SCIENCE SARIAYA INSTITUTE, INC.

Sariaya, Quezon

9 NON-
9th
grade

MENDELI
AN
GENETI
CS
Lesson 2
Prepared by:
Ma’am Nica Angel C. Pagulayan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Describe the structure of the DNA
• Predict the outcome of various genetic
crosses and understand genetic problem
involving incomplete dominance, sex-linked
traits, and multiple alleles
• State the importance of knowing one’s blood
type
Find Your
Parent’s
Look-a-
like
 TABLE OF
01 02
CONTENTS 03
GENOTYPE &
DEFINITION DNA STRUCTURE PHENOTYPE
Genetics and Hereditary Parts of Nucleotide Dominant and recessive
Homozygous and Heterozygous

04 05 06
GENETIC
NON-MENDELIAN
ENGINEERING ACTIVITY SHEET
INHERITANCE
Laws of dominance, segregation, Transgenic organisms and Answer the Activity 3
and independent assortment DNA Fingerprinting
WHAT IS
GENETICS?
Branch of biology that studies
hereditary information.

Passing of characteristics
from parents to offspring
3 BRANCHES OF
GENETICS
● Mendelian Genetics – basic laws in inheritance-
Gregor Mendel
● Molecular Genetics – chemical nature of gene
● Population Genetics – behavior of particular gene
in a group of organisms and how gene is affected by
the environmental factors
02
DNA
STRUCTU
RE
 46
Humans have 23 pairs of
chromosomes for a total of 46
GENES are the building block
of hereditary.
Chromosome – strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
encoded with genes.

DNA- blueprint of life

 3 PARTS OF A NUCLEOTIDE
NITROGEN BASE
PAIR
-consist of purines and pyrimidines
H H
guanine (G) and adenine (A) cytosine and thymine N
N
N
SUGAR O—
| H
CH
O=P—O
Deoxyribose, sugar comes from a | 2
H
O— N N
ribose when it loses an oxygen atom. O

PHOSPHATE H H
GROUP H
H
-backbone of DNA molecule
OH H
 DNA UNIT TEST - EXERCISE

A template strand of DNA is TACCGATTGCA . What is the

complementary DNA strand that is created from this template?

CTACGACAGCA
NITROGENOUS BASES
N
H2N H ADENINE H3C O
THYMINE
H N—H
N N

H—N
O
N
H

N
H NH3
CYTOSINE O H
GUANINE
H N
H—N N

N
O N
H2N
GEN ALLE
E
Segment of chromosome LE
Form of the gene
GENOTY
PE Genetic make up

HOMOZYGO HETEROZYGOU
US
Pure, Same allele Shybrid, different allele
 PHENOTY
PE
Physical manifestation of allele
Observable trait

DOMINAN RECESSIV
T
Mask the presence of
EBeing masked by the
the other trait presence of other
traits
Let’s have an
example
 Phenotype or Genotype
Homozygous or
Heterozygous
1. Attached earlobe 6. Ee
2. TT 7. Ee
3. Tt 8. Curly hair
4. With freckles 9. Straight hair
5. Without dimples 10. Cc
 AN
GENETIC
S
Law of dominance states that when a dominant
and recessive allele pair up in one trait, only
the dominant trait shows in phenotype.
 04
NON-
MENDELIAN
INHERITANCE
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
● Involves pattern of inheritance do not follow the
principles of Mendelian inheritance.

Incomplete Dominance
● When two alleles are equally dominant, they interact to
produce a new phenotype
As an example, incomplete dominance is seen in cross-pollination
experiments between red and white snapdragon flowers. In this monohybrid
cross, the homozygous red snapdragon flower is allowed to cross with the
homozygous white snapdragon as the parental generation. The resulting
offspring are all pink. The genotypes are: Red (RR) X White (rr) = Pink (Rr)
What are the genotypic and phenotypic
ratios?
Both the genotypic and
phenotypic ratios is 1:2:1.
In this case, the genotypic
ratio would be 1 RR : 2
RW : 1 WW, and the
phenotypic ratio would be
1:2:1 for red: pink: white.
Remember that in Incomplete Dominance:
✓ Only the phenotype of the heterozygote is
blended (or intermediate).
✓ The alleles of the parents (which, in this
case, are red and whiteflowered plants) are
still distinct and separate from each other.
✓ The genotypic ratio also becomes the
phenotypic ratio since half of the gametes of
the offsprings carry half of both the parents.
Sample Problem
Among Andalusian fowls, the gene for feather color –
black [BB], blue [BW] and white [WW] exhibits
incomplete dominance. If 2 blue-feathered fowls are
mated, show the cross with the aid of a Punnett square.

Questions:
1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring?
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
Codominance is another
type of incomplete
dominance. In
codominance, alleles are
expressed at the same
time. This type of
inheritance is common to
animals such as short-
horned cattle and quails.
Sample Problem
Among Minance – a hypothetical plant flourishing in Planet
Codom – gold [GG] leaf color is codominant with bronze
[BB] leaf color. A gold leaf speckled with bronze occur
among heterozygotes [GB]. Using a Punnett square show
the cross between a bronze leaf with a speckled flower.

1. What would be the genotypes and phenotypes of

the offspring?
2. What are the phenotypic and genotypic ratios?
 Sex-linked Traits
● two types of chromosomes – autosomes and sex
chromosomes
● Humans have a normal chromosome count of 46; they
have 44 autosomes (body chromosomes) and 2 sex
chromosomes. Male chromosomes are paired as XY,
and female sex chromosomes are paired as XX. Sex-
linked traits of inheritance were discovered by Thomas
Hunt Morgan.
Sex-linked genes are also found in humans.
Colorblindness and hemophilia are sex-linked
traits in humans because these traits are linked to
the X chromosome; thus, these diseases are likely
to occur more frequently in males than in
females. Because females have two chromosomes
and males have only one X chromosomes, the
affected gene is guaranteed to manifest in males
who carry it. Females may just be carriers of sex-
linked diseases.
Color blindness is the inability to distinguish other colors
under normal lighting conditions.

Hemophilia is a hereditary condition wherein blood fails to

clot due to the absence of protein in the blood called fibrin.
Fibrin is a protein involved in blood clotting. Males are
affected by this disorder because they only have one X
chromosome, unlike females who have two X chromosomes.
Hemophilia is rare in females.
The chances of having color blind and hemophilic children can be
predicted using the test-cross method. Table 2.1 lists the genotypes
for color blindness and hemophilia.
Sample Problem 1
Suppose we have a father who does not have the
gene for color blindness and a mother who is the
carrier of the colorblind gene.
Step 1. Refer to table 2.1 for the genotypes of the parents:
Father : (normal vision) Mother: (carrier of color blindness)

Step 2. Use the Punnett square to separate possible genes

Sample Problem
What is the expected percentage of
children with hemophilia if the husband
is normal and his wife is hemophilic?
Give the 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔 and phenotypes.
Step 1
Refer to table 2.1 for the genotypes of the parents:
Father : (normal)
Mother: (hemophilia)
Step 2
Step 2. Use the Punnett square to separate possible
genes.
Step 3
Answer the question.
2/4 = 0.5 0.5 x 100 = 50% chance
 Multiple Alleles
Multiple alleles are the different versions of a
trait that exist within a population

human ABO blood type 𝐴 𝐵

𝐼 , 𝐼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖
“I” stands for isoagglutinogen, another term for antigen. It is a
protein produced by plasma and plays an important role in the
body’s immune system.
BLOOD TYPE
• Type O. People with blood type O have no antigen in their blood
cells. This means that their blood has no type A and no type B antigens.
People with blood type O can donate blood to people with blood types
A, B, and AB. That’s why people with blood type O are known as
universal donors.
• Type AB. People with both A and B antigens do not produce
antibodies for blood type A or for blood type B. Therefore they can
receive any type of blood from any donor. That’s why people with this
type of blood are known as universal recipients.
• Type A. People with type A blood have antigen A and produce type B
antibodies.
• Type B. People with this type have antigen B and produce Type A
antibodies.
Father is heterozygous for blood type A and mother is
heterozygous for blood type B.
 05
GENETIC
ENGINEERING
A PICTURE
ALWAYS
REINFORCES
THE
CONCEPT
Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an image
instead of a long text. Your
audience will appreciate it
ANSWER
ACTIVITY
SHEET
Answer your activity 3
 CONCLUSION
S
Incomplete Dominance is a non-Mendelian
inheritance pattern where a heterozygous
organism do not show the traits of the parents and
instead results in a new phenotype intermediate
between parental phenotypes. (The genotypic ratio
also becomes the phenotypic ratio since half of the
gametes of the offsprings carry half of both the
parents.
 CONCLUSION
S
Codominance is another non-Mendelian
inheritance pattern where a heterozygous
organism exhibits the traits of both parents. In this
form of inheritance, the alleles of a gene pair in a
heterozygote offspring are fully expressed or
exhibited. As a result, the offspring’s phenotype is
the combination of the parent’s phenotype due to
a shared dominance.
 CONCLUSION
S
• Multiple Alleles, a specific gene pair is
controlled by more than two alleles. Thus,
there are more than two phenotypes that
are exhibited or expressed in the offspring.
The ABO Blood Group system is the most
common example of the character
governed by this inheritance.
THANK YOU,
GRADE 9!
Do you have any questions?
 “Our own genomes carry the story of
evolution, written in DNA, the language
of molecular genetics and the narrative
is unmistakable .”
—KENNETH R. MILLER