•Using your knowledge in genetics, try to understand the inheritance of

incomplete dominant, codominant and multiple alleles traits by analyzing

and solving the following problem:
A. What could be the resulting phenotypes of the cross between red four
o’clock flower (RR) and pink four o ' clock flower (RW)?
B. A pure white cow (WW) is cross with a pure roan cow (RW). Determine
the phenotype of the offspring and give the genotypic ratio.
C. A man with type AB (IAIB) blood is married to a woman with type O (ii)
blood. Show the cross. To determine the percentage of children having
A, B, AB and O blood type.
FEMALE MALE

 Which among the picture shows the

sex chromosome of a male?
 What about in female? Explain your
answer
Ishihara Eye Test: Position yourself approximately 2 feet
from your monitor and take 3 seconds to study each
picture. Identify the numbers.

 If you were able to

identify the numbers (15
and 6) correctly, then
you are not colorblind.
Colorblindness is the
inability to distinguish
colors red and green. It
is an example of a sex-
linked trait. Why is a
sex-linked trait

15 6 inherited?
 Module 3
Non-Mendelian Patterns
of Inheritance

Sex Inheritance Traits

 g
Objectiv
• Explain the differentespatterns of non-Mendelian
inheritance (S9LT-Id-29)
1. Determine the probability of having a male or female
gender.
2. Explain the sex- influenced trait.
3. Explain the sex-linked, sex-limited and sex-influenced
trait.
 Sex Chromosomes
 Most humans have an XY sex determination that
is responsible for the gender characterization of
an individual. Sex chromosomes control whether
the organism will be a male or a female.
 Both males and females have 22 pairs of
autosomal chromosomes and a pair of sex
chromosomes. Male brings X and Y
chromosomes, while both X
chromosomes are in females.
Male and Female Chromosomes
Sex Determination
A male offspring will be produced
when an egg fertilized by a sperm
passing on a Y chromosome.
Similarly, a female offspring will be a result
of a fertilized egg through a sperm carrying
an X chromosome.
Therefore, there is a fifty-percent probability
of having a male and female offspring.
Sex Determination
Punnett Square showing Sex
Determination:

X Y
X XX
25 % Female
XY
25 % Female

X XX
25 % Female
XY
25 % Male

Results: 50 % Female
50 % Male
Sex-Linked Genes
Sex linked inheritance is traits carried in
either the X or the Y chromosome.
Sex-linked traits determined by an X-
linked gene when an X chromosome
takes control.
On the other hand, the so-called Y-linked
genes are those located on the Y
chromosome.
Sex-Linked Genes
The presence of two X chromosomes in
females can suppress its expression when
one of them has the genes for the trait and
the other does not.
A trait due to a gene in the Y chromosome
will only show in males and not in females
because only males has Y chromosome.
Examples of Sex-Linked Traits
 Hemophilia-an example of an X-linked trait is a
rare genetic disorder in which a person lacks
enough blood-clotting proteins caused by a
change in one of the genes. Also known as
“Bleeder’s Disease”
 Color-blindness-is another condition of the X-
linked trait. These traits will be manifested in
females who have two genes of color-blindness. It
often happens when someone cannot distinguish
between certain colors. This usually happens
between greens and reds, and occasionally
Sample Problem
 Determine the percentage of the possible results of a
cross between color-blind male (XcY) and normal female
(XX).

X c
Y
XXc XY
X 25 % Normal
female carrier
25 % Normal
male

XXc XY
X 25 % Normal
female carrier
25 % Normal
male

Results: A chance that the child will be 50 %-Normal

female carrier of color-blindness and 50 % Normal male
 A woman who a carrier for color-blindness (she has the allele but
not the trait) has a normal (non-color-blind) man. What will be the
genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring?

X Y
XX XY
X 25 % Normal
female
25 % Normal
male

XXc XcY
X c 25 % Normal
female carrier
25 % Color-blind
male

Normal male- 25 % Normal female- 25 %

Color-blind male- 25 % Carrier female- 25 %
Color-blind female-0 %
Sex-Linked Genes
 Hypertrichosis pinnae auris- is a Y-linked trait
controlled by a Y chromosome and characterized by
hairy ear in which are expressed in males alone. This
human condition can be inherited from a father who
has the disorder, to his sons who, in turn, will pass it
on to their sons.
 Sex-Limited Traits
 Traits expressed to only one sex or gender. Generally,
it is autosomal which means they are not found on the
X or Y chromosomes
 Example: Lactation
 However, cattle carry genes for lactation on both
males and females. Lactating gene (L) is a dominant
gene over the non-lactating recessive gene (l). In
female cattle carrying one dominant gene (XXLl), or
two dominant genes (XXLL) lactation will be shown.
Nevertheless, neither male cattle having dominant
genes nor in male cattle that have recessive genes
will lactate.
Sex-Limited Traits
Other Examples:
Beard in males
Barred coloring in chickens normally is
visible only in the roosters.
Secondary hormonal development
Sex-Influenced Traits
 Autosomal traits that are expressed in both sexes but
more frequently in one than in the other sex.
 Example: Pattern Baldness-expressed in females but is
more often manifested in males.
 The gene has two alleles, “bald” (B) and “non-bald” (b),
and these genes are highly influenced by the hormones
individually.
 We know that all humans have testosterone, but males
have higher level of testosterone than females do. This
shows that, although baldness alleles (XYBB, XYBb, or
XXBB) behave like a dominant allele in males, they are
recessive in females (XXBb, XXbb)
 Phenotypes and Genotypes
Pattern Baldness in Humans
Sample Problem
 A male non-bald (XYbb) and Heterozygous female non-bald
(XXBb)

Xb Yb
XXBb
XB 25 % Female non-
bald
XYBb
25 % Male bald

XXbb XYbb
Xb 25 % Female non-
bald
25 % Male non-
bald

Results: 25 %-heterozygous female non-bald female,

25 % homozygous female non-bald,
25 % heterozygous male bald and 25 % male non-bald
 A heterozygous male bald marries a homozygous
female non-bald. What is the probability that the male
offspring will be bald? Answer: 0 %

XB Yb
XXBb
Xb 25 % Female non-
bald
XYbb
25 % Male bald

XXBb XYbb
Xb 25 % Female non-
bald
25 % Male non-
bald
 WEEK 5
LEARNING ACTIVIY

Answer Activity 3: Where Do I

Belong? Science 9-CO Module 3 p.
15