Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region V
SCHOOLS Division of Camarines Sur
SCIENCE 8

Jehu Marco P. De Los Santos

Name : ______________________________________________ Quarter : 4th Week : 3
8 STOC-A
Grade Level/Section: ________________________________ Date: _____________________

PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
I. Introductory Concept
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was an Austrian monk at the
distinguished monastery of St. Thomas in the town of Brűnn, now
Brno, in the Czech Republic. He was a high school teacher of
Physics and Natural History who spent his free time conducting
biological experiments in a small garden near the monastery. He
carried out his famous experiments on crosses of garden peas
(Pisum sativum) from 1856 to 1863. Mendel observed that garden
pea’s traits were often similar to their parents. Sometimes, however,
different traits emerged. For more than ten years Mendel
experimented with thousands of pea plants. He reported all his
findings to a local natural history society, which then published the
findings and interpretations of his research in its scientific Journal in 1866.

Table 1. Results of Mendel’s crosses between pure-breeding pea plants

Characters studied Parent First Filial (F1)
Generation
Seed shape Round Wrinkled Round
Seed color Green Yellow Yellow
Seed coat color colored White Colored
Pod shape Inflated Constricted Inflated
Pod color Green Yellow Green
Flower Position Axial Terminal Axial
Stem length Long Short Long

Table 2. Results of Mendel’s crosses between hybrid plant

Characters Hybrid F2 Generation Produced by Self- Observed
studied Pollinating F1 Hybrids Ratio
Seed shape Round Round Wrinkled 2:96:1
Seed color Yellow green Yellow 3:01:1
Seed coat color Colored Colored White 3:15:1
Pod shape Inflated Inflated Constricted 2:95:1
Flower position Axial Axial Terminal 3:14;1
Stem length Long Long Short 2:84:1
Based on the result of his experiments, Mendel came up with an important hypothesis
that did fit his observations. He concluded that a trait is determined by a pair of “factor.”
Today, Mendel’s factors are called genes. He discovered that genes can exist in alternative
forms called alleles. Alleles that can hide expression of the other alleles are referred to as
dominant alleles. Alleles whose expression can be masked are called recessive alleles. The
visual expression of alleles, which does not always indicate the actual genetic makeup of an
organism, is called the phenotype, and the genetic makeup is the genotype. Individuals that
are pure-breeding for a particular character have identical alleles and have homozygous
genotype. On the other hand, an individual with contrasting alleles (a dominant and a
recessive allele) for a particular character is said to have a heterozygous genotype.

Mendel’s Patterns of Inheritance

Before Mendel’s time, it was believed that all

traits become mixed when they are transmitted
from generation to generation. However, when
Mendel crossed pure-breeding pea plants, pea
plants did not produce offspring with blended or
intermediate traits. In Mendel’s experiments, the
pure-breeding parent plants had two identical
genes for a trait: round seed = RR, wrinkled seed
= rr, Mendel Hypothesized that: The pair of genes
segregate or separate from each other during
gamete formation. This is now known as the Law
of Segregation. Mendel concluded that each images of chromosomal basis of mendel's law of segregation - Bing images

individual has two copies of each factor that each individual receives from its parents, one
allele from its mother and the other from its father. He suggested that the two alleles
possessed by a parent must separate or segregate from each other so that only one allele
goes into each egg cell and only one goes into each sperm cell. This law of segregation
directly refers to meiosis, wherein the gametes formed
contain from each parent “factors” that control
specific trait. Law of Independent assortment, Mendel
also realized that during gamete formation, pairs of
factors or genes segregate independently of one
another. This is the result of meiosis in which the
movement of one pair of chromosomes is not
influenced by the movement of another pair of
chromosomes.
Science Grade 8 Learner’s Material Mendel’s crosses can be recorded in a chart called
Punnett square. The Punnett square helps us to predict the outcome of a given cross. It allows
us to determine the possible combination of genes in a cross.

II. Learning Skills/Competency

Predict phenotypic expression of traits following simple patterns of inheritance (S8LT-IVf-18)

III. Activities
Activity1. Direction: Complete the Punnett Square below for this couple.
 A male and female bird have 4 unhatched eggs.
The female is on the left heterozygous; the male
on the right is homozygous recessive. Use B or b
for your genotypes. COPYRIGHT CRAIG KOHN, WATERFORD WI 2011

Bb Bb
bb bb
Q1. Write the phenotype of the female and the phenotype of the male below:
Female phenotype is gray and the male phenotype is black
___________________________________________________________________________
Q2. Which color is dominant, gray or black? How do you know?
Gray is dominant
___________________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. Direction: Given the cross RrYy x RrYy, fill up the Punnett square below.
RY Ry rY Ry
Ry RRYy RRYY RrYy RRyy
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RRYy
rY rrYY RrYy
RrYY RrYy
Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy RRyy

Q1. How many kinds of genotypes will the offspring have?

9 genotypes
____________________________________________________________________
Q2. What proportion of the offspring will have the following phenotype: RY,
Ry, rY, and ry?
RY: 11/16 ,Ry: 4/10 ,rY: 1/16 ,rY:0
____________________________________________________________________

IV. References
Baguio, S. et. al. (2013). Breaking Through Science 8 pp. 392, C & E Publishing, Inc
Prototype and Contextualized daily lesson plans in grade 8 science pp. 163-180
Science Grade 8 Learner’s Material pp. 329 – 343
https://www.wcpss.netlibpdf

Prepared by: SHEILA C. PEÑA

Writer

Quality Assured by: EMILY B. ESMABE

Education Program Supervisor-1, Science

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