Genetics A Conceptual Approach 6th

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1. Linked genes always exhibit:
A) phenotypes that are similar.
B) recombination frequencies of less than 50%.
C) homozygosity when involved in a testcross.
D) a greater number of recombinant offspring than parental offspring when involved
in a testcross.
E) a lack of recombinant offspring when a heterozygous parent is involved in a
testcross.

2. Linked genes:
A) assort randomly.
B) cannot cross over and recombine.
C) are allelic.
D) co-segregate.
E) will segregate independently.

3. Recombination occurs through:

A) crossing over and chromosome interference.
B) chromosome interference and independent assortment.
C) somatic-cell hybridization and chromosome interference.
D) complete linkage and chromosome interference.
E) crossing over and independent assortment.

4. A genetic map shows which of the following?

A) the distance in numbers of nucleotides between two genes
B) the number of genes on each of the chromosomes of a species
C) the linear order of genes on a chromosome
D) the location of chromosomes in the nucleus when they line up at metaphase during
mitosis
E) the location of double crossovers that occur between two genes

5. A testcross includes:
A) one parent who is homozygous recessive for one gene pair and a second parent
who is homozygous recessive for a second gene pair.
B) one parent who is homozygous dominant for one or more genes and a second
parent who is homozygous recessive for these same genes.
C) two parents who are both heterozygous for two or more genes.
D) one parent who shows the dominant phenotype for one or more genes and a second
parent who is homozygous recessive for these genes.
E) one parent who shows the recessive phenotype for one or more genes and a second
parent who is homozygous dominant for these genes.

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6. Recombination frequencies can be calculated by:
A) counting the number of recombinant and parental offspring when an individual
who is heterozygous for two genes is involved in a testcross.
B) performing a chi-square test on the F2 progeny when an individual who is
homozygous for two genes is initially crossed to an individual who is homozygous
recessive for these two genes.
C) counting the number of offspring who are expressing the dominant phenotype
when a heterozygous individual for two genes is involved in a testcross.
D) performing a chi-square test of the progeny of a cross between parents who are
both heterozygous for the same two genes.
E) counting the number of offspring that are found in the cross of an individual who is
heterozygous for two genes with another parent who is homozygous dominant for
one of these genes and homozygous recessive for the other gene.

7. Assume that an individual of AB/ab genotype is involved in a testcross and four classes
of testcross progeny are found in equal frequencies. Which of the following statements
is TRUE?
A) The genes A and B are on the same chromosome and closely linked.
B) The genes A and B are on the same chromosome and very far apart.
C) The genes A and B are probably between 10 and 20 map units apart on the same
chromosome.
D) The genes A and B are likely located on different chromosomes.
E) The genes A and B could be located on different chromosomes or on the same
chromosome and very far apart.

8. Is it possible for two different genes located on the same chromosome to assort
independently?
A) No, if two genes are on the same chromosome, they will be linked and the
recombination frequency will be less than 50%.
B) Yes, if the two genes are close enough to each other, there will be a limited number
of crossover events between them.
C) No, there will be very high crossover interference such that the recombination
frequency will be reduced significantly.
D) Yes, if the genes are far enough apart on the same chromosome, a crossover will
occur between them in just about every meiotic event.
E) Yes, but only if the two genes are both homozygous.

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 9. Genetic distances within a given linkage group: (Select all that apply.)
A) cannot exceed 100 m.u.
B) are dependent on crossover frequencies between paired, nonsister chromatids.
C) can be measured in centiMorgans or map units.
D) cannot be determined.
E) can only be determined by physical mapping techniques.

10. Crossing over occurs during:

A) late anaphase.
B) prophase.
C) metaphase.
D) early anaphase.
E) telophase.

11. What major contribution did Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton make to the
study of recombination?
A) Genetic recombination of alleles is associated with physical exchange between
chromosomes.
B) Genes are located on chromosomes and the map distance between them could often
be measured by the number of nucleotides in the DNA.
C) Determining map distances in humans could be done by using pedigrees and
calculating lod scores.
D) Association studies allow genes that have no obvious phenotype to be accurately
mapped.
E) Crossing over does not occur in male Drosophila, so there is no genetic
recombination.

Use the following to answer questions 12-13:

You are doing lab work with a new species of beetle. You have isolated lines that breed true for
either blue shells and long antenna or green shells and short antenna. Crossing these lines yields
F1 progeny with blue shells and long antenna. Crossing F1 progeny with beetles that have green
shells and short antenna yields the following progeny:

Blue shell, long antenna 82

Green shell, short antenna 78
Blue shell, short antenna 37
Green shell, long antenna 43
Total 240

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 12. A chi-square test is done to test for independent assortment. What is the resulting
chi-square value and how many degree(s) of freedom should be used in its
interpretation?
A) 27.1 and one degree of freedom
B) 14.9 and three degrees of freedom
C) 14.9 and two degrees of freedom
D) 27.1 and three degrees of freedom
E) 0.42 and two degrees of freedom

13. Assuming that the genes are linked, what is the map distance between them in m.u.?
A) 33.3 m.u.
B) 25.0 m.u.
C) 49.5 m.u.
D) 8.0 m.u.
E) The genes are assorting independently.

Use the following to answer questions 14-15:

Dr. Disney has been raising exotic fruit flies for decades. Recently, he discovered a strain of fruit
flies that in the recessive condition have baby blue eyes that he designates as bb. He also has
another strain of fruit flies that in the recessive condition have pink wings that are designated as
pw. He is able to establish flies that are homozygous for both mutant traits. He mates these two
strains with each other. Dr. Disney then takes phenotypically wild-type females from this cross
and mates them with double recessive males. In the resulting testcross progeny, he observes 500
flies that are of the following makeup:

41 with baby blue eyes and pink wings

207 with baby blue eyes only
210 with pink wings only
42 with wild-type phenotype

14. Assuming the wild-type alleles for these two genes are b+ and pw+, what is the correct
testcross of the F1 flies?
A) b+ pw+/b pw × b pw/b pw
B) b+ pw+/b pw × b pw+/b+ pw
C) b+ pw/b pw+ × b pw/b pw
D) b+ pw/b pw+ × b+ pw+/b pw
E) b+ pw+/b pw × b+ pw/b pw+

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15. What is the relationship with respect to location between the two genes?
A) They are far apart on the same chromosome and assorting independently.
B) They are linked and the map distance between them is 41.5 m.u.
C) They are on different chromosomes and assorting independently.
D) They are linked and 16.6 m.u. apart.
E) They are linked and 50.0 m.u. apart.

16. Two linked genes, (A) and (B), are separated by 18 m.u. A man with genotype Aa Bb
marries a woman who is aa bb. The man's father was AA BB. What is the probability
that their first child will be Aa bb?
A) 0.18
B) 0.41
C) 0.09
D) 0.25
E) 0.50

17. Two linked genes, (A) and (B), are separated by 18 m.u. A man with genotype Aa Bb
marries a woman who is aa bb. The man's father was AA BB. What is the probability
that their first two children will both be ab/ab?
A) 0.168
B) 0.0081
C) 0.032
D) 0.062
E) 0.13

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18. You are studying two linked genes in lizards. You have two females and you know that
both are the same genotype, heterozygous for both genes (A/a and B/b). You testcross
each female to a male that is fully homozygous recessive for both genes (a/a and b/b)
and get the following progeny with the following phenotypes:

Female 1 Female 2
AB – 37 AB – 5
ab – 33 ab – 4
Ab – 4 Ab – 35
aB – 6 aB – 36

How can you explain the drastic difference between these two crosses?
A) The two genes are assorting independently in female 1 and are linked in female 2.
B) The two genes are linked in female 1 and are assorting independently in female 2.
C) The two alleles are in the coupling configuration in female 1 but in the repulsion
configuration in female 2.
D) The two alleles are in the repulsion configuration in female 1 but in the coupling
configuration in female 2.
E) The two genes are likely located on a sex chromosome in female 1 and are likely
located on an autosome in female 2.

19. Assume that A and B are two linked genes on an autosome in Drosophila. A testcross is
made where AB/ab flies are crossed to ab/ab flies and the progeny are counted and
shown below. However, it is known that the Aa/bb genotype is lethal before the flies
hatch and does not appear among the testcross progeny counted. What is the most
precise map distance between the two genes that can be calculated from these data?

Aa Bb = 235
aa bb = 225
aa Bb = 20
A) 4.2 m.u.
B) 4.0 m.u.
C) 16.4 m.u.
D) 8.0 m.u.
E) 50 m.u.

20. If the recombination frequency between genes (A) and (B) is 5.3%, what is the distance
between the genes in map units on the linkage map?
A) 53 m.u.
B) 5.3 m.u.
C) 0.53 m.u.
D) 10.6 m.u.
E) 25 m.u.

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21. You are examining the following human pedigree and want to determine if the rare
dominant disease allele (D) is linked to a specific DNA sequence location you are using
as a molecular marker. Parental and progeny genotypes and phenotypes are indicated.
Note that the father is a dihybrid at both loci, but the mother is homozygous at both loci.
There is complete penetrance of the trait and a linkage phase of D-R1/d-R2 in the father.
Assuming that the marker and the gene are linked, what is the best estimate of the map
distance between the two loci?

A) 12 m.u.
B) 50 m.u.
C) 16 m.u.
D) 5 m.u.
E) 25 m.u.

22. In soreflies (a hypothetical insect), the dominant allele, L, is responsible for resistance to
a common insecticide called Loritol. Another dominant allele, M, is responsible for the
ability of soreflies to sing like birds. A true-breeding mute, Loritol-resistant sorefly, was
mated to a true-breeding singing, Loritol-sensitive sorefly, and the singing,
Loritol-resistant female progeny were testcrossed with true-breeding wild-type (i.e.,
mute, Loritol-sensitive) males. Of the 400 total progeny produced, 117 were mute and
Loritol-resistant, 114 could sing and were Loritol-sensitive, 83 could sing and were
Loritol-resistant, and 86 were mute and Loritol-sensitive. A chi-square test is done to
determine if there is equal segregation of alleles at the L locus. What will be the
chi-square value obtained and how many degrees of freedom would be used to interpret
this value?
A) 0.09 and one degree of freedom
B) 0.56 and two degrees of freedom
C) 0 and one degree of freedom
D) 9.72 and four degrees of freedom
E) A chi-square test is not the appropriate statistical test to answer this question.

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23. In soreflies (a hypothetical insect), the dominant allele, L, is responsible for resistance to
a common insecticide called Loritol. Another dominant allele, M, is responsible for the
ability of soreflies to sing like birds. A true-breeding mute, Loritol-resistant sorefly was
mated to a true-breeding singing, Loritol-sensitive sorefly, and the singing,
Loritol-resistant female progeny were test-crossed with true-breeding wild-type (i.e.,
mute, Loritol-sensitive) males. Of the 400 total progeny produced, 117 were mute and
Loritol-resistant, 114 could sing and were Loritol-sensitive, 83 could sing and were
Loritol-resistant, and 86 were mute and Loritol-sensitive. What will be the results of a
chi-square test for independent assortment?
A) 9.70 with three degrees of freedom
B) 4.63 with three degrees of freedom
C) 6.48 with four degrees of freedom
D) 2.54 with one degree of freedom
E) Because there are four classes of offspring, the genes must be assorting
independently.

24. Why are the progeny of a testcross generally used to map loci? Why not the F2 progeny
from an F1 × F1 cross?
A) Only recombinant offspring would be found in the progeny of an F1 × F1 cross.
B) The progeny of an F1 × F1 cross would be found in a 9:3:3:1 ratio when two genes
are involved, whereas the progeny of a testcross would result in a 1:1:1:1 ratio.
C) It is easier to classify recombinant and parental offspring of a testcross than with
the progeny of an F1 × F1 cross.
D) In a testcross more of the progeny would be expected to display the dominant
phenotype than in the progeny of an F1 × F1 cross.
E) A testcross is more useful for mapping genes that are located near each other but,
when genes are quite far apart on the same chromosome, an F1 × F1 cross actually
is more useful.

25. In corn, small pollen (sp) is recessive to normal pollen (sp+) and banded necrotic tissue,
called zebra necrotic (zn), is recessive to normal tissue (zn+). The genes that produce
these phenotypes are closely linked on chromosome 10. If no crossing over occurs
between these two loci, give the types of progeny expected from the following cross:

A) sp+ zn+/sp zn; sp zn/sp zn

B) sp+ zn/sp zn; sp zn+/sp zn
C) sp+ zn+/sp+ zn+; sp+ zn+/sp zn; sp zn/sp zn
D) sp+ zn/sp+ zn; sp+ zn/sp zn+; sp zn+/sp+ zn; sp zn+/sp zn+
E) sp+ zn+/sp zn; sp+ zn/sp zn

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26. In flower beetles, pygmy (py) is recessive to normal size (py+), and red color (r) is
recessive to brown (r+). A beetle heterozygous for these characteristics was test-crossed
to a beetle homozygous for pygmy and red. The following are progeny phenotypes from
this testcross.

py+ r+ 180
py+ r 22
py r+ 19
py r 191
Total 412

Carry out a series of chi-square tests to determine if there is equal segregation of alleles
at the py locus. What is the correct chi-square value and how many degree(s) of freedom
should be used in its interpretation?
A) 0.16 with one degree of freedom
B) 0.16 with three degrees of freedom
C) 0.48 with one degree of freedom
D) 0.48 with two degrees of freedom
E) 4.56 with one degree of freedom

27. In flower beetles, pygmy (py) is recessive to normal size (py+), and red color (r) is
recessive to brown (r+). A beetle heterozygous for these characteristics was test-crossed
to a beetle homozygous for pygmy and red. The following are progeny phenotypes from
this testcross.

py+ r+ 180
py+ r 22
py r+ 19
py r 191
Total 412

Carry out a series of chi-square tests to determine if the two loci are assorting
independently. What is the correct chi-square value and how many degree(s) of freedom
should be used in its interpretation?
A) 112 with one degree of freedom
B) 265 with three degrees of freedom
C) 367 with four degree of freedom
D) 16.5 with three degrees of freedom
E) 367 with three degrees of freedom

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28. A series of two-point crosses among fruit flies is carried out between genes for brown
eyes (bw), arc wings (a), vestigial wings (vg), ebony body color (e), and curved wings
(cv). The following number of nonrecombinant and recombinant progeny were obtained
from each cross:

Genes in cross Progeny (NR) Progeny (R)

a, bw 2224 117
a, cv 2609 823
a, e 3200 3200
a, vg 5172 2379
bw, cv 4614 1706
bw, e 4150 4150
bw, vg 2796 1434
cv, e 3116 3116
cv, vg 2102 305
vg, e 4559 4559

Using these data from two-point crosses, what it the best genetic map (in m.u.) that can
be developed?
A) cv 5 bw 13 a 34 vg with e assorting independently
B) bw 5 cv 24 vg 32 a with e assorting independently
C) a 5 bw 13 vg 24 e with vg assorting independently
D) cv 13 bw 5 a 27 vg with e assorting independently
E) bw 5 a 24 cv 13 vg with e assorting independently

29. An individual has the following genotype. Gene loci (A) and (B) are 15 m.u. apart. What
are the correct frequencies of some of the gametes that can be made by this individual?

A) Ab = 7.5%; AB = 42.5%
B) ab = 25%; aB = 50%
C) AB = 7.5%; aB = 42.5%
D) aB = 15%; Ab = 70%
E) aB = 70%; Ab = 15%

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 30. Two genes, A and B, are located 30 map units apart. The dihybrid shown below is mated
to a tester aa bb. What proportion of the offspring is expected to be dominant for both
traits?

A) 0%
B) 15%
C) 30%
D) 35%
E) 70%

Use the following to answer questions 31-32:

You just bought two black guinea pigs, one male and one female, of the same genotype from the
pet store that are known to be heterozygous (Bb). You also know that black fur (BB) is dominant
over white fur (bb) and that a lethal recessive allele is located only 1 m.u. away from the
recessive b allele, and your animals are both heterozygous for this gene also.

31. You decide to start raising your own guinea pigs, but after mating these animals several
times, you discover they produce only black offspring among the first 12 progeny. How
would you best explain this result?
A) The B locus is on the X chromosome, so it can never produce a white phenotype.
B) The B allele is actually codominant with the b allele, so a white phenotype cannot
be produced.
C) The recessive l allele is in tight coupling linkage with the b allele, so almost all of
the bb offspring will also be ll and thus die before they can be observed.
D) The dominant L allele is in tight repulsion linkage with the B allele, so it will be
impossible to produce the Bb genotype that would express the white phenotype.
E) Normally, it would be expected that 25% of the offspring would be white, but in
this case, random deviations from the expected resulted in no white offspring.

32. What is the probability of finding a white individual among the progeny if you cross
these two animals?
A) 0.25
B) 0.0025
C) 0.000025
D) 0.005
E) 0.495

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33. GGHH and ccdd individuals are crossed to each other and the F1 backcrossed to the
gghh parent. The 4000 progeny included 1806 GgHh, 1794 gghh, 196 Gghh, and 204
ggHh individuals. GGhh and ggHH individuals are next crossed to each other and the F1
test-crossed to a gghh individual. A total of 1600 offspring appeared in the progeny.
How many do you expect to be of GgHh genotype?
A) 40
B) 160
C) 320
D) 80
E) 1600

34. Assume that you are able to examine a total of 100 separate meiotic events in an animal
species. You note that within 10 of these meiotic events, there was a crossover event
occurring between genes A and B. In the remaining 90 events there was no crossover
event between these two genes. What would be the expected map distance between
genes A and B?
A) 10 m.u.
B) 5 m.u.
C) 20 m.u.
D) 45 m.u.
E) 50 m.u.

35. A double heterozygote for two linked genes in the mouse is test-crossed by crossing it to
a homozygous recessive parent. In the offspring, the two parental classes appear in a
frequency of 45% each, and the two recombinant classes appear in a frequency of 5%
each. What is the distance in map units between the two genes?
A) 45 m.u.
B) 22.5 m.u.
C) 10 m.u.
D) 5 m.u.
E) 2.5 m.u.

36. What is the chi-square test used for, and what does it tell you?

37. Discuss the differences and at least one similarity between recombination and
independent assortment.

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38. Geneticists often assume that map distances less than 7 to 8 map units (m.u.) are quite
accurate. Map distances that exceed this threshold significantly are assumed to be less
accurate and the level of accuracy declines as map distances increase. Briefly explain
this observation.

39. What does lod stand for?

A) linkage over DNA
B) linkage of dihybrids
C) long overall distances (with respect to map distances)
D) linker of DNA
E) logarithm of odds

40. Lod scores measure:

A) the relatedness of two individuals.
B) the number of crossover events that occur along an entire chromosome.
C) how often double crossovers occur.
D) the length of a linkage group.
E) the likelihood of linkage between genes.

41. Three-factor testcrosses are only informative in gene mapping when which of the
following occurs?
A) One parent is homozygous recessive for the three genes, and the other parent is
homozygous dominant.
B) All three genes are located on separate chromosomes, and one parent is
homozygous dominant for at least two of these genes.
C) Both parents are homozygous for the three genes.
D) One parent is heterozygous for the three genes, and the other parent is homozygous
recessive.
E) One of the genes must be located on a sex chromosome and be heterozygous, and
the other two genes must be located on an autosome and be homozygous.

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42. A low coefficient of coincidence indicates that:
A) far fewer double-crossover recombinant progeny were recovered from a testcross
than would be expected from the map distances of the genes involved.
B) crossing over has been enhanced for genes that are located near the centromere of
chromosomes because there is less interference of one crossover on the occurrence
of a second crossover event.
C) single-crossover recombinant classes in the progeny have been increased because
the genes involved produce lethal phenotypes when in parental gene combinations.
D) there is a large map distance between one of the outside genes in the heterozygous
parent and the middle gene, while there is a short map distance between the middle
gene and the other outside gene.
E) the physical distance between two genes is very short compared with the genetic
map distance between these two genes.

43. The map distances for genes that are close to each other are more accurate than map
distances for genes that are quite far apart because:
A) with genes that are far apart, double crossovers and other multiple-crossover events
often lead to lethal recombinants that reduce the number of recombinant progeny.
B) with genes that are far apart, double crossovers and other multiple-crossover events
often lead to nonrecombinant or parental offspring and thus reduce the true map
distance.
C) crossover interference will cause more double crossovers and other
multiple-crossover events to occur than would be expected and thus result in a
higher number of recombinant progeny than expected to occur with genes that are
far apart.
D) double crossovers and other multiple-crossover events occur more often when
genes are close to each other and can be readily detected, so these map distances
are more accurate than those for genes that are far apart.
E) when genes are far apart, single-crossover recombinant classes are more difficult to
detect than when genes are close together.

44. Interference occurs when:

A) two genes are assorting independently.
B) two genes are far apart on a genetic map.
C) one crossover inhibits another.
D) the number of recombinant progeny classes in the testcross of a heterozygote
exceeds the number of parental progeny.
E) a crossover causes the termination of the meiosis event in which the crossover is
occurring.

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45. A situation in which the coefficient of coincidence is greater than 1.0 would indicate
that:
A) the interference is high and one crossover suppresses the occurrence of a second
one.
B) no double crossovers were found in the progeny of a testcross, even though some
were expected based on probability.
C) double crossovers were found in the progeny of a testcross, but there were fewer of
them than would be expected based on probability.
D) there were more double crossovers in the progeny than would be expected based on
probability.
E) the genes involved were actually assorting independently.

46. In addition to determining genotypes, two- and three-factor testcrosses can be used to:
A) map gene loci.
B) screen recessive mutants.
C) measure heritability.
D) determine parental origin.
E) determine the physical location of genes.

47. A physical map often measures _____, whereas a genetic map measures _____.
A) distances between chromosomes; distances between genes
B) map units between genes; physical distances along the chromosome
C) centiMorgans; base pairs
D) distances in base pairs along the chromosome; centiMorgans
E) map units between genes; centiMorgans

48. What is a major difference in using lod-score analysis compared to using association
studies in determining gene locations in humans?
A) Lod-score analysis relies on family or pedigree data, while association studies use
population data.
B) Lod-score analysis requires that the loci being mapped must be on different
chromosome arms, while association studies can map genes on different
chromosomes.
C) Association studies compare genotypes between parents and their children, while
lod-score analysis compares genotypes between siblings of the same family.
D) Lod-score analysis requires isolated human populations, while association studies
require very large family pedigrees.
E) Lod-score analysis requires a large number of genes with multiple alleles, while
association studies can use genes that have only two alleles.

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49. The results of linkage analysis for DNA marker A and the p53 gene are shown below.
What is the best estimate for the approximate genetic distance between marker A and
the p53 gene in humans?

Recombination values (m.u.) 1 5 10 20 30 40

lod score 2.13 2.54 3.14 4.10 4.96 3.22
A) 1 m.u.
B) 5 m.u.
C) 10 m.u.
D) 20 m.u.
E) 30 m.u.

50. In maize (corn), assume that the genes A and B are linked and 30 map units apart. If a
plant of Ab/aB is selfed, what proportion of the progeny would be expected to be of
ab/ab genotype?
A) 2.25%
B) 15%
C) 9%
D) 30%
E) 4.5%

51. A testcross is performed on an individual to examine three linked genes. The most
frequent phenotypes of the progeny were Abc and aBC, and the least frequent
phenotypes were abc and ABC. What was the genotype of the heterozygous individual
that is test-crossed with the correct order of the three genes?
A) Abc aBC
B) BAC/bac
C) bcA/BCa
D) aBc/AbC
E) bAc/BaC

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Use the following to answer questions 52-53:

In Drosophila melanogaster, cut wings (ct) is recessive to normal wings (ct+), sable body (s) is
recessive to gray body (s+), and vermilion eyes (v) is recessive to red eyes (v+). All three
recessive mutations are X-linked. A female fly with cut wings, sable body, and vermilion eyes is
crossed to a male with normal wings, gray body, and red eyes. The F1 females produced by this
cross were mated with cut, sable, vermilion males in a testcross. The following are the progeny
resulting from the testcross.

v ct s 510
+
v ct s 1
v+ ct+ s 14
v+ ct+ s+ 500
v+ ct s+ 73
v ct s+ 20
v ct+ s 81
v ct+ s+ 1
Total 1200

52. What is the CORRECT genetic map with respect to gene order and distances (in m.u.)
for these three genes?
A) s – 13 – ct – 3 – v
B) s – 3 – v – 13 – ct
C) v – 13 – ct – 3 – s
D) s – 26 – v – 3 – ct
E) ct – 13 – s – 3 – v

53. What is the interference value shown by this cross?

A) 0.42
B) 0.25
C) 0.58
D) –0.42
E) 0.13

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54. You are studying three genes X, Y, and Z that are linked (in that order) in the Imperial
Scorpion Pandinus imperator. The distance between X and Y is 10 m.u., the distance
between Y and Z is 8 m.u. You conduct a testcross by crossing a heterozygous female
with a homozygous recessive male and obtain 1500 testcross progeny. When the
progeny are analyzed, you find five double-crossover offspring. What is the interference
value shown by this cross?
A) 0.008
B) 0. 42
C) 0.12
D) 0.58
E) 0.22

55. Consider the following three-point (trihybrid) testcross:

Calculate the number of double crossovers you would expect to observe if 1000 progeny
result from this testcross assuming a coefficient of coincidence of 0.25.
A) about 14
B) about 26
C) about 10
D) about 4
E) none because of crossover interference

Page 18
56. Consider the following three-factor (trihybrid) testcross:

Calculate the number of individuals of a+a bb c+c genotype if 1000 progeny result from
this testcross.
A) about 102
B) about 46
C) about 130
D) about 65
E) about 250

57. Linkage disequilibrium is defined by which of the following?

A) positions in the genome where people vary by a single nucleotide base
B) the probability that two genes are linked
C) the nonrandom association between alleles in a haplotype
D) the occurrence of two alleles in the repulsion configuration
E) crossing over that occurs between two genes that are located close to each other

58. If a three-strand double crossover occurs between two genes during meiosis, what is the
expected outcome with respect to these two genes?
A) Two chromatids are parental and two chromatids are recombinant.
B) All four chromatid are parental.
C) All four chromatids are recombinant.
D) Three chromatids are recombinant and one is parental.
E) Three chromatids are parental and one is recombinant.

Page 19
59. A study is done on families in Sweden that are segregating a genetic disorder. Lod-score
analysis indicates that the gene involved in the disorder shows a strong likelihood of
linkage with a particular DNA marker locus. However, a second study done in Italy with
other families segregating the same genetic disorder results in lod-score values that
strongly indicate the lack of linkage between the gene and the same DNA marker locus.
Assuming that both studies were performed appropriately, what is the most likely
explanation for the different outcomes?
A) No recombinants were found in the families studied in Sweden.
B) The allele that caused the disorder was in coupling linkage with one of the DNA
marker alleles in the Swedish families but was in repulsion linkage in the Italian
families.
C) This disorder is caused by mutations in either of two different genes; one of these
genes is linked to the DNA marker locus and the other gene is not.
D) In the Italian families, the gene involved with the disorder is near a lethal allele at
another locus and most of the parental or nonrecombinant genotypes contain the
lethal allele; this reduces the number of nonrecombinants observed.
E) Linkage should have been observed in the Italian families, but there were only two
alleles at the DNA marker locus that prevented recombinant offspring from
appearing.

60. In a two-point linkage analysis, genes a and b have been found to be 26 m.u. apart on
the same chromosome. A third gene, c, has just been discovered and found to be located
between a and b. A three-point linkage analysis with a, b, and c indicates that a and b
are actually 33 m.u. apart rather than 26 m.u. Why does the three-point analysis give a
different map distance for a and b than does the two-point linkage analysis, and which is
more accurate?

61. Linked genes are:

A) allelic.
B) dominant.
C) on different chromosomes.
D) on the same chromosome.
E) recessive lethal.

62. A cell possessing two nuclei derived from different cells through cell fusion is called:
A) a heterokaryon.
B) a haplotype.
C) recombinant.
D) nonrecombinant.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Page 20
63. Compared with a physical map, a genetic map:
A) is more accurate.
B) is less accurate.
C) is equally accurate.
D) measures different things.
E) cannot be made for humans.

64. In using somatic-cell hybridization experiments, a human gene was found to be located
on chromosome 6. However, when lod-score analysis was done to detect linkage
between this gene and a DNA marker locus also known to be on chromosome 6, no
linkage could be found between the marker locus and the gene. What is the MOST
likely explanation for this result?
A) Somatic-cell hybridization experiments are not very accurate, and the gene may be
on chromosome 5 or chromosome 7 instead of chromosome 6.
B) Too few recombinants could be found to indicate linkage in the lod-score analysis.
C) A lod-score analysis cannot be used when a DNA marker locus needs to mapped
with respect to a gene locus.
D) The gene and the DNA marker locus are so far apart on chromosome 6 that they
assort independently.
E) There were probably too few double-crossover events occurring between the two
loci, so the lod score could not be determined accurately.

Page 21
65. You and a colleague are working on a rare Peruvian llama that appears to be susceptible
to diabetes, a disease related to insulin function. Your colleague has established a
somatic-cell hybrid panel, and you would like to figure out to which llama chromosome
the gene that encodes the llama insulin receptor maps. You also have an assay that
allows you to detect which of the somatic-cell lines can produce the insulin receptor.
You assay the colleague's somatic-cell hybrid panel and get the following results. Which
of the 74 llama chromosomes is the gene on?

Line # Llama chromosomes Assay

1 7, 10, 15, 29, 41, 55, 68 –
2 4, 8, 16, 31, 44, 56, 70 –
3 9, 12, 18, 52, 54, 61, 73 +
4 1, 8, 13, 22, 33, 45, 59 –
5 2, 11, 14, 18, 23, 49, 62 +
6 5, 12, 15, 24, 35, 47, 63 –
7 3, 17, 21, 32, 43, 58, 72 –
8 7, 21, 25, 36, 53, 64 –
9 1, 3, 9, 28, 37, 48, 65 –
10 13, 22, 27, 38, 50, 66, 19 –
11 4, 6, 12, 18, 20, 40, 67 +
12 2, 16, 26, 34, 51, 69 –
13 10, 14, 17, 39, 46, 57, 74 –
14 5, 11, 19, 30, 42, 60, 71 –
A) 55
B) 7
C) 41
D) 68
E) 18

Page 22
66. A panel of cell lines was created from mouse–human somatic-cell fusions. The
following table indicates which human chromosomes are found in five cell lines (A, B,
C, D, and E). A (+) or (–) in the following table indicates whether the enzyme
glutathione S-transferase is present or absent in each cell line. Assume that a student is
given the information provided in the table, along with information about the presence
or absence of the enzyme in each cell line. On what human chromosome is the gene for
glutathione S-transferase located?

A) X
B) 2
C) 8
D) 6
E) The gene must be located on a human chromosome not present in any of the cell
lines above.

67. You are working with five disease-resistance genes (A, B, C, D, and E) that are on
chromosome 4 of Arabidopsis. You cross a line that is fully homozygous recessive for
these five genes to each of five lines (recessive lethal lines) that are heterozygous for a
different deletion. You observe the following results (wt = wild type; m = 50% of
progeny displayed mutant phenotype):

Recessive lethal lines

1 2 3 4 5
wt m m m wt
A
Disease B m m wt m wt
Resistance C m wt wt m wt
Phenotype D wt wt m wt wt
m wt wt wt wt
E

What is the CORRECT gene order for your five mutants?

A) C A B D E
B) A D B C E
C) A D E C B
D) D A B C E
E) E B A C D

Page 23
68. A geneticist finds that a human gene and a particular DNA marker locus are located on
chromosome 8 on the basis of somatic-cell hybridization studies. However, when
lod-score analysis is done with these two loci using family pedigrees, no evidence for
linkage between the two loci can be found. Assuming that both types of studies were
done correctly and the results are valid, how would you explain the different outcomes?

69. Assume that you discover a new human gene that you believe is located on the Y
chromosome although not in the region (pseudoautosomal) of the Y that is homologous
with part of the X chromosome. How would you map this gene with respect to the other
genes on the Y chromosome?

Page 24
Answer Key
1. B
2. D
3. E
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. E
8. D
9. B, C
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. C
15. D
16. C
17. A
18. C
19. D
20. B
21. E
22. C
23. A
24. C
25. C
26. A
27. B
28. E
29. C
30. D
31. C
32. D
33. D
34. B
35. B
36.
37.
38.
39. E
40. E
41. D
42. A
43. B
44. C

Page 25
45. D
46. A
47. D
48. A
49. E
50. A
51. E
52. B
53. C
54. D
55. D
56. B
57. C
58. A
59. C
60.
61. D
62. A
63. D
64. D
65. E
66. D
67. D
68.
69.

Page 26
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