Sanitary Engineering 7/30/2021

A wastewater of 500l/s with a BOD=60mg/l,

NUMERICAL DO=3mg/l and temperature =28oC is mixed with river

of 5000l/s with a BOD=2mg/l, DO=8 mg/l and
temperature =18oC. Determine combined discharge,
BOD, DO and temperature of the mixture.

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Combined Discharge= 500l/s +5000l/s=5500l/s

BOD, DO, Temperature of the mixture can be calculated by
using following formula.
𝐶 𝑄 +𝐶 𝑄
𝐶 =
𝑄 +𝑄
𝐶 𝑄 +𝐶 𝑄  BOD of mix= = = 7.27𝑚𝑔/𝑙
𝐶 =
𝑄 +𝑄
 DO of mix= = = 7.54𝑚𝑔/𝑙

 Temperature of mix= = =
18.9oC

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× × × . × .
 𝐷𝑂 = = =
A perennial river is receiving wastewater from a town 8.28𝑚𝑔/𝑙
with discharge of 4 million liters per day with dissolved  If river flow drops to 7milion liters per day, then
oxygen content of 0.7mg/l. The river water is fully × × × . × .
saturated with oxygen at 18oC having 9.5 mg/l DO, is 𝐷𝑂 = = =
flowing at the rate of 25milion liters per day. 6.3𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
If river flow drops to 7milion liters per day and temperature
Determine the DO of mixture. increases to 28oC (For which saturated DO is 7.9 mg/l).
If river flow drops to 7 million liters per day for same × × × . × .
𝐷𝑂 = = =
temperature. What will be the DO of mixture.
If river flow drops to 7 million liters per day and 5.28𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
temperature increases to 28oC (For which saturated DO Increase in temperature and decrease in river flow
is 7.9 mg/l). What will be the DO of mixture. significantly reduces DO content of mixture.

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A perennial river is receiving wastewater from a town 𝐵𝑂𝐷 =

× ×
= =
× × .

with discharge of 9 million liters per day with BOD 70.51𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟

content of 240 mg/l is flowing at the rate of 25milion Let river flow should be Qr to maintain BOD of mixture at
liters per day with BOD 9.5 mg/l. Determine the BOD 25mg/l, then
of mixture. What should be the river discharge if it is × × .
25 =
required that BOD of mixture to be 25mg/l.
 225+ 25Qr=2160+9.5 Qr or, Qr=124.83 million
liters per day.
 Required river discharge (Qr)=124.83 million liters per day.
If river having this discharge is not available, there is need
of treatment.

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 Total flow of domestic sewage = 40000 × 175 =81 liter/sec

A perennial river is receiving wastewater from a town  𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 50 50000
after treatment. Determine the maximum ⁄
 𝐵𝑂𝐷 = = 285.71𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
permissible effluent BOD and degree of treatment ⁄

required in treatment plant for the following data:  𝐵𝑂𝐷 =

× ×

Population = 40000 It is given that maximum BOD of mixture to be 5 mg/l.

Domestic sewage = 175lpcd
𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑥 81 + 2𝑥 850
BOD of domestic sewage = 50 gm/ capita/day 5 =
81 + 850
River discharge= 850 liters/ sec BOD permissible =36.49 mg/l
Actual effluent BOD = 285.7 mg/l
BOD of river water= 2mg/l  Degree of treatment required in treatment plant
Maximum BOD of mixture to be 5 mg/l. =
. .
=87.22%
.

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 Calculation for oxygen available above the outfall

 River discharge= 0.6 m3/ sec=0.6x 60 x60x 24x
1000 l/d = 51.84Mld
 DO above outfall= 7.8 mg/l
A river is receiving wastewater from a town have following  Oxygen available above the outfall = 7.8x 51.84x
data. 1000000mg/day =404.3kg/day
Population= 140000 Domestic sewage = 175lpcd 
 Calculation for BOD per day in the river just below the outfall
BOD of domestic sewage = 200mg/l
 BOD available from wastewater= 200 x 140000
River discharge= 0.6 m3/ sec x175 = 4900000000mg/d= 4900kg/d
BOD of river water= 1mg/l  BOD available from river= 1x 0.6x 60 x60x 24x
DO of river water= 7.8mg/l 1000=51840000 mg/d= 51.84kg/d
 How many kg of oxygen per day is available above the  Total BOD per day in the river just bellow out fall=
outfall. 4900+51.84= 4051.84 kg/day
 How many kg of BOD per day in the river just below the 
outfall.

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 BOD of mixture of effluent and stream water at just

below of outfall point
× ×
 𝐵𝑂𝐷 = =
 A stream saturated with DO has a flow of 1.5m3/s, . × . ×
BOD 4mg/l and rate constant (k2) of 0.3 per day (k1) of = 8 𝑚𝑔⁄𝑙
. .
0.1 per day. It receives an effluent discharge of 0.5m3/s  Now ultimate BOD of the mixture can be calculated by
having BOD 20 mg/l and DO 5mg/l. The average
 𝐵𝑂𝐷 = 𝑙 1 − 10 , Assume rate constant is
velocity of flow of stream is 0.20m/s. The average
depth of stream is 1.2m. Calculate DO deficit at 30 km 0.1 per day.
. ×
and 50km downstream. Assume temperature  8 = 𝑙 1 − 10
throughout 200C and BOD measured in 5 days. Take  𝑙 = 11.7 ⁄
saturation DO at 200C as 9.17 mg/l.

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× ×
 𝐷𝑂 =

. × . × .
 𝐷𝑂 =
. .
 𝐷𝑂 = 8.127 ⁄
 Hence, Initial DO deficit (𝐷 ) = 𝐷𝑂 − 𝐷𝑂 = 9.17 −  Now DO deficit at a point 50 Km downstream of outfall
8.13 = 1.04 𝑚𝑔⁄𝑙
 Now DO deficit at a point 30 Km downstream of outfall  𝑣 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 =
 𝑣 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = ×
 𝑡= = 2.89𝑑𝑎𝑦
× . × ×
 𝑡= = 1.736𝑑𝑎𝑦
. × ×  By Streeter Phelps equation we know
 By Streeter Phelps equation we know ×
 𝐷 = 10 × − 10 × + 𝐷 10 ×
× × × ×
 𝐷 = 10 − 10 + 𝐷 10
. × . . × . . × .
. × . . × . . × . . × .  𝐷 . = 10 − 10 + 1.04 ×
 𝐷 . = 10 − 10 + 1.04 × 10 . .
. .
10 . × .
 𝐷. = 2.42 ⁄
 DO deficit at 30 km downstream is 2.42 mg/l.  𝐷 . = 2.334 ⁄
 DO deficit at 50 km downstream is 2.335 mg/l.
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 A town discharges 80 cumecs of sewage into a stream

 A stream saturated with DO has a flow of 2 m3/s, BOD
3 mg/l and rate constant (k2) of 0.4 per day (k1) (base
10) of 0.1 per day. It receives an effluent discharge of 0.5
m3/s having BOD 200 mg/l and DO 2 mg/l. The
average velocity of flow of stream is 0.20 m/s. The
average depth of stream is 1.2m. Calculate DO deficit
at 60 km downstream. Assume temperature
throughout 200C and BOD measured in 5 days. Take
saturation DO at 200C as 9.17 mg/l.
[ 42.4 mg/l, 62 mg/l, 7.74 mg/l, 1.43 mg/l 3.47 days,
9.01 mg/l]
having a flow rate of 1200 cumecs during lean days,
at a 5-day BOD of the sewage at the given
temperature is 250 mg/l. find the amount of critical
DO deficit and its location in the downstream
portion of the stream. Assume deoxygenation
coefficient K as 0.1 and coefficient of self purification
(fs) as 3.5. Assume saturation DO at given
temperature as 9.2 mg/l. [Note: Dosewage = 0 and
BODstream = 0 , if not given or specified]
[DOmix = 8.625 mg/l, BODmix = 15.625 mg/l, lo = 22.85
mg/l, tc = 2.063 days, Dc = 4.06 mg/l, Xc = 21.39 km]

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𝐷𝑂 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 0.9 × 9.17 = 8.253 𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟

Let DO content of the sewage = 0
 DO content of mixture of sewage and river just below the
point of outfall can be finding by following expression
× ×
 𝐷𝑂 = =
 A large city is discharging 125 m3/s sewage in to a perennial × × .
river which is 90% saturated with O2 and flows at a = 7.65 𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
minimum rate of 1600 m3/s with a velocity of 0.12 m/s. If  Initial DO deficit (𝐷 ) =
the 5 day BOD of sewage is 300 mg/l, find out where the 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑂 − 𝐷𝑂 = 9.17 − 7.65
critical dissolved oxygen will occur in the river. Assume
= 1.515 𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Coefficient of re-aeration is 0.4 /d  BODsewage = 300 mg/liter Let BODriver = 0
 Coefficient of Deoxygenation as 0.11 /d × × × ×
 𝐵𝑂𝐷 = = =
 Ultimate BOD as 125% of 5 day BOD mixture of sewage and
water 21.74mg/l
 Dissolved oxygen in saturation at 200C is 9.17mg/l  Now, 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝐿𝑜 =
125%𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
 No dissolved oxygen is left in the effluent 𝐿 = 1.25 × 21.74 = 27.175 𝑚𝑔/𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟

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 Let the critical DO deficit will occur after time tc which is given
by the following expression QN. The following are the sewage and river water characteristics:
i. Sewage discharge of a town = 1.72 m3/s;
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑓 1− ii. Minimum river discharge = 7.24 m3/s
𝑡 = 𝑓 −1
iii. Temperature of the sewage = 30.5°C
iv. Temperature of the river water = 17.5°C
 We have, fs=0.4/0.11= 3.636 v. De-oxygenation constant = 0.1/day at 20°C
. vi Re-oxygenation constant = 0.5/day at 20°C
 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.636 1 − 3.636 −1
𝑡 = . vii. BOD5 at 20°C of sewage = 225 mg/l
. .
1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.636 × 0.853 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 3.10 0.49
𝑡 = = = = 1.7𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
viii. BOD5 at 20°C of river water = 1.2 mg/l
0.289 0.289 0. . 289 ix. Putrefied sewage is in the sewer
x. DO in river water = 90% of saturation value
Let the xc distance along the river critical DO will occur xi. Saturation DO of water at 20°C = 9.17 mg/l
𝑥 = 𝑡 × 𝑣 = 1.7𝑑𝑎𝑦 × 0.12𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 xii. Saturation DO of water at 17.5°C = 9.64 mg/l
𝑥 = 1.7 × 24 × 3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐 × 0.12 = 17625.6𝑚 = 17.63𝑘𝑚 xii. Velocity of the river water = 2 km/hr
𝐿 27.17 Determine:
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑂, 𝐷 = 10 ∗ = 10 . × . a. Determine the critical oxygen deficit and its location
𝑓 3.636
= 4.85𝑚𝑔/𝑙 b. Estimate the 20°C BOD5 of sample taken at the critical point
c. Plot oxygen sag curve

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Given,
Sewage discharge (Qs) = 1.72 m3/s
Minimum river discharge (Qr) = 7.24 m3/s
Temperature of the sewage (Ts) = 30.5°C
Temperature of river water (Tr) = 17.5°C;
De-oxygenation constant (K)= 0.1/day at 20°C
Re-oxygenation constant (R) = 0.5/day at 20°C
BOD5 at 20°C of sewage (BODs) = 225 mg/l
BOD5 at 20°C of river water (BODr) = 1.2 mg/l
Putrefied sewage is in the sewer means (DOs) = 0
Saturation DO of water at 20°C = 9.17 mg/l
Saturation DO of water at 17.5°C = 9.64 mg/l
Velocity of the river water (v) = 2 km/hr
Critical oxygen deficit (Dc) =?,
Location of critical oxygen deficit (Xc) =?;
BOD5 of sample taken at the critical point at 20°C =?
Oxygen sag curve=?

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