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8
SCIENCE
Quarter IV – Week 3
Genetics: Its Meaning
and Principles

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Science – Grade 8
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter IV - Week 3: Genetics: Its Meaning and Principles
First Edition, 2020

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 Lesson 1
Genetics:
Its Meaning and Principles
MELC: Predict Phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of inheritance
(S8LT-IVf-18)

Objectives:
1. Describe the results of Mendel‘s experiment.
2. Predict Phenotypic expressions of traits.
3. Solve genetic problem using Punnett Square.

Let’s Try

Directions: Read and analyze each question carefully and write the letter of the
correct answer on the blanks provided.

_______ 1. Which of the following terms refers to the factors that control a trait?
A. DNA C. Parents
B. Genes D. Recessive
_______ 2. What does the notation BB mean to geneticists?
A. Two recessive alleles.
B. Two dominant alleles.
C. At least one dominant allele.
D. One dominant and one recessive allele.
_______3. Which of the following gene pairs shows the homozygous dominant trait?
A. Rr C. RR
B. rr D. rR
_______4. What kind of genotype shows two different alleles carried by a pair of genes?
A. A. homozygous genotype C. recessive genotype
B. B. heterozygous genotype D. dominant genotype
_______5. Which of the following is TRUE for alleles?
A. They can be dominant or recessive.
B. They can represent alternative forms of a gene.
C. They can be different for any given gene in a somatic cell.
D. They can be identical or different for any given gene in a somatic cell.
_______6. When crossing a homozygous recessive with a heterozygous, what is the chance of
getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?
A. 25 % C. 75%
B. 50% D. 100%
________ 7. Which of the following shows an organism’s genotype?
A. Stem height C. Genetic makeup
B. Feather color D. Physical appearance

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________8. Which of the following characteristics of pea plants was NOT used by Mendel in
his experiments?
A. Pod length C. Seed color
B. Seed shape D. flower position
_______ 9. What does a Punnett square show?
A. Only the recessive alleles in a genetic cross.
B. All the possible outcomes of a genetic cross.
C. Only the dominant alleles in a genetic cross.
D. All of Mendel’s discoveries about genetic crosses.

_______10.Which statement is TRUE about the Punnett Square? T- Tall t= short

t t
A. 25% offspring are tall.
B. 50% offspring are short. T Tt Tt
C. 75% of offspring are short.
D. 100% of offspring are tall.
T Tt Tt

Let’s Explore and Discover

UNLOCKING of DIFFICULTIES

Allele refers to the contrasting trait. Example : Round (R); wrinkled (r)
Gene is a unit of inheritance . It is a DNA. The letter symbols A, a, S, s, Y, y
represent genes
Heredity is the transmission of such qualities from ancestors to descendants
through the genes.
Phenotype refers to the physical characteristics of an organism.
Genotype refers to the genetic characteristics of an organism.

How are you today dear students? Have you ever wondered why you have some
characteristics just like your father or your mother? This is what “Like begets like.”
Actually, the children and their parents are more alike than different with each other.
This can be understood by learning more about genetics
Genetics as a science of heredity and variation could
still be the answer for the betterment of life. Many are not
fully aware of the importance of genes or factor of inheritance;
that the gene is the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) which has the
blueprint of life. This gene is contained in the chromosome
which can be studied using the microscope. If you have seen
the cell, you will find that in the nucleus of the cell is the
chromosome which bears the DNA.
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity
Johann Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was an Austrian
scientist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate who lived in the (Source: Biography, Gregor
1800s and was named as the Father of genetics. His Mendel, accessed April 5, 2021,
experimentation on pea plants on his garden while he was in https://www.biography.com/
scientist/gregor-mendel.)
the monastery led him to discover the fundamental laws of
inheritance.

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The Mendelian Laws of Heredity
1. The Law of Segregation: Genes separate at meiosis and pass into different
gametes.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: The character of organism is
controlled by pairs of genes or factor.
3. The Law of Dominance: One factor or gene in a pair may mask or inhibit
the other factor.
4. The Law of Chance Recombination: The egg cell and the sperm cell
combine by chance without regard to the nature of the units of heredity
(genes) they carry.
Traits are passed down to families in different patterns. The inheritance pattern of
this characteristic is considered dominant, because it is observable in every generation.
This pattern of inheritance, in which the parents do not show the phenotype but some of
the children do, is considered recessive.

Table 1: Traits in Garden Peas Studied by Mendel

Trait Studied Parents Trait

Dominant Recessive

Shape of Seed

Round Wrinkled

Color of seed

Yellow Green

Color of seed coat

Colored White

Shape of pod
Inflated Constricted

Color of pod
Green Yellow

Position of flowers
Axial Terminal

Length of stem
Long Short
(Source:Pia C. Campo et al., Science Grade 8 Learner's Module, Pasig City: Department of
Education, 2016, 169.)

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Table 2 Difference Between Phenotype and Genotype
Genotype Phenotype
The hereditary information of the organism
The characters of an organism which are
in the form of gene in the DNA and remains
visible are known as phenotypes.
the same throughout the life.
Expression of genes as the external
Present inside the body as genetic material.
appearance.
It is affected by genotype and
It is affected by genes
environmental conditions.
For example: Blood group, eye colour, For example: Weight, body shape and hair
genetic diseases. color
(Source: “Difference Between Phenotype and Genotype,” Byjus’s, accessed March 24, 2021,
https://byjus.com/biology/genotype-and-phenotype-difference/.)

Predicting Phenotypic and Genotypic Ratios in Monohybrid Cross

The genotypic ratio describes the number of times a genotype would appear in
the offspring after a test cross. For example, a test cross between two organisms with
same genotype. Rr for a heterozygous dominant trait will result in offspring with
genotypes RR, Rr and rr.
On the other hand , the phenotypic ratio is the number of times a specific
combination of alleles appears in the phenotypes of any offspring. It is also possible to
work out which parent alleles are dominant or recessive by studying the phenotypes of
their offspring.
The Punnett Square is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a
particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who
devised the approach. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an
offspring having a particular genotype.

Steps in Monohybrid Cross

1. Step #1 – Create a key showing traits as dominant/recessive.

G-green pea (Dominant)
g-yellow pea (recessive)
2. Step # 2 – Make a list of possible allele combinations and the phenotypes
that each would produce.
GG- Dominant green
Gg- Heterozygous green
gg- Homozygous yellow
3. Step # 3 – Identify the parents that are being used in the cross.
GG x gg
4. Step # 4 – Draw a Punnett square to determine possible offspring.

Genetic contribution of one parent

g g
Genetic G Gg Gg Offspring
contribution (green) (green) genotype
of other possibilities
parent G Gg Gg
(green) (green)

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 5. Step # 5 – Identify the Genotypic ratio.

4:0 or 100 % Heterozygous Gg

6. Step # 6 – Identify the Phenotypic ratio.

4:0 or 100 % Green pea

(Source: “Probability of inheritance”, Palomar, accessed March 23, 2021

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/mendel_2.htm)

Example
Mang Bernard has a farm located at Barangay Bacungan, Puerto Princesa City. As a hog
raiser, he wants to breed his white sow with black boar. Let’s help Mang Bernard predict
the possible offspring?
Bb= Black boar
bb= white sow

Dominant B b

b Bb bb
Homozygous
Recessive
b Bb bb
Heterozygous

Genotypic ratio: 2 Bb: 2bb

Phenotypic ratio: 2 Black boar: 2 white sow

Let’s Practice

IDENTIFY IT!
Directions: Write whether it is homozygous dominant , heterozygous dominant
or homozygous recessive.

1. Aa- ________________________ 6. gg- ____________________________

2. TT- ________________________ 7. Rr- ____________________________
3. dd- ________________________ 8. YY- ____________________________
4. Pp- ________________________ 9. Cc- ____________________________
5. BB- _______________________ 10. rr- ___________________________

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 My Parent’s Traits!
Directions: Fill in the table below to show the traits that you and your parents possess.
Put a check (/) if the traits are present.
Observable Traits Mother Father You

1. Earlobes
a. Free earlobes
b. Attached earlobes

2. Tongue
a. Tongue roller
b. Non-tongue roller

3. Hands
a. Right handed
b. Left handed

4. Hair
a. Curly hair
b. Straight hair

5. Dimples
a. Dimples present
b. No-dimples

Answer the following questions

1. What traits do you and your father have in common?

____________________________________________________
2. What traits do you and your mother have in common?
____________________________________________________
3. What traits do you share with both of your parents?
___________________________________________________

(Source: Mary C. Abad et al., Integrative Science Teaching Guide in Biology, Lipa City, Philippines:
United Eferza Academic Publication, Co., 2010, 168.)

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 Let’s Do More

Pair Me Up!
Directions: Using the Punnett squares below, describe the characteristics of the
offspring and give the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

R= round seeds B= black hair

r= wrinkled seed b= brown hair

R r B B
R b B
b
r b

Genotypic ratio: ______________ Genotypic ratio: _________________

Phenotypic ratio: _____________ Phenotypic ratio: ________________

Next PHENO-minal GENO-ratio!

Directions: Create a Punnett square for 2 different traits by using the following alleles.

B- black hair b- brown hair

Choose your own genotype for each parent. (Example: BB- Homozygous dominant,
Bb Heterozygous dominant, bb Homozygous recessive).

Below the punnett square, list the percentage chance of the offspring having each
of the traits.( Example: 50% black, 50% brown)

______ ______

____

Genotypic Ratio: ____________________________

Phenotypic Ratio: ____________________________

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 Let’s Sum It Up

Directions: Fill in the blank with the appropriate term. Choose your answer
from the box

Allele heredity heterozygous

phenotype Genetics Dominant

Punnett Square pea hybrid gene

1. The __________ refers to the organism’s characteristics, such as straight or curly

hair.
2. _______ plant are good choice used by Mendel because they are fast growing and
easy to raise.
3. _____________ a science of heredity.
4. __________ is the passing of traits from an organism to its offspring.
5. _____________ the offspring of a cross pollination.
6. A single unit of genetic information is called ________.
7. __________ is a chart used to predict the genotypes of offspring.
8. ____________ an organism that has two different alleles of a gene.
9. A (an) _________ is an alternative form of gene.
10. _______ a trait that appears or is visibly expressed in the organism.

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 Let’s Assess
Directions: Read and analyze each question carefully and write the letter of the
correct answer on the blanks provided.

_________1.Which of the following statement is TRUE for alleles?

A. They can be dominant or recessive.
B. They can represent alternative forms of a gene.
C. They can be different for any given gene in a somatic cell.
D. They can be identical or different for any given gene in a somatic cell.
________2. What does the notation BB mean to geneticists?
A. Two recessive alleles.
B. Two dominant alleles.
C. At least one dominant allele.
D. One dominant and one recessive allele.
________3. Which of the following terms refers to the factors that control a trait?
A. DNA B. Genes C. Parents D. Recessive
________4. Which of the following gene pairs shows the homozygous dominant trait?
A. Rr B. rr C. RR D. rR
________5. Which of the following shows an organism’s genotype?
A. Stem height C. Genetic makeup
B. Feather color D. Physical appearance
7. ________6. What kind of genotype shows two different alleles carried by a pair of gene?
8. A. homozygous genotype C. recessive genotype
9. B. heterozygous genotype D. dominant genotype

_______7. When crossing a homozygous recessive with a heterozygous, what is the chance of
getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?
A. 25 % C. 75%
B. 50% D. 100%
_______8. Which statement is TRUE about the Punnett Square? T- Tall t= short

t t
A. 25% offspring are tall.
B. 50% offspring are short. T
Tt Tt
C. 75 % offspring are short.
D. 100% of offspring are tall.
T Tt Tt

_______ 9. What does a Punnett Square show?

A. Only the recessive alleles in a genetic cross.
B. All the possible outcomes of a genetic cross.
C. Only the dominant alleles in a genetic cross.
D. All of Mendel’s discoveries about genetic crosses.
______10. Which of the following characteristics of pea plants was NOT used by Mendel in
his experiments?
A. Pod length C. Seed color
B. Seed shape D. flower position

9
 Answer Key
Let’s Practice

1. Heterozygous dominant 6. Homozygous recessive Answer may vary

2. Homozygous dominant 7. Heterozygous dominant
3. Homozygous recessive 8. Homozygous dominant
4. Heterozygous dominant 9. Heterozygous dominant
5. Homozygous dominant 10. Heterozygous recessive

Let’s Do More

R r B B
R b Bb Bb
RR Rr
Answer may vary
r Rr rr b Bb Bb

G: 1 RR, 2 Rr, 1 rr G: 4 Bb
P: 3 Round, 1 wrinkled P: 4 Black hair

Let’s Sum It Up Let’s Try Let’s Assess

1. B 6.B 1. D 6. B
1. Phenotype 6. gene 2. B 7.C 2. B 7. B
2. Pea 7. punnet square 3. C 8.A 3. B 8. D
3. Genetics 8. heterozygous 4. B 9.B 4. C 9. B
4. heredity 9. Allele 5. D 10.D 5. C 10. A
5. hybrid 10. Dominant

References
Book

Abad, Mary C., Joni M. Albarico, Feliciana E. Andal, Maria Isabel M. Casanova, and
Maxima M. Javier. Integrative Science Teaching Guide in Biology. Lipa City,
Philipines: United Eferza Academic Publication, Co., 2010.

Campo, Pia C., Maria Helen D.H. Catalan, Letisha V. Catris, Marlene B. Ferido,
Ian Kendrich C. Fontanilla, and Jacqueline Rose M. Gutierrez. Science
Grade 8 Learner's Module. Pasig City, Philippines: Department of
Education, 2016.

Website

Biography. "Gregor Mendel." Accessed April 5, 2021.

https://www.biography.com/scientist/gregor-mendel.

Byjus’s. “Difference Between Phenotype and Genotype.” Accessed March 24, 2021.
https://byjus.com/biology/genotype-and-phenotype-difference/.

Palomar. “Probability of inheritance.” Accessed March 23, 2021.

https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/mendel_2.htm.

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