИ КЛУБ НОВИ САД (1929–2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
ПРИКАЗИ

Драгана Гарић Јовичић

СТВАРАЛАЧКИ ПРОЦЕС ОД ЦРТЕЖА ДО ТАПИСЕРИЈЕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Мирјана Мирић
АКВИЗИЦИЈЕ МУЗЕЈА ГРАДА НОВОГ САДА У 2019. ГОДИНИ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Мирјана Мирић
ПРЕГЛЕД ИЗДАЊА МУЗЕЈА ГРАДА НОВОГ САДА У 2019. ГОДИНИ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Ивана Јовановић Гудурић
ИЗЛОЖБЕ МУЗЕЈА ГРАДА НОВОГ САДА У 2019. ГОДИНИ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Љиљана Лазић, Мирјана Мирић
ИЗЛОЖБЕНА ДЕЛАТНОСТ МУЗЕЈА ГРАДА НОВОГ САДА (1954–2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
СЕЋАЊА

Др Агнеш Озер
РЕЧ О ЂОРЂУ ГАВАНСКОМ (1942 – 2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

УПУТСТВО АУТОРИМА* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

6
УВОДНА РЕЧ
Поштовани читаоци,
Ceptatescius nobitas eicto od eliquid ut aut ulpari qui odit perumquatiis reruptum, qui doloria
sperrorem quibus voluptas et re, cus eaquis endae ni anditatem eturecabo. Endiaer feruntiis mo cus,
cone natem quassim porios ut vel eaquis electem qui odis erum et ex et utat.
Itaquas dolorem ute dipsunt de con est, vernam, ata simil int faccupt asperferum facessequam
volluptist et fugiatium utem aut as evenest, te voluptam quasi a venti aut alites vent arione comni
di rectibus ese conem eos volores que nobit eum lit volorectem laborero min core occum fuga. Itas
elit quidebis demquiatempe reictat iature, toreheni tecatum que parchitio. Namus acculparis vera
natempere, ut eostium fugiate ditium lab inciis mi, tecero omnit quam inus et haris et dolupie nditas
que velest eaqui re simil maximi, suntinum simin nam etur?
Tet entiore, consequ ossinve libearias iniminctorro dolor sus ea volumquam eostori aectem doluptas
rem aut as eos se venihil itatibusa dollabo. Erchilignat exceris verum hil eum ipiciunt repudandel id
eum eiuntetur, veri apienducimet re aliquat usapernat volor mil il ipsantiatur ad maio core sit alitionem
iligent ibusandam, quia veles pa solo velestincid etur renis id que raest destius, aut aut lit volorrum ut
utatesc ipidem enist fugitatus namet pe nos sed quiam, ipsam libusant ullabo. Ficabo. Ab ius.
Non perrovi ducidunt reprero maxim arundit ibuscid qui to commo omnihit aquatur? Ecus, quoditium
quibea corum renem voluptatur as dipsam re volupta temporibus aut landis ut adit, cullaut dolupta
tibus, natur repedi temped maionsed ut porrum et quae num vel ilit perro millate ligendit ipicitaquia
consequi si dolum non conem etur sum nonsequias apictio volorrum dolut exceatestis volorum des
magnis doluptis voluptatis accuptae ex est, offic tem con pereium eos ne volorup tasperchil id endis
autenit officilis aligenim re perro ipiet adicimendes non consedigni ut quate molo omnissim acium,
ulparci endusandae es arum, officiunt ra diti tem harum eliae libusa nonsequ idenite et fugiti con
ex eni omnimi, cuptati oritas eicil invent od uta doles et faccupiendis eaquid eos erio et omnihilist
vit offictem susam et quibusa perundiam quae pe ducides et eum fugia volupta tamus, optat etur
simus aut harite volorenia voluptis est volorpossunt omnime qui soluptame pligenduciet possinctet
dolor am, te voloresed experes dolupta epudae pro es ressimaio ommo que nit hillatur alicita cuptam
repelest, officias eos accus incit volorerit qui con provitate culpa essit harumen ieture num dolorro
blatem faceris imaximus, coris ute que erum susdam quaspissit pero ellorit, cullab ipiendit ilitas peri
isquam explibea cuptior itiatum fugit que dem dis eaque quae poressed maiossi nihitasimil inctatibus
dolupta sim quidunt vendaer roremossimus maximpe consed mo con cum fuga. Facculpa quo te et
aut landand igent.
Evernat ma plia venduciderum destis eserro conempore es eium incitatem quae que maximol
orissunti beatet harchil illaborrum ius unt plitatq uasint.
Arum accaboritiis porepta turitati incimus aut ra pratestem fugit ab ipsuntiate liam facipsunt eum
hiciaer ibusdae. Uciendis eossimusant lantiora quae magnam ipsus alit lam dio is reptatur, sitae lab
invendae nobis voluptius et voloruptate nimaxim aximporerrum aut dolupta tureceaquo vendita adia
doluptatus.
С поштовањем,
МЅс Весна Иковић
Директорка Музеја града Новог Сада
 АРХЕОЛОГИЈА
Jasmina Davidović
Biljana Lučić
Miroslav Vujović

THE GLASS FINDS

FROM THE SITE 1A
(IMPERIAL PALACE)
AT SIRMIUM - ROMAN
AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Надежда Савић
Archaeology

РИМСКО УТВРЂЕЊЕ
CUSUM НА
ПЕТРОВАРАДИНСКОЈ
ТВРЂАВИ
 THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Jasmina Davidović, Archaeologist, Museum Advisor, UDC 904:738(497.113)

Museum of Srem, Sremska Mitrovica
Biljana Lučić, MA, Archaeologist - conservator,
Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Sremska Mitrovica
Miroslav Vujović, Ph.D, Department of Archaeology,
Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade

THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE)

AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Summary: Sirmium is located beneath the modern Sremska Mitrovica, 70 km west of Belgrade.
During the six centuries of Roman reign Sirmium became a colony, an administrative centre
of the Roman province Pannonia Secunda, an imperial residence and a bishopric. In 582,
Sirmium was conquered by the Avars, who left town to gradually shade away in the Medieval
period. The most important site discovered in Sremska Mitrovica in 130 years of archaeological
investigation is the Site 1a – part of the Imperial Palace, explored in campaigns of 1957-1960,
1971, 1974, 1976-1979 and 2006, 2007. Site 1a represents a part of the palace-circus complex
of residential buildings luxuriously furnished with interior decoration of multiple layers of
mosaic floors and imported porphyry and marble wall coating. This article is directed to the
finds of glass vessels and windowpanes found during both early systematic and protective
excavations and also from the excavations of 2006 and 2007, which were held as preliminary
works for the Project of protective roof- covering of the site 1a-imperial palace in Sirmium.
The main goal was to establish a typology of glass vessels found on this site for the Roman
period, especially the Late Antique time, when the finds are the most numerous, and also
to represent the glass finds from the Medieval period (14th - 16th century).

Key words: Sirmium, site 1a, Imperial Palace, glass vessels, Roman period, Medieval period,
window pane, late antique period, beakers.

Archaeological site 1a1 is situated in central part of Sremska Mitrovica. In Roman times it
belonged to the south-eastern part of Sirmium and also was one of the parts of the Imperial
Palace Complex. The first campaign of archaeological excavations started in 1957 after chance
find of monumental walls during the preparation works for the construction of a new apartment
building and continued until 1960. Systematic archaeological investigation of Sirmium started
1 Милошевић, Милутиновић 1958, pp. 5-44; Brukner 1959, pp. 118-124; Milošević 1961, pp. 80-88; Parović
Pešikan 1968, pp. 75-85; Popović 1971, 121 et seq; Brukner, Petrović 1976, pp. 65-67; Popović 1977, pp. 111-116;
Брукнер 1982, pp 5-31; Brukner, Dautova Ruševljan, Milošević 1987, 30-34; Jeremić 1995, pp. 141-144, figs. 3,8,
13,14; Jeremić 2009, pp. 471-499.

11
JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

with the site 1a, hence the name. Later campaigns were conducted in 1971, 1974 and in 1976-
19792 (conservation works). Two campaigns, in 2006 and 2007,3 were done in course of the
Project of protective roof- covering of the site 1a-imperial palace in Sirmium.4
Site 1a is today considered a part of the palace-circus complex of residential buildings luxuriously
furnished with an interior decoration with multi-layered mosaic floors and imported porphyry
and marble wall coating5 enclosing a small yard. However, remains of the buildings found on
this site were not recognised as a part of the Imperial Palace6, at least, until 1971, although idea
was present from the beginning. One of the reasons for this was, probably, that the remains
of the palace were not immediately connected to the later found remains of a huge circus7 in
proximity and north of the site 1a. Full understanding and identifying the Sirmium Imperial
Palace was not gained until the site 37, situated some 20 metres north to the site 1a (excavated
in 1969), was determined as an integral part of the Palace complex and in this was contributed to
understanding and identifying the Sirmium Imperial Palace.8 After many years of exploration in
Sirmium, in 2010 Jeremić concluded that the site 1a represents the central part of the southern
zone of the 4th century Imperial Palace complex.9
Numerous archaeological campaigns on this site produced around 1000 sherds of glass
vessels and windowpanes which represent, together with the pottery, the majority of all movable
archaeological items discovered, the situation similar to almost all excavated sites of Sirmium.
This abundance of finds was of interest to several scholars. In 1976 Milošević10 wrote about
a glass production in Sirmium stating that discovered glass workshops could be dated to the
second half of the 4th century until the second half of the 6th century. Three synthesis, which
include glass material from Sirmium (and the site 1a) made by Cermanović-Kuzmanović/Цер-
мановић-Кузмановић, Šaranović-Svetek and Ružić11, dealt only with the whole or for the most
part of preserved glass vessels, originating mostly from the necropolises.
In 1982-1983 Brukner/Брукнер12 introduced 28 sherds of glass vessels found in 1976 in the
Room 16 of the Palace, mainly found in the channel B-B. The Room 16 was of special interest
because of the three layers of the mosaic floors and could give some chronological explanations
of the site.

2 Brukner 1980, pp. 161-168; Брукнер 1982, pp. 5-31; Ковачевић 1982, pp. 239-256.
3 Werner 2009, pp. 33-67; Пејовић, Лучић 2011, 389-391.
4 Шкорић 2008, pp. 71-74.
5 Werner 2009, p. 5.
6 Duval 1979, pp. 75-77, figs. 4 and 5.
7 Popović, Ochsenschlager 1975, pp. 64-65; Popović, Ochsenschlager 1976, pp. 156-181.
8 Popović, Ochsenschlager 1969, p. 189; Milošević 1969, pp. 194-197; Popović 1971, p. 126; Popović, Ochsenschlager
1973, pp. 85-93.
9 Jeremić 2003, pp. 137-145; Jeremić 2009, pp. 484-487.
10 Milošević 1976, pp. 102-108.
11 Цермановић Кузмановић 1980-1981; Šaranović Svetek 1986; M. Ružić 1994.
12 Брукнер 1982, pp. 26-27, PL. VIII, IX.

12
THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Fig. 1 - map of the site 1a

Fig 2. - photo of the site 1a

13
JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

Our article is a short summary of the results from all excavations conducted on this site with
previous finds, both published and unpublished, and glass finds from 2006 and 2007, considering
forms, decoration and colour of the glass. In this work our attention will be directed towards
description of glass vessels and additional finds of window glass (by Dr. Miroslav Vujović). On
the basis of the glass finds discovered we were able to determine several forms of vessels: bowls,
goblets, bottles, containers for cosmetic products (unguentarium, balsamaria) and lamps, but also
to single out and present the vessels that do not have enough elements for typology, but can still
offer important facts about the glass material (handles, bases and some sherds with decoration).
The large number of vessels is dated to 4th century on the basis of the archaeological context, being
found in closed context along with coins, pottery and other chronologically sensitive material. Other
material was dated by analogies from other sites in Sirmium, but also from other Roman localities.
Determination of the site 1a as the Late Roman Imperial Palace covered also investigation
of certain earlier layers beneath the mosaic floors (that actually happened only during the
conservation and protection works). This is probably the main reason for small percentage of
early glass forms on this site. We have only two sherds of glass vessels (one of a bowl and one of
a goblet) dated to 1st century, i.e. Flavian period. One fragment of a bowl and one from a goblet
are dated to 2nd-3rd century, on the basis of specific decoration (colour of the glass, incisions and
grooves). The most numerous late antique materials comprise over 90% of found fragments.
There are also two fragments of glass vessels that could be dated to 15th and 16th centuries.

TYPOLOGY OF GLASS VESSELS

Bowls
Five types of bowls are dated to the wider time span, from the end of the 1st century until
end of the 4th century. First type is a shallow conical bowl (Т. I, 1; T. 8, 1), mould casted, of the
dark blue glass. This type of vessel is rare in Serbia and can be connected to the early forms of
Roman glass vessels. The closest analogies are found in Emona.13 Pottery from the layer, which
includes sherds of “La Tène graffiti” pots and forms of early Roman vessels, is dated from the
end of 1st century BCE until the end of the 1st century CE.
1. Bowl (T. I, 1, T. 8, 1), rim and wall fragment; north embankment – middle part, 14th layer, west of the channel
В-В, near wall 5, dark blue glass; field inv. no. 92/2006; d: 17 cm, th: 0.2 cm.
Second type (T. I, 2) is a ribbed bowl, mould casted, preserved in one small fragment. Although
ribbed bowls are numerous (ISINGS form 3) and dated to 1st and 2nd centuries14, our specimen
is colourless, making this a special production dated to second half of the 2rd and beginning of
the 3rd centuries with similar fragments found in Gamzigrad.15
2. Bowl (T. I, 2), body fragment; east embankment 2, 17th layer, colourless glass; field inv.no. Z. 64/2006; th:
0.2-0.4 cm.

13 Plesničar Gec 1972, grave 744, T. CCXXIII.

14 Isings 1957, p.17, form 3.
15 For this information we owe our gratitude to Mira Ružić, from her unpublished work on Gamzigrad.

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 THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Third type is represented by two fragments (T. I, 3, 4). These are shallow hemispherical bowls
with cut off rim, done in free blowing technique. Beneath the rim band there is a grooved incised
decoration. Analogies for this type are dated to middle of the 4th century.16 Similar samples are
found in other sites of Sirmium.17
3. Bowl (T. I, 3), three rim fragments and three body fragments, east embankment 2, 13th layer-hydraulic mortar
beneath the channel А-А, field inv.no. 75/2006, light green glass; d: 17 cm, th: 0.25 cm.
4. Bowl (T. I, 4), rim and wall fragment, east embankment 2, 13th layer, sewage channel of a fountain А-А, field
inv.no. 64/2006, light green glass; d: 17 cm, th: 0.25 cm.

One fragment of a free-blown bowl is determined as the fourth type (T. I, 5). It is a deep bowl,
dated to 4th century on the basis of the pottery findings originating beneath the mosaic floor 3.
Similar finds on the other sites are dated to the 4th century.18
5. Bowl (T. I, 5), one rim fragment, three wall fragments, one base and wall fragment; east embankment 2, room
2, 1st layer beneath the mosaic floor 3, from 78.58 to 78.31 metres above sea level, field inv.no. 107/2006, bluish
grass; d: 17 cm, th: 0.2 – 0.3cm.

Fifth type are hemispherical small bowls with cut off rim. Beneath the rim and on the body,
there are incised grooves (T. I, 6). There are two samples. Both of the small bowls are made from
free-blown thick glass. Newly found specimen was acquired from the debris below the mosaic
floor. Analogies from some other archaeological sites are dated to the 4th century.19
6. Small bowl, rim and body fragment, field inv.no. 244/1960, thick green glass. d: 10 cm, H: 5 cm; Šaranović
Svetek 1986, type I/3/B, T. I,3, cat. no. 11; Ružić 1994, type IV/6, cat. no. 542, T. XXV/12.
7. Small bowl (PL. I, 6), rim and body fragment of hemispherical small bowl, east embankment 2, 10th layer, field
inv. no. 36/2006, green glass. d: 10 cm, th: 0.25 cm.

Goblets
Goblet, as a form is considered to be a glass vessel made in one part.20 They include 14 types
made in free blowing technique, mainly represented by hemispherical and conical goblets. First
type has two variants which correspond to Isings 107a.21 Three fragments we can be divided into:
variant a (T. II, 1, 2), represented by hemispherical goblets decorated with circle indentations
whose profiled rim and part of the wall beneath the rim is decorated with horizontal grooves;
and variant b (T. II, 3), which has unprofiled rim with thick grooves below, while the body is
decorated with deep ellipsoid indentations (T. VII, 6). All three vessels are dated to the 4th century.22

16 Ružić 1994, Т. XXVI, 1 (Чезава - Novae).

17 Parović Pešikan 1971, p. 38, T. XXVII, 3, 4.
18 Ružić 1994, Т. XXVI, 2 (Брза Палана - Egeta).
19 Šaranović Svetek 1986, 12, group I, type 3B, cat.no. 11; Radnóti 1957, 153, T. XXXIII/9 (Intercissa), dated by
coins in 306-337; Burger 1979, Т. 18/4, tomb 97, 324-375 (Somogyszil), second half of 4th century; Barcóczi
1978, 247, Abb.18 (Vindobona), first half of 4th century; Николић Ђорђевић 1990, type 5а, 42, Т.I/5, 4th
century; Parović Pešikan 1971, 38, T. XXVII, 2.
20 Ignatiodu, Antonaras 2008.
21 Isings 1957, type 107a.
22 Брукнер 1982, p. 22.

15
JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

8. Goblet (T. II, 1), one rim fragment and a fragment of slightly concave base, channel B-B, field inv.no.162/1976,
white glass, d: 10 cm, th: 0.15 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 2.
9. Goblet (T. II, 2), one rim fragment and one base fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 147/1976, white glass, d:
10 cm, th: 0.1 cm; Brukner 1982, T. VIII, 3.
10. Goblet (T. II, 3, PL. VII, 6), rim fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 145/1976, white glass, d: 10 cm, th: 0.1
cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 5; Šaranović-Svetek 1986, T. III,4, cat. no. 36; Ružić 1994, cat. no. 948,
T. XXXVI/5.

Second type is represented with hemispherical goblet of slightly convex body.

11. Goblet (T. II, 4), rim and body, in channel B-B, field inv.no. 169/1976, white glass, d: 8.5 cm, th: 0.1 cm;
Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 5.

Third type includes one sample. It is a hemispherical goblet of slightly thickened rim, decorated
with a groove beneath the rim and on lower part of the body.
12. Goblet (T. II, 5), rim and body fragment, channel B-B, field inv. no. 161/1976, white glass, d: 11 cm, th: 0.15
cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 7.

Fourth type is a hemispherical goblet with slightly outward rim and a half ring band below.
13. Goblet (T. II, 6), rim and body fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 141/1976, mat cream white glass, d: 13 cm,
th: 0.25 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 10.

All fragments were found in the channel B-B in 1976 and they are all dated to the second
half of the 4th century.23
Fifth type includes two samples. These are also small hemispherical shallow goblets with
slightly rounded body, accentuated and cut-off rim. A fragment found in the damaged floor
of the room 1 can be dated to the second half of the 4th century as well as the fragments found
above the mosaic floor 3. On the basis of chronologically determined finds, similar vessels are
dated from the second half of the 3rd until the second half of the 5th centuries.24
14. Goblet (T. II, 8), rim and body fragment, south embankment 1, 14th layer, from the layer of sooth, field inv.
no. 41/2006, light green glass, d: 8 cm, th: 0.15 cm.
15. Goblet (T. II, 9), two rim and body fragments, east embankment 2, 12th layer, room 2, above mosaic floor 3,
field inv.no. 51/2006, light green glass. d 8 cm, th: 0.15 cm.

Sixth type is a conical goblet with slightly rounded body and horizontal, slightly protruding
rim, grooved from the inner side, decorated with incised lines and faceted strips. Pottery analysis
in the layer provisionally dated this specimen to the 4th century.
16. Goblet (T. II, 7), rim and wall fragment, north embankment, eastern part, in hypocaust, east of room 1, field
inv. no.16а/2006, yellow-green glass; d: 12 cm, th: 0.1cm.

Type 7 includes one specimen. It is a fragment of a conical goblet with slightly thickened rim,
thin walls, and two bands on the body. Stratigraphy dates this sample to Sirmium construction
phase, from the Flavian period until the middle of the 2nd century.25

23 Брукнер 1982, p. 22.

24 Šaranović Svetek 1986, pp. 12-13, type I, variety B, II/1, 2; Isings 1957, type 96; Morin, Jean 1922-23, form 71.
25 Брукнер 1982, p. 20.

16
 THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

17. Goblet (T. III, 1), rim and wall fragment, room 16, sondage 1, beneath the level of the wall 6 and floor f,
C-54/1976, Z-6054, white glass, d: 8 cm, th: 0.05 cm.

Eighth type are the most numerous conical goblets with outward accentuated rims profiled
with grooved lines.26 On the majority of goblets these grooved lines are directly beneath the
rim. On two samples (T. III, 5, 6), rim is decorated with a band cut on both inside and outside.
All goblets published by Brukner are dated to the second half of the 4th century.27 Approximate
dating for the others of this type is the 4th century, except the last one (T. III, 7) that can be dated,
on the basis of the finding context, to the second half of the 4th century.
18. Goblet, (T. III, 4), rim, body and base fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 3/1976, white glass, rim d: 11,5 cm,
base d: 3 cm, H: 13 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. IX, 1.
19. Goblet, channel B-B, field inv.no. 168/1976, white glass, d: 10 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. T. IX, 2.
20. Goblet, channel B-B, field inv.no. 160/1976, white glass, d: 9 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. IX, 3.
21. Goblet, channel B-B, field inv.no. 165/1976, white glass, d: 11 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. T. IX, 4.
22. Goblet, channel B-B, field inv.no. 171/1976, white glass, d: 11 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. IX, 6.
23. Goblet, channel B-B, field inv.no. 143/1976, white glass, d: 9 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. T. IX, 7.
24. Goblet, channel B-B, field inv.no. 170/1976, white glass, d: 9 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. IX, 12.
25. Goblet, (T. III, 5), rim and wall fragment, south embankment 1, 12th layer, field inv.no. 37/2006, light green
glass; d: 10 cm, th: 0.2cm.
26. Goblet (T. III, 6), two rim and wall fragments, east embankment 2, 13th layer, room 3 and north of it, field
inv.no. 69/2006, light green glass; d: 10 cm, th: 0.1 cm.
27. Goblet (T. III, 7), rim and wall fragment, east embankment 2, room 3, layer of hydraulic mortar beneath the
channel А - А, field inv.no. 74/2006, light green glass, d: 11 cm, th: 0.1 cm.

Type 9 are goblets with thick or tubular rim bent inward or outward. First fragment (T. III,
9) belongs to the group of conical goblets with thick outward bent rim decorated with dark
blue coloured bands. Approximate dating of the find is 4th century based on the pottery finds
in the layer. The second fragment (T. III,10) has a tubular rim slightly curved outward. These
types of goblets date to the first half of the 4th century.28 Our fragment was found beneath the
mosaic floor, in the layer of debris with pottery dated from the 2nd until 4th centuries. The third
fragment (T. III, 11) has an inbent rim and is also dated to the 4th century by the pottery finds.
28. Goblet (T. III, 9), rim and wall fragment, north embankment, eastern part, eastward from the room 1, field
inv.no. 16/2006, yellow bluish glass; d: 13 cm, th: 0.05 cm.
29. Goblet (T. III, 10), one rim and wall fragment and three body fragments, west embankment, north of north
wall 35 and west of wall N/S, 4th layer beneath the mosaic floor 6, field inv.no. 203/2007, colourless glass; d:
8 cm, th: 0.1cm.
30. Goblet (T. III, 11), rim and wall fragment, east embankment, section 3, northern part, prefurnium, field inv.
no. 101/2006, light green glass; d: ca: 7.5 cm, th: 0.05cm.

Type 10 is a sample of conical goblet. This is a fragment of a large vessel with a band and
cut-off rim that is separated from the ribbed body. On the body there is a part of a dark blue
blob. Decorations with applied blobs are frequent and numerous.29 It dates to the middle of the

26 Isings 1957, p. 127, form 106, variety а; Šaranović Svetek 1986, III/7; Ružić 1994, VII/12.
27 Брукнер 1982, p. 22.
28 Николић Ђорђевић 1990, type I, 43, T. II,9.
29 Šaranović Svetek 1996, p. 20; Ružić 1994, types VII/10, VII/12.

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JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

3rd century, with the majority of samples from the end of the 3rd until the 4th centuries. 30 Their
production is still present in the 5th century. On the basis of the finding context, our fragment
can be dated to the 4th century.
31. Goblet (T. III, 18), rim and body fragment, southern embankment 1, 16th layer, room 2 between walls 3 and 4
in part of the room where floor is not preserved, field inv.no. 50/2006, light green glass; d: 12 cm, th: 0.2 cm.

Type 11 is a conical goblet with slightly accentuated, cut-off rim. On the site 1a we find four
fragments. One of them is decorated with horizontally cut out bands and incised ornament
(T.III, 22), while the other with a cut band on the rim (T. III, 19). One fragment was found in a
channel that was covered during the construction of the palace. Archaeological material from
the channel Е-Е is dated between the 1st until the middle of the 3rd centuries.31 Last three samples
are provisionally dated to the 4th century.
32. Goblet (T. III, 19), rim and wall fragment, channel Е-Е, room 16, between walls 9 and 11, field inv.no. 28а/1976
(Z-6067), bluish glass, d: 6 cm, th: 0.05 cm.
33. Goblet (T. III, 20), rim and wall fragment, south embankment 1, 16th layer, room 2 between walls 3 and 4 in
the part where floor is not preserved, field inv.no. 47/2006, light green glass. d: 10 cm, th: 0.2 cm.
34. Goblet (T. III, 21), three fragments of rim and one body fragment, east embankment 2, 12th layer, room 2,
above the mosaic floor 3, field inv.no. 54/2006, light green glass, d: 8.5 cm, th: 0.1 – 0.15 cm.
35. Goblet (T. III, 22, Т. VII, 17), rim and wall fragment, west embankment 3, 1st layer beneath the floor а, 11th
layer, hypocaust channel, field inv.no.198/2007, green glass, d: 8 cm, th: 0.1 cm.
The following type includes two samples with slightly convex sides. The rim is moulded
from outside. The rim and the upper part of the vessel are decorated with grooved lines. Body
is decorated with arched and vertical indentations. The base of the item contains glass dated to
the second half of the 4th century CE.32
36. Goblet (T. III, 2), rim and body fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 127/1976, white glass, d: 10 cm; Brukner/
Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 1
37. Goblet (T. III, 3), rim and body fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 16/1976, white glass, d: 10 cm; Brukner/
Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 6

A bell-shaped goblet with outward curved rim is a new type and includes one sample.33 Similar
goblets are dated to a long period from the 3rd until 6th centuries.34 Fragments from Sirmium,
found on the site 26 are without precise dating.35 Our sample is dated to the second half of the
4th century.36
38. Goblet (Т. III, 8), channel B-B, field inv.no. 166/1976, white glass; d 10 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. IX, 13.

Last type includes six samples. Main characteristic is a cut-off rim which is slightly curved
outward. Transition to the body is grooved. One fragment is decorated with a cut band on the

30 Cermanović Kuzmanović 1991, p. 16.

31 Брукнер 1982, pp. 20-21.
32 Брукнер 1982, p.22.
33 Isings 1957, p.129, form 106, variety c.
34 Isings 1957, pp. 129-130.
35 Цермановић Кузмановић 1981, 12, type III/3.
36 Брукнер 1982,22.

18
 THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

rim (T. III, 15), while the other with cut bands and incised line across the whole surface (T. III,
13). Based on this, fragments (T. III, 12-15) are dated to the first half of the 4th century, while
fragments (T. 16-17) to the second half of the 4th century.
39. Goblet (T. III, 12), eight rim fragments and nine wall fragments, east embankment, 13th layer, room 3, beneath
the mortar floor layer, field inv.no. 58/2006, light green glass, d: 11 cm, th: 0.1 cm.
40. Goblet (T. III, 13), rim and wall fragment, east embankment, section 2, 13th layer, room 3 and north of it, field
inv.no. 70/2006, light green glass, d: 10 cm, th: 0.1 cm.
41. Goblet (T. III, 14), two rim and wall fragments and three body fragments, east embankment 2, room 3, layer
of hydraulic mortar beneath the channel А-А, field inv.no.76/2006, light green glass, d: 9 cm, th: 0.1 cm.
42. Goblet (T. III, 15), rim and wall fragment, east embankment 2, room 3, layer hydraulic mortar beneath channel
А - А, field inv.no. 77/2006, light green glass; d: 9 cm, th: 0.2 cm.
43. Goblet (T. III, 16), two rim and wall fragments, east embankment 2, room 2, in eastern profile above the
mosaic floor 3, field inv.no. 100/2006, light green glass with lots of glass bubble; d: 8.5 cm, th: 0.1 cm.
44. Goblet (T. III, 17), two rim and wall fragments, two body fragments and one base and wall fragment, west
embankment 1, 2nd layer, beneath the floor a, 78.94 meters of sea level, between southern profile and wall III,
field inv.no. 167 and 168/2007, light green grass; rim d: 8 cm, th: 0.1 cm, base d: 4 cm.

Bottles
One rim fragment and a glass vessel neck can be identified as a bottle, probably a type with
a long, cylindrical neck and a spherical body. Brukner in 1982 dated the find to second half of
the 4th century.37
45. Bottle (PL. IV, 1), rim and neck fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no.150/1976, white glass, d: 2.5 cm; Brukner/
Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 8.

Cosmetic products containers

Only two bases of balsamaria and one of unguentarium were found at the site 1a. Two small
convex bases are identified as balsamaria. They were found in the channel Е-Е, which is dated,
according to the pottery, to period from the 1st until the 3rd centuries CE.38 Unguentarium base is
conically narrowed with elongated indentations, while the middle part of the body is decorated
with arched grooved lines. Similar variations of the same type vessels are dated to the 4th century
CE.39
46. Balsamarium (T. IV, 3), bottom and wall fragment, channel Е-Е, between walls 9 and 11, room 16, field inv.
no. 28b/1976 (Z-6067), bluish glass; base d: 4 cm.
47. Balsamarium (T. IV, 4), base and wall fragment, channel Е-Е, between walls 9 and 11, room 16, field inv. no.
28c/1976 (Z-6067), bluish glass; base d: 3.4 cm.
48. Unguentarium (T. IV, 2; T. VII, 12, 19), rim and neck fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no.150/1976, white
glass, d: 2.5 cm; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 8.

37 Брукнер 1982, p. 22.

38 Брукнер 1982, 20-21.
39 Isings 1957, 126, form 105.

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JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

Lamps
Small handles with a button-shaped joints are often decorated with the groove (T. V, 3, 4,
5, 7) and were most likely parts of cylindrical glass lamps, which are dated in the 5th and 6th
centuries and can be found on sites Kostol (Pontes), Caričin grad, Gradina na Jelici and others40.
Our samples are dated to the first half, middle and second half of the 4th century.
49. Handle (T. V, 7), fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no.151/1976, green glass; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 14.
50. Handle (T. V, 3), east embankment 2, room 2, 1st layer beneath mosaic floor 3, filed inv.no. 108/2006, green glass.
51. Handle (T. V, 4), east embankment 2, room 3, 14th layer beneath hydraulic mortar, field inv.no. 73/2006,
green glass.
52. Handle (T. V, 5), west embankment 3, room 2, 1st layer beneath the floor а, in a hypocaust channel where the
floor is damaged, field inv. no. 193/2007, green glass.

Unidentified glass vessels

There is a large number of unidentified glass vessels found on site 1a. They are fragments of
handles, bases or bodies with specific ornaments. These fragments are valuable source for our
understanding of forms and decoration diversity.
Handles (T. V, 1, 2, 8) are possibly parts of larger glass vessels, like jugs or bottles. Based on
other finds from the site, they can be dated to the second half of the 4th century.
53. Handle (T. V, 1), fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no.119/1976, green glass; Brukner/Брукнер 1982, T. VIII, 13.
54. Handle (T. V, 2), fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 144/1976, (Z-6069), bluish glass.
55. Handle (T. V, 8), fragment, channel B-B, field inv.no. 156/1976, bluish glass.

Base fragments can be mostly identified as parts of beakers and goblets. A few fragments can
be identified as bowls (T VI, 4, 21) or some other larger vessel forms (T. VI, 24, 25). Bases are
flat, ring or concave shaped. Bases (T. VI, 1-9, 17) discovered in the channel B-B at the Room 16
are dated to the second half of the 4th century. Two base fragments found between two mosaic
floors of the Room 2 are dated to the middle of the 4th century. Bases (T. VI, 21, 24, 25) are
dated to the 4th century while base fragments (T. VI, 18, 20 and 23) cannot be provided with
more precise chronology.
According to the features of the cut and incised ornaments, two fragments (T. V, 10, 11),
found in the levelling layer of the palace construction, can be designated as the product of the
Rhine-Cologne workshops and dated to the 3rd century.41 The first fragment is decorated with cut
made ornaments formed of bigger circles parts filled with grids. Second fragment is decorated
with two parallel horizontal lines and two ellipsoid grooves. Cut circle ornaments (T. V, 9; T.
VII, 20) are favourite technique of glass decoration in Cologne from the second half of the 3rd
century. Our fragment is probably part of hemispherical bowl dated from the second half of
the 3rd until the 4th centuries.42

40 Ružić 1994, 55, type XII/1, cat. 1145-1148, T. XLIII, 3, 4, Kostol (Pontes), Gradina on Mountain Jelica; Duval,
Jeremić 1984, Fig. 145, 1, 2; Bavant 1990, Fig. 149, Pl. XXXII, 108-109; Križanac 2009, Fig. 9, 1, cat. 33.
41 Parović Pešikan 1973, 26, T. XXI, 21, 22, T. XXIV, 3, 7; Radnóti 1957, 143-144, Pl. XXVII, 7.
42 Šaranović Svetek 1986, 11-12, type I/3, variety A, T. I/4, cat. 12.

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 THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

56. Body fragment (T. V, 10), western embankment 1, room 2, 1st layer beneath the floor c, between south profile
and wall III, field inv. no. 169/2007; white glass.
57. Body fragment (T. V, 11), western embankment 4, room 2, on fragment of dislocated mosaic floor 10, field
inv.no. 188/2007, yellowish glass.
58. Body fragment (T. V, 9; T. VII, 20), channel C-C in room 16, field inv.no.13/1976 (Z-6080), blue yellowish
glass, th: 0.2 cm.

DECORATIONS
Decorations are present on a number of glass vessels fragments. The most frequent are grooved
lines and incised bands, a technique characteristic for the late antiquity vessels, especially beakers,
goblets and bowls (T. VII, 1, 9, 4, 5, 17, 20). Among all the decorative techniques, the vertical and
diagonal shallow grooves ornament made in the cast blowing technique is the least common (T.
VII, 2, 12). Glass vessels with ellipsoid and circle indentations and folds (T. VII, 6, 19) were also
made in the cast blowing technique. One of the features of late antiquity decoration technique is
the application of dark blue, or, in rare examples, purple (T. VII, 11), with blobs arranged either
in clusters43 (T. VII, 8) or in a sequence (T. VII, 16). At the same time, glass thread decorations
appear on the surfaces of free-blown vessels (T. VII, 18).
59. Body fragment (T. VII, 8), eastern embankment 2, room 3, layer of hydraulic mortar beneath the channel
А-А, field inv.no. 78/2006, light green glass, th: 0.15-0.2 cm.
60. Body fragment (T. VII, 11), channel Е-Е of the room а between the walls 9 and 11 of the room 16, field inv.
no. 28е/1976 (Z-6067), transparent glass, th: 0.05 cm.

Two body fragments of poor-quality glass vessels made in free-blowing technique can be
identified as the medieval glass. One is a base fragment with a foot in a form of a thorny wreath
(T. VI, 26; T. VII, 15). On the basis of other finds on this site (found during the demolition of the
brick wall built with mud, dated to the 14/15th centuries) and some analogies from other sites in
Serbia44, this glass is dated to the late medieval period. Body fragment from a glass vessel with
cut glass and two applied blobs in the same colour as the glass can be attributed to the same
period (T. VII, 14).45 It was found in the medieval kiln.
61. Body fragment (T. VI, 26; Т. VII, 15), western embankment 2, from the wall 2, field inv.no. 181/2007, yellowish
glass.
62. Body fragment (T. VII, 14), western embankment 2, 9th layer of the northern profile to the wall 1, in red
scorched ground (medieval kiln), field inv.no. 179/2007, green glass.

Analysis of the glass forms from the site 1a in Sirmium enabled us to look into the individual
construction of the palace. Early forms of glass vessels are present in small numbers. We have
only two bowl fragments that undoubtedly belong to this period. Early Roman glass vessels found
in the area of the former Roman province of Pannonia are mainly imported from the north Italy,

43 Barkóczi 1972, T. 8, 6, group III, dated to the second half of the 4th century.
44 Bikić 2011, Fig. 12, 2 (Mali Zvečan), dated to 15/16th centuries.
45 Bikić 2011, Fig 14, (Belgrade fortress), dated to 15/16th centuries.

21
JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

most certainly Aquileia.46 Aquileia was not only the one of the most important Roman glass
making centres, but was a very important marine port in which goods arrived from all around
the Roman Empire and beyond.
The early phase of the late imperial period imported glass from Cologne (Rhine glass) is more
common than the glass imported from Italy and the rest of the Mediterranean47. However, the
excavated finds include only three samples which can be unconditionally attributed to Rhine
workshops.
Site 1a clearly shows greater number of glass vessels belonging to the final phase of the
late imperial period represented with numerous types of vessels. Most of the fragments are
richly decorated with different techniques, which include cutting, incision, horizontal grooves,
application of glass threads or blobs, or with various ornaments created by cast blowing. Conical
and bell-shaped goblets, hemispherical goblets and bowls are typical and common forms of glass
vessels on almost all late antique and early Byzantine sites. However, some of the decoration
types that exist on vessels from the site 1a are not common or can be seldom found (goblets with
indentations, application of glass threads and purple blobs). It is quite difficult to determine
origin of some types of the glass vessels. One of the reasons being that in late antique period
local manufacturers produced glass in the same quantity as the imported ones, either from the
Rhine or Aquileia.

WINDOW PANE GLASS

In addition to the glass vessels from the site 1a in Sremska Mitrovica, numerous flat glass
fragments, that can be identified as window panes, have also been discovered. The highest
concentration of the fragments has been found in a drain channel (Channel E-E) built under the
street that ran through the southern gate of the original city walls (II-III centuries) damaged by
subsequent construction of the palace in the 4th century.48 Similar findings have been registered
within the imperial residence in the room 16 which has three successive mosaic floors. Fragments
of window glass were found between the mosaic floors A and B and also in the hypocaust channel
B-B, which was built at the time when the earliest mosaic floor was built in the same room (mid-
4th century).49 Only few fragments of window panes were found in the room 3.
Transparent light blue or greenish glass is the most common among the findings (Fig. 3), with
more or less pronounced wavy structure, corrosion and iridescence that produces the effect of
white coloured surface (Figs. 4,5). The presence of air bubbles is also present to a greater or lesser
extent on several fragments of greenish glass lacking strong iridescence, (Fig. 6). Window glass
fragments are of uneven thickness, 1-2 mm around the wedged region, and 3-5 mm in the centre.

46 Šaranović Svetek 1986, p. 55; Ružić 1994, p. 65; Leljak 2012, p. 122; Lazar 2006, p. 330.
47 Šaranović Svetek 1986, p. 56.
48 Брукнер 1982, pp. 8, 20-22; Popović 2013, pp.114-115.
49 Брукнер 1982, pp. 21-22.

22
 THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Fig. 3. Fig. 6

Figs. 4, 5

23
JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

Glass window panes occur in the Roman period in more significant numbers after the 1st
century CE, both in Italy and the provinces.50 Since the production of glass was expensive,
windows with architecture glass panes were limited only to the most exclusive public and
private buildings. If they existed at all, most homes, especially those belonging to the poorer
population of the Roman Empire, had smaller-sized windows. They are covered with wooden
shutters, fabric or greased skins. Glass panes were used for more luxurious buildings as well
as transparent thin slabs made of marble or alabaster, inserted into frames or directly into the
architecture of a window frame.
Production of window glass in the Roman period was based on two fundamentally different
techniques. The first involved the casting of glass panels in wooden moulds. The produced window
panes had uneven thickness and only one smooth side.51 Still hot and softened piece of glass was
stretched to the desired size using special pliers with wide jaws which created thinned edges
and uneven thickness of the panels. Another technique, developed in the 3rd century, implied
blowing the glass bubble in the form of a cylinder which is longitudinally cut and cropped at the
ends.52 This technique produced thinner and more transparent glass plates of larger dimensions.
Judging by the appearance of certain fragments from the site 1a in Sremska Mitrovica, window
glass panes were made in casting technique. First reference to this is the uneven thickness of
the glass and the wedged ends (Fig. 3), which is left in the traces of the subsequent expansion of
the glass pane after casting. The use of this technique could be confirmed also by the ellipsoidal
shape of air bubbles trapped in the glass structure (Fig.6) occurred by further stretching of the
plate to the desired form. Unfortunately, the preserved fragments from Sremska Mitrovica could
not provide the elements for a full reconstruction of the shape and dimensions of the window
glass plates. Also, it has not been possible to establish how the glass plates were fixed to window
frames, or whether they were mobile or not. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that the site
1a revealed several amorphous pieces of molten lead which might eventually point out the
method of joining the glass plates with the lead stripes, as it was the case with the findings from
Philippi.53 In Serbia, fragments of window glass were found in several late antiquity and early
Byzantine settlements and forts as well in public religious and residential buildings.54 A greater
number of fragments of flat green, yellow and blue window glass was detected also on the part
of the Roman Limes in Iron Gates.55
Transport of the window glass has been linked with a number of risks, particularly in land
transport, and it is very likely that the window glass from Sirmium is produced in local workshops.
The remains of glass furnaces confirm that during the 4th and the first half of the 5th centuries,

50 Forbes 1966, p.187; Price 1976, pp. 124-125.

51 Because of the sandy substrate mould in which the glass is laid, the other side of the glass panes was matte
and finalized by further grinding and polishing: Fleming 1999, pp. 23, 26
52 Forbes 1966, p. 199.
53 Antonaras 2007, pp. 49-50, fig. 3.
54 Крижанац, Мркобрад 2012 (Postenje); Stamenković, Ivanišević 2012, p. 92 (Caričin Grad); Križanac 2009,
pp. 279-280 (Jelica); Радичевић 2002, pp. 37-53 (Liška Ćava); Ivanišević, Špehar 2005, p. 143, Figs. 4.17-19 (Čečan,
Gornji Streoc); Ivanišević 1990, p. 14 (Zlatni kamen).
55 Špehar 2010, pp. 88-89.

24
 THE GLASS FINDS FROM THE SITE 1A (IMPERIAL PALACE) AT SIRMIUM – ROMAN AND MEDIEVAL PERIOD

glass making in the former Roman provinces in Serbia was continuing despite repeated barbarian
invasions. According to the uncovered reservoirs and furnaces, secondary production of glass
existed in Sirmium and some other Roman urban centres.56
In addition to the monumental remains of architecture, sculptures and expensive imported
stone wall covering, mosaic floors of exceptional quality and fresco paintings, window pane glass
fragments from the site 1a offer an insight into the luxury interior of the Imperial Palace whose
origins are in late 3rd and early 4th centuries, which is in full compliance with the importance of
Sirmium as the imperial residence and one of the most important administrative centres of the
late Roman empire.57

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JASMINA DAVIDOVIĆ, BILJANA LUČIĆ, DR MIROSLAV VUJOVIĆ

Јасмина Давидовић, Музеј Срема, Сремска Митровица

Биљана Лучић, Завод за заштиту споменика културе Сремска Митровица
Проф. др Мирослав Вујовић, Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултет

ПРЕДМЕТИ ОД СТАКЛА ОТКРИВЕНИ

НА ЛОКАЛИТЕТУ 1А (ЦАРСКА ПАЛАТА) У СИРМИJУМУ
– РИМСКИ И СРЕДЊОВЕКОВНИ ПЕРИОД

Резиме
Сирмијум (Sirmium) се налази испод модерног града Сремске Митровице, који је око
70 км западно од Београда. Током шест векова римске доминације Сирмиум је стекао
статус колоније, био административни центар провинције Pannoniae Secundae, постао
царска резиденција и ранохришћанска бискупија. Сирмиум су 582. године освојили
Авари, који су град брзо напустили и оставили га да полако пропада у Средњи век.
Најзначајнији локалитет у 130 година истраживања Митровице је свакако локали-
тет 1а – део империјалне палате, који је истраживан у кампањама 1957–1960, 1971,
1974, 1976–1979 (конзерваторски радови) и 2006, 2007. Локалитет 1а је саставни део
комплекса палате са циркусом (хиподром) и то резиденцијални део са зградама које
су луксузно опремљене унутрашњом декорацијом вишеслојних мозаичких подова и
импортованим мермерним и порфирним зидним облогама. У раду се анализирају
стаклене посуде и прозорско стакло са овог локалитета са свих археолошких кампања,
како ранијих тако и новијих радова који су уствари представљали припремне радове
за наткривање целокупног локалитета. Главни циљ рада је да се установе типологије
форми из римског периода, а са посебним освртом на касноантичко време, када су
и налази најбројнији, али такође и представљање налаза стакла из средњовековног
периода, углавном од XIV до XVI века.

30