eect INTELLIGENCE with Life Skills ‘Technical Skills: Conceptual Skills Employability Skills Concept by: Composed by: Contributed by: Designed by: Gagan Agarwal David s. Gareema Balwani —_Pushpender Sharma Founder & M.D. ‘CLDR MCA. Hitesh Saini (25 yrs. experience in IT)PART-I: EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS UNIT-I: COMMUNICATION SKILLS Session: Communication Cycle Session-2. : Methods of Communication Session3 : Communication Perspectives Session-4 : Basic Writing Skills UNIT-2: SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS Session-1 : Meaning and Importance of Self Management Session2 : Building Self-Confidence UNIT-3BASICICT SKILLS Session-1 : Information and Communication Skills Session-2. : Computer System Session3 : Basic Computer Operations Session-4 : Performing Basic File Operations Session'5 : Internet and Its Applications UNIT-4: ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS Session-1 : Types of Businesses and Business Activities Session-2 : Entrepreneurship: Meaning and Characteristics UNIT-5 : GREEN SKILLS Session: Environment, Natural Resources and Conservation Session2 : Green Economy PART-2: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT-1: EXCITE Chapter-1_ : Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Chapter-2 Artificial Intelligence: ‘Types and ‘Techniques Chapter-3. : Applications of Artificial Intelligence Chapter-4: Domains of Artificial Intelligence Chapter-1 : Artificial Intelligence in Daily Life Chapter-2 : Future Years with Al: Smart Gadgets and Homes 10 oe 15 7 20 22 26 28 31 38 40 43 45 47 54 60 68 74 81UNIT-3:PURPOSE Chapter-1 : Aland Sustainable Development Issues Unit-4 : POSSIBILITIES Chapter-1 : Al Career Prospects in Industry Chapter-2 : Getting Ready for Al-Based Career UNIT-5 : AIETHICS: Chapter-1: Artificial Intelligence and Ethics UNiT- IPROJECTCYCLE Chapter-1_ : Al Project Cycle: An Introduction Chapter-2 : AI Project Cycle: Problem Scoping Chapter-3. : AI Project Cycle: Data Acquisition Chapter-4: Al Project Cycle: Data Exploration Chapter-5 : AlProject Cycle: Modelling SUPPLEMENT : DIADiagram Maker UniT-7 : NEURAL NETWORKS Chapter-1 : Common Al Models Chapter-2 : Neural Network and Deep Learning UNIT-8 : TAMING PYTHON Chapter-1_ : A Quick Introduction to Python Chapter-2: Programming in Python Chapter. : Python Data Structures: Lists, PROJECT LEARN COMPUTER PROGRAMMING WITH CODE COMBAT 86 93 102 a 19 124 133 141 151 161 162 170 176 185 195 206 208( ‘A WORD FOR TEACHERS AND LEARNERS, ‘As we read this, Al has arrived already to influence our future. This course on Al is a timely and great initiative by the CBSE in extension to the offering of Skill subjects at Secondary and Senior Secondary level aligned with the sustainable development goals that focus on green economy. Ethical implementation of Al, bound with guiding rules and policies, can bea boon for future careers, industries and a force to usher us into the era of green economy. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - Predicting Future Series is a humble effort in enabling both the teachers and the studentsin preparing ground for developing an understanding about Al and its applications. The book is designed strictly in line with the curriculum recommended by the CBSE and promotes the suggested pedagogy to develop Al mindset and the skillset. HOWTO USE THIS BOOK? Following points will help teachers ensure effective coverage ofthe course: 4 The explicit teaching model: Do not teach but asso a eats oc discuss things with the GE = i Suen Theteaching mode sa == should be a dialog rather than lecture. Use the content of the book as a knowledge poolfor reference. The scaffolding technique: The activities will prepare students to understand what is discussed with them. 60% of the planned time should go inactivities. ‘APROUECT planer the ring 1 Deermie pepe Experiential Learning: By exploring beyond the learning, this allows the students learn through open ended approach and articulate their ideas clearly on what they learn. This section will inculcate in them the life skills such as teamwork, communication & presentation skills, problem understanding & critical thinking, decision making & problem solving, leadership skills & independent thinking. ‘The self-paced learning provides the students freedom to explore more about Al concepts. Conceptual skills assessment: This section serves the purpose of a quick test of what has been learnt, Teacher should encourage that students solve it themselves. Teacher must play only the role ofafacilitator, AIProject: Students bringall their technical, conceptual and life skillsto showcase what they have learnt, How well they do it determines how well they are prepared to take up this course further in the comingyears.Part-A: Employability Skill COMMUNICATION SKILLS SESSION 1: Communication Cycle Communication is the very basic need of the living beings to live and survive. All living beings communicate. Human beings have even developed numerous languages over the period of vast history that helps them communicate with other fellow beings. Communication is a process to give to and receive information from others. Interacting with others while exchanging information is called Communication. Why communication is a skill to learn? ‘The answer to this simple question is simple too. To succeed in relationships with others, personal or professional, to lead a successful and happy life communication skills play a vital role. Every communication has a purpose. If that purpose needs to be met, right skills need to be exercised. People in different professions possess communication skills accordingly. A doctor is gentle in dealing with his patients while an army instructor needs to be authoritative and disciplinarian. A teacher maintains a balance of being strict and gentle while a diplomat speaks with careful choice of words. A salesperson should know what needs to be spoken to interest the prospective customer while a candidate sitting in an interview should know how to answer the queries in the best possible manner, The way you communicate decides the course and progress of the communication further whether it will reach the desired purpose or not. Process of Communication (Communication process involves the following elements: ‘Sender: Primary source of originating information or idea is sender. This could be an individu conveys their message across to the intended receiver. ‘Message: The actual content communicated by the sender is the message. Encoding: The way message is communicated to the receiver is called encoding. Encoding relies on 3 key features: Clear, Complete and Correct. A message encoded in simplest of the form, covering all details and correct information is considered as a well encoded message. Communication Channel: The medium of communication is called communication channel. It could be as simple as two individuals conversing with each other in person or as advanced as two groups interacting across the globe through a sophisticated communication technology like video conferencing. Various possible communication channels are: © Oral - face-to-face © Written - in the form of letter © Technology based - through telephone, email, online chat, video conferencing, recorded audio-video, Receiver: Individual or party that receives the sent message is called receiver of the message. Receiver is supposed to decode the received message. Decoding: Interpretation of the received message and deriving the intent of the message is c depends upon how well the message has been encoded earlier by the sender. For example, look at the following two encoding-decoding: Case 1: Encoded Message: Send me the report ASAP! Decoding: An angry and rude message imposing authority, Case 2: Encoded Message: Could you manage to send the report ASAP since its required urgently, Decoding: Request of an urgent report. (Here receiver subconsciously realizes delaying of report) a group which sd decoding. It directly DS OT |Feedback: Response to the received message is called feedback. If the response is as desired that means receiver has decoded the message correctly and responded accordingly otherwise there could be a need of resending the message with better encoding. See the following example: Sender: Your article needs too many corrections and modifications before we send it to print. Receiver: I spent whole night, cutting on my sleep preparing this article. [Here, receiver has not taken the critique positively) Sender: We really appreciate your effort in getting that article ready in such a short time but there are certain parts of it we need you to look at and revise before we get it into print. (Message is re-encoded in a better form after response (feedback) from the receiver) Receiver: Okay, let me know which parts and I shall redo it. (Receiver has decoded the message as desired since it was encoded well after the feedback) EXERCISE Answer the following questions in brief: 1. List the main components of communication process. 12, Who is responsible for the encoding of the message? 3. Who is responsible for decoding the message” 4, List 3 scenarios of technology based communication? 5. What do you mean by the channel of communication? Give some examples. Effective Communication Communication promotes understanding, aids in decision making, taking actions and developing right kind of relationships with others to full the desired goals and targets. This is the reason that our daily life, especially professional life, needs right kind of communication skils. Ability to express ideas in the most effective way to bring out desired results is the core of communication skills. People in different professions should possess relevant communication skills to interact and to achieve desited results which ensures progress and growth of the individuals and organizations. Effective communication is ensured by the following factors: Mutually accepted communication code: How and in which manner the communication should proceed is very ‘much important. The language, environment and mode of communication also constitute the code of communication. ‘Well encoded message: Cleat, complete and correct message is the strength of communication. This ensures right intention and purpose of the message is communicated Careful decoding of the message: Receiver of the message is responsible for how well message is being received and interpreted. Better listening, suitable attention, fundamental understanding of the purpose of the communication and a considerate temperament are the keys to correctly decode the message and avoid jumping to conclusions or falling prey to misinterpretations. Receiver’s response to the communicated message: How well the communication is received and how effectively the response should be given decides further progress of successful Characteristics of Effective Communication ‘Communication should be clear in content and purpose. ‘Communication should be complete with least scope of questions. ‘Communication should be based on right facts and should not be vague. Written communication should be concise and to-the-point. ‘Good communication develops relationships, promotes confidence and creates goodwill Effective communication leads to desired output and achievements. Effective communication establishes responsibilty and accountability It provides right kind of persuasion, guidance and consultation. Activity ... Communication Game Preparation: Draw simple pictures like boat, clock, house etc. on paper slips. Fold the slips so that they all look alike. ‘The Game: As many pairs of students asthe numberof sips will be made, From each pat, one student wil pick up a oq 1-——$, eeoe0e00folded paper and give instructions to his/ her partner without disclosing or hinting about the figure so that he/ she draws the same figure on the board, Ata point of time, the drawing partner should guess the figure and draw it completely ‘Conclusion: Clarity of instructions; attentive listening: clear, precise communication, (Communication Barriers Communicating effectively and meeting desired purpose is easier said than done, There are several factors that constantly function as barriers for better communication. Let us have a look at them: Environment of communication: Physical conditions constitute the environment of communication. Hot ot cold. room, bad seating, poor light, defective communication medium, slow speed of internet while interacting online are environmental barriers in communication. These can be anticipated and taken care of in most of the cases, Situational Barriers: Noise, distractions of any sort, distance, undesired turn of events during the communication, [process are situational barriers which are sometimes dificult o anticipate and need to be handled defily as they occur. Barriers to effective listening: We tend to jump to conclusions. Mind wanders while listening. Emotional state, patience level, temperament, liking and disliking of the communicators are some barriers in effective listening, Unprejudiced, fair and attentive listening is a skill that can be developed slowly for successful receiving and decoding, of the message. Barriers related to the personality traits of the communicators: The patties or groups involved in the process of communication may exhibit following behavioural or personal traits which act as bartiers to effective communication: © Behaviour due to age difference, attitude, gender, cultural difference, professional and social differences etc. © How proficient are the sender and receiver in the language in which communication is being done? © Ailments, disappointments due to some other reasons, personal grudges against people, hidden intentions, hostile agendas, EXERCISE Answer the following questions in brief: 1. Describe a scenario where all the major factors of effective communication come in effect. 2, List any 4 most important characteristics of effective communication, 3. Relate a real life scenario depicting communication bartier of environment 4, Give real life example of communication barrier due to personality traits of the communicators. ‘Advantages of Oral Communication It involves no or least expenses. Saves a lot of time. Immediate feedback is collected, and messages can be encoded accordingly. Interpersonal nature develops relations. Most effective in resolving conflicts or difficult situations. Promotes cooperation and team work, Helps in making decisions and persuasive. Useful for all kinds of audience. Disadvantages of Oral Communication © — Ithasno legal value. It has no importance in the court of law. © Noliability, accountability and reference value on what has been agreed upon during the communication, © Greater scope for errors due to poor comprehension and forgetfulness. © Notuseful for longer duration, ‘Written Communication This type of communication involves written word. Most of such communication is formal. Letters, reports, notices, newsletters, resume etc. are the examples of written communication. Email, SMS and chat are other modes of written communication. Written communication needs to be clear, to-the-point and correct in order to convey its right meaning and intent to the receiver. Advantages of Written Communication © Whiting has the advantage of having time for the choice of suitable vocabulary and tone of the message. © — Message can be reviewed and revised before sending, © _Itislegally acceptable in the court of law if executed in proper way. © Longer messages can be conveyed in writen form, Oe 8 eee00000Written messages can be saved for later reference. Witten messages can be duplicated and distributed, Written messages help building up goodwill and image of the sender. With written messages comes accountability, sadvantages of Written Communication ‘Written communication is time taking. Takes long for taking decisions. ‘Sometimes they can be misinterpreted due to lack of emotion and personal touch. May involve costs in drafting and sending the messages. Itis unsuitable for iliterate people. Confidentiality can be compromised with written communication, SESSION 2: Methods of Communication ‘Communication is something we do even when we think we are not communicating, Speaking, writing and gesturing only is not communication. We communicate even when we do not speak, write or gesture, Sitting quiet and stil is also a mean of communicating message to others that probably you need to spend some time with yourself welcoming no external interventions. Good communication involves suitable choice of the means of communication, Ifa serious matter needs to be sorted ut, we prefer to speak to the individual personally. If distance is the concern, we resort to writing an email or catch hold of a phone. If audience is a gathering, we need to have confident outlook and good oratory skills. If receivers of the message are multiple and in different distant places, we may find sending an email most suitable. As you see depending on the requirement, we resort to different methods of communication. The basic methods of communication are: © Verbal © Non-verbal © Audio Visual ‘Verbal Communication ‘The tools of verbal communication are words and grammar of the language used in communication. Verbal communication has 2 forms: Oral Communication This kind of communication occurs face-to-face while words are spoken. It is the easiest and effective way of ‘communication. The message travels fastest to the receivers, encoded quickly and feedback is given almost in real time. A fundamental protocol of speaking and listening in turns is followed by the sender and receiver. Factors that determince efective oral communication are: Proficiency of language: The senders and receivers need to have workable command over the language for smooth, decoding/ encoding of the messages exchanged. This also includes correct pronunciation, desired vocabulary and knowledge of basic grammar of the language. ‘Accent, pace and clarity: People from different regions have different ways of speaking which is called accent. How fast or slow the person speaks makes the pace for speaking and how clearly the words are delivered makes for the clarity of the speech, ‘Volume, mood and emotions: What is the pitch of the speech, harsh delivery or higher volume may affect the ‘communication negatively. Fundamental set of emotions during the communication makes for the mood of the sender and receiver. Right kind of emotions steer the communication in the right direction. Duration of communication: For how long the communication must and is going on affects the interest level of the participants. Too long a duration of oral communication will leave the receiver disinterested. Oral communication should be clear, simple and short. soee0eyce00 Activity Preparation: Prepare 2 paragraphs of some interesting topic that contains certain very difficult terms or phrases. ‘The Activity: Students will take some imporant notes. The paragraphs will be dictated faster than normal pace. Pronunciation of difficult words will be in a way that they are difficult to understand. No part of the dictation will be repeated, Students will write whatever they get out ofthe dictation. ‘Conclusion: Oral communication needs to be clear with proper pace. Then explain that paragraph was wniten on the board, it would have taken longer but easier to follow. Written communication is time taking but effective than oral. DS |Non-verbal Communication - The Body Language ‘This mode of communication mostly occurs during the oral communication and is not much in our control until we train ourselves in it, Non-verbal communication constitutes our body language. Our whole body communicates quietly. Non-verbal communication constitutes our body language. It includes: (Our expressions: Facial expressions, the way we nod and tilt our head speak about ourselves. Our expressions can belie what we speak. ‘Voice (and silence too): Voice gives away our emotions. Our anger, happiness, disappointment etc. are reflected by voice. Even if we stop speaking communicates that something is not Tight. Sometimes, when we are disappointed or fed up of some thing we go into non-communicative mode. This too, communicates a lot Tone: The texture of our voice, the tone reflects our agreement with the discussion. Our interest, sincerity and. attentiveness are gauged by our tone of speech. Gestures: Gestures make the major part of our body language. Gestures that occur in the control of our subconscious mind convey our state of mind like Movement of hands, fingers, legs. Gestures made consciously are pointing with finger, nodding, waving, envisaging using hands. Posture: The mannets in which we sit, stand or walk also speak about our interest and level of involvement in the communication. Sitting with closed hands shows lack of interest in the discussion. Body posture may reflect if we are bored or excited. Eye contact: The way we make eye contact tells a lot about us. Right kind of eye contact reflects confidence and sincerity. Eye contact could be gentle, steady, formal for a few seconds, sweeping, stare or gaze. Physical contact: Touch, hug, grip etc. also convey meaning of our message. Close friends and intimate relations are ‘maintained well with friendly touches. A loving hug from the grandmother makes the day for the chil. Appearance: Appearance and dressing of a person also makes people know and interpret about him or her. Dressing according to the occasion and surroundings is a must. Formal and casual dressing should be considered as per the required dress code. Various professions demand right kind of dress for all genders. Advantages of Non-verbal Communication © Non-verbal communication complements oral and audio visual communication. © It substitutes for the verbal communication like speaking with proper eye contact and tone. Sometimes speaking is not required at all like showing thumps up to cheer someone. Helps in easier interpretation of message by the receiver. Reinforces the message like telling the direction and pointing at it too. Helps illiterate and physically challenged, Engages the participants of the communication. Disadvantages of Non-verbal Communication © Sometimes non-verbal communication becomes vague and send wrong signals. © You cannot stop non-verbal communication. © _Ithappens too fast and simultaneous that itis lficult to catch all oft. Like missing the hand gesture while eye contact. © Body language of different cultures varies a lot. Urban and rural gestures, or gestures of different countries differ in conveying messages. Audio Visual Communication ‘This method of communication is also called technology-based communication. Any verbal or non-verbal communication that involves vision and auditory capability is called audio-visual communication. For example, telephonic conversation involves hearing while video conferencing involves both sense of sight and vision. AV Communication is supported by technology and various devices. Telephone equipment, smart phone, Internet, visual displays, speakers, microphones, communication channel, presentation, Advantages of AV Communication © Use of internet and video conferencing saves cost incurred otherwise on scaling geographical barriers, physical movement of participants and other related expenses like lodging, food ete. Itis an effective way to explain complex ideas and concepts easily. ‘Technology makes it reusable and easy to distribute, I can cater to a huge mass of people at a time. Tt works as a vital driving force in businesses and education. It makes the mode of communication interesting and many times entertaining, Disadvantages of AV Communication © Itincurs a lot of cost in infrastructure. fT | e008 ee000© _Itneeds maintenance of equipment. © Technology and equipment can be complex to operate and learn, © __Itdepends on several factors that can render the process of communication non-functional like power failures, ensuring attendance of participants, functioning of the equipment etc. EXERCISE Answer the following questions in brief: 1. Describe a scenario where oral communication is most effective as compared to written, 2, List any 3 scenarios where written communication is most effective. 3. List any 2.major advantages and disadvantages of non-verbal communication. 4, List any 3 major advantages and disadvantages of AV communication. SESSION 3: Communication Perspectives Perspective helps us understand people and situations. Our perspective determines how we encode a message as a sender and how we decode it asa receiver. Depending on the cultural differences, situations in which we are brought up, our knowledge, beliefs, motives, our understanding of the people and surroundings, our education, our past experiences build up our perspective. This isthe reason why different people perceive a message and interpret it dilferently. Following, are the factors that affect our perspective in encoding and decoding the message during communication; Visual Perspective Our brain processes the visual and information through our perspective. We conclude, pass verdict, judge and make decisions on visual perspective like: Appearance of a person ~ how someone looks like and dressed up. Designation and social status - who the person is? How important or unimportant he or she is? What does he/ she do? Qualification of a person in respective trade or field. Doctors, lawyers, teachers, professors are the examples. Mental or physical capability ~ sports person, chess player, wrestling champion, state, national or international level performer, talented and creative person, Perspective of language ‘Words have different meanings depending on the context. A good listener catches the meaning and intent. Many times statements and messages are interpreted because of limited vocabulary, wrong choice of words or poor listening skills Language and figures of speech give different forms to the message like satire, mockery, threat, ambiguous or multiple meaning etc. Synonyms and idioms give varied perspective to the messages. A good listener must listen well and then interpret the message in the context of discussion and background of the discussion. Past Experiences ur personal experiences help us develop perspective that may help or hinder in interpreting messages correctly. A person ‘with bad experience with one consumer goods company will be more skeptical or more careful in buying the same product, from that company again. Any positive experience wil help you look at the message with a postive perspective. We should reflect on our experiences and understand that our experience alone does not determine our perspective. Attitude It is our choice how do we approach to an issue. Our positive or negative attitude determines our role in a communication process. Cheerful, open, optimistic, confident, orderly attitude wins the situation with effective communication while stubborn, hopeless, bad intent, lack of enthusiasm may lead to a lost argument. Our attitude builds our behaviour and response to a message, Prejudice Preconceived notions, dislike of other person, believing without verifying facts, making opinion on hearsay lead to development of prejudice in us. It develops a huge bartier in understanding and interpreting messages. Dislike, intolerance, hatred are the examples of prejudice, Prejudices are due to cukural differences as well as personal beliefS ‘which we develop over the time without having correct knowledge and facts about people and things. Financial status, social image, gender discrimination, religious biases are some forms of prejudices, A good communicator considers the individuals involved in the process of communication without categorizing them into a section, gender, type or group. ‘Values and Beliefs Depending on our knowledge, education and values we all have our own code of conduct and moral. Our beliefs lead to assumptions and misinterpretations. Our beliefs build our attitude, behaviour and tolerance. Feelings and Emotions Feelings are the outcome of our emotions at a given point of time. Some day we feel elated and very receptive of all the ideas from other people while other days we feel down and shutdown to certain communication, —Another aspect of feelings is how we relate to someone. Our experiences and prejudices determine how we feel about someone involved in the process of communication with us, Feelings alter our communication style. If we lear how feelings affect our communication and interpretation of messages, we can master the art of effective communication during tough times and difficult situations. ‘Surroundings and Environment Communication siyle alters depending on where we are and who we are with. Our way of communication in public and private, with friends and at home, in classroom and outside is different. In formal setup, we are more careful and sincerer in communication while in casual situations we generally do not care much about our communication style since people understand our real self ‘We should learn how to behave and communicate in different setups. Deciding how to communicate depending on the environment and kind of people we interact with. EXERCISE Answer the following questions in brief: 1, Describe a scenario where your visual perspective affected your decoding of a message. 2, Relate an example where you interpreted a message depending on your past experience. 3. What do you mean by prejudice? 4, How our belies, emotions and environment influence our communication perspective? SESSION 4: Basic Writing Skills Communicating in written form is the most effective way to convey you message. Written communication requires time to shape your message before sending, This makes written communication formal in nature. ‘Writing messages needs care since they can be used as evidence and are the proof of any commitments we make, An effective written communication needs suitable vocabulary, suitable sequence of ideas, right flow of language and cohesion in overall message. Basic writing skills can be developed by working on a basic idea first. The command on the language of communication isa must. Iitis not there, we must lear it, Basic writing skils involve ability to: © Understand and use basic grammar. © Describe people, situations, experiences, weather, incidents etc. © Framing simple, shor sentences. © Expressing feelings, ideas. likes, dislikes ete © Beginning or opening the piece of writing © Ending or concluding the piece of writing Basics of English Language Phrases and Sentences ‘A set of words that indicates some object or action but does not makes complete sense is called a phrase while a group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence A phrase is a part of a sentence. For example: Phrase: ated bicycle Sentence: Lata is riding a red bicycle. Phrase: is siting Sentence: The monkey is sitting on the tree. ‘Types of Phrase Phrases can be noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverbial and prepositional. Noun phrase: Indicates a noun. E.g. The child is playing with his toy ear. ‘Verb phrase: Indicates main and helping verbs. E.g. He is eating his lunch, Adjective phrases Includes adjectives and/ or articles. E.g. Keep this red hat on the metal chair. Adverbial phraset Indicates adverbs. E,g. The thief jumped through the window very quietly. Prepositional phrase: Begins with a preposition followed by a noun. E.g, The cat is under the hat. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb and preposition etc, are called class or part of speech, Understanding Parts of Speech in English Consider the following sentences: Ravi looked intently atthe red book kept on the wooden table, He quickly picked it up but thought of reading i later ‘There are 8 parts of speech explained here: 2Noun: Name of a person, place, thing, event, animal or idea. For example, in the above sentence, Ravi, book and table are nouns. Names and titles are usually proper nouns. Rest are called common nouns. ‘Pronoun: Pronoun is used in the place of a noun. For example, in the above sentence, he and it are pronouns as they refer to the book and the table respectively. ‘Verio: An action or sate of being is called verb. Like, looked, kept, picked, thought and reading are verbs in the above sentence, Adjective: It describes a noun or pronoun. In above sentence, red and wooden are adjectives. ‘Adverbs: It describes a verb, another adverb or adjective. Intently and quickly are adverbs in the above sentence, reposition: It shows the relationship of one noun, pronoun ot noun phrase with other. In the above sentence, at and on are prepositions. Conjunction: It connects two words, phrases or sentences. In the above sentence, but is a conjunetion. And, or are also examples of conjunction, Interjection: It reflects strong emotions, followed by exclamation sign (). Like, Oh!, Hey!, Wow! EXERCISE 1. Identify the types of phrase in the following paragraph: Lata was pleasantly surprised on meeting her friend Anu at the airport. Anu had been sitting in the waiting lounge ‘when Lata spotted her. They both shated a lot of experiences of their exciting lives after marriage. Anu said that time flied very fast. They boarded the same fight bound to Mumbai. 2. Identify the parts of speech in the following paragraph: ‘There was a git! named Anna who lived with her poor mother. On the occasion of new year, het mother thought of buying Anna a useful gif. Anna had beautiful, long hair so she thought of buying her a set of colourful hair ribbons. Anna loved her mother very much. She was also thinking of buying a beautiful git for her mother. Her mother used to sew clothes for the vilagers. She had a set of needles and threads which was too old. Anna wished to buy a new set of needles and threads encased in a shining new glass box for her mother but she did not have enough money. Suddenly, she got an jdea. On the eve of new year, Anna's mother called her and said, "Look Anna, what have I got for you, a set of hair ribbons.” Anna said, “Wow! mother, they are really beautifl but alas!" Saying this she removed her cap and showed her short hair and said, “Mother, bought ths set of new needles and threads for you by selling my long hair to the barber.” Articles Articles modify a noun. Articles could be indefinite and definite Indefinite articles: A and an are indefinite articles which are used with singular noun, They signify a noun generally not in particular or specifically. For example, There bought a book. Isaw an aeroplane. Note: Article an is used before vowel sounds and a is used before a consonant sound. For example, He eats an apple daily. Butterfly is an insect, Please boil an egg for me, Definite Article: The is definite article. It is used before a specific or known noun. Itis also used before the names of non-living things, religious books, newspapers and magazines etc. For example, Ram is riding a bieycle. The bicycle is red in colour. (specific noun bieyele), Anu is the head girl of her school. (specifically Anu). Pesticides are the reason for water pollution. (specific reason pesticides). Children are playing in the park. (specifically park) Note playing park. (sp¢ ly park), ‘The is generally not used before abstract nouns, plural nouns, proper nouns, names of metals, colours, games etc. Examples: Diamonds are precious than gold. Both Ravi and Raj went on a picnic today. Tike to play tennis on the weekends. Lunch will be served at 2 PM. Tate some candies after the meal A. Fill in the blanks with the suitable article: 1, He picked up book kept on the table. 2, ___ Indian Ocean is a huge water body. 3. Myuncle is__ MP. 4, My father gave me uundred rupees note. a5. 1am staying in__Taj Hotel 6. There was__ insect on the floor which was eaten by _ big frog, 7. bought umbrella from _ shop. 8, Ram went toplayin__park, B. Is there anything wrong with these sentences? Why?/ Why not? 1, My brother plays cricket, 2, She likes chocolates. 3, Everything that glitters is not gold, 4,Iretumed the book to Ram, _5. Breakfast is ready, 6, My favourite colour is blue. Paragraph Writing Paragraph is the fundamental unit of composition. A paragraph is a set of sentences arranged in a logical sequence. A paragraph describes a topic or a subject. ‘While writing a paragraph we must consider the following: ‘Topic of the paragraph: The topic on which the paragraph needs to be written should be clear. Opening sentence: A paragraph should begin with the main or topic sentence that cleats about the title of the ‘paragraph. ‘Expansion or explanation: This part includes the sentences which elaborate on the topic more. ‘Conclusion: Paragraph should end properly with a closing sentence or conclusion. For example: FRIENDSHIP I want to talk about friendship. Friends can change your life. So, you must know who is a real friend. Firstly, your friend must understand you and of course, you must understand her, too. I think, another important point in a friendship is confidence. You mustn't tell lies to each other. In addition, you must say everything about yourself. I think these are important for a friendship. So, if you want to stay true friends then understand and respect each other equally. Here, the firs sentence is topic sentence and last one is the concluding sentence. Rules for Writing A Paragraph Keep the paragraph focused on the topic, Avoid longer paragraphs. ‘Topic sentence should be relevant, Arrange the sentence in a logical sequence. Avoid repeating sentences. Concluding paragraph should cover the central idea of the topic. EXERCISE ‘Write a paragraph with a topic on the following hints: traveling... a good hobby... opportunity to visit new places... make friends in far places... to learn about various cultures... languages... enhances knowledge... meet people.... good for health... keeps Us fit... can write about places travelled... blog. articles... develops understanding... inculcates good habits.. patience... care... love and concern, improves personality...expensive hobby... needs a lot of time., 200000 ASSESSMENT 1. Whatdoyoumean by the term Communication? List the features of effective communication. 2. Youneedto prepare for a classroom presentation of 10 minutes, How will you ensure effective communication whilepresenting? 3. Describe any2 communication barriers 4, Youare conversing with your friend about somethingimportantin a roadside open caféina crowded market. You friend has to rush to receive his mother from the airport also. What are the communication barriers in this scenario. How these could have been taken care of? 5. Brieflyexplain the terms Coding and Decoding taking a simple example. 6. Describe communication cycle with a simple example, 7. Howoral communication different from written communication? 8, _Listthe advantages of written communi ————ok10. n 12. 13. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20. 21 2. 2. 2s. 26. 27. 28. List any 4 body language features that influence our communication. Explain briefly how verbal and non-verbal communication occursusing Audio-visual aids, You have to make a presentation on your achievements. schoo! to a global audience including students of other cities over video conferencing. How will ou take care of your effective communication? ‘What are the disadvantages ofnon-verbal communication? Explain the importance of gestures and eye contact while you speak to someone in person, How does our attitude determines the effectiveness of our communication? Describe any wo factors that influence our perspectivein communication, ‘What care should we take while we meet and talk to a person forthe first time? Ravi met a few people in a party and was mixing up well with those wearing expensive clothing and fair complexion, Which factors are influencing Ravis perspective towards the people? How do our past experiences shape our communication perspective? Cite an example. Howisaphrase different from a sentence? Give 2 examples. Giving2 example each, explain Noun, Adjective, Verb and Adverb. ‘Whatis preposition? Give 4 examples of preposition. How does articles differin usage for consonants and vowels? Explain with 2 examples. Gite examples where anticle The should not beused. Whatare the basicrules of good paragraph writing? What do you mean by interjection and conjunction? Explain with 2 examples each. Write a paragraph describe a train journey you tooklast.(Ifnot then assume one). Youneedto write an essay about your favourite leader, Which basic writing skills would you apply in doing so? Identify parts of speech in the following paragraph; Deforestation is when humans remove or clear large areas of forest ands and related ecosystems for non-forest use. ‘These include clearing for farming purposes, ranching and urban use. In these cases, trees are never re-planted. Since the industrial age, about half of world’ original forests have been destroyed and millions of animals and living things have been endangered,SELF-MANAGEMENT SKILLS ‘SESSION 1: Meaning and Importance of Self-Management As the term itself suggests, managing oneself in order to achieve desired goals and targets s called self management. What is the meaning of managing one-self? Every task we do has a thought process behind it. This thought process gives birth to a plan to follow in order to accomplish that task. For example, when we need to prepare for a test, we plan our studies and decide which topics need mote of our attention than others. We also determine the time available and time required to prepare different topics, We arrange for the suitable study material that helps us in studying. We follow a study time table. So, here, you are not managing your study schedule but yourself. You are doing. a selfmanagement exercise which involves management of resources (study material), time management (day schedule and time table), identifying goals to achieve (topics to cover) and prioritizing the goals (deciding to prepare important topics first). ‘This is a small scenario to understand self management. But when you try to bring self management in your daily life itneeds a lot of aspects to consider and a great deal of discipline and self-motivation. Importance of Self-Management First natural question is: why do we need self-management? We wonder what benefits self-management can get us. You must have seen that people around us make plans to achieve their desired goals but many of them fail to achieve them eventually. They are usually seen and heard blaming the circumstances, other people and luck for their failure. If they analyse their behaviour and look back, they will realise that the root cause of their failure was lack of self: management. They made plans alright but they fail to bring themselves up to the level where they could follow the plan. What we desire to achieve, we need proper planning for it but self'management is the means to follow that plan and achieve success. For example, if you plan to go for jogging a few miles early morning daily, you need to discipline yourself in going to bed in time so that you get up early and go for it. Here, the self management lies in following the regime religiously. Eating right, sleeping timely, getting up at the set time daily. If you fail to manage these actions, you fail to go for jogging daily. Self management brings along following major benefits: © Inspiring personality, Clarity of thoughts. Ability o identify your weaknesses and improve upon them. Realising your strengths and their use. Feeling of self-respect, respect for others and self-motivation. Respect for the importance of time. ‘Smart working more than hard working, Higher achievement rate with minimum efforts Selt-diseipline. ‘Success in studies, sports and later in career Social popularity and admiration, Key Elements of Self-Management Selfmanagement approach varies from situation to situation, person to person and domain to domain, Self: management of a mother at home would be different from father's and students, A doctor's self: management would look starkly diferent from that of an army man, lawyer or a businessman. But if you look closely, the key elements of, selfsmanagement ate alike. The basic key elements that define self-management are: Identifying Goals and Planning: Once you decide to manage yourself, the first question comes is where to start from. Ask yourself: What do I want to achieve? It could be daily exercise regime you have been thinking for long to sar. It could be a self study schedule. It could be practice for next college sports day. It could be any personal or of | ©200800000professional desire of achievement you may have. So, first decide what you want to achieve then do the folowing, © Set the goal by writing down your desire, ambition, dream down on the paper, preferably in large fonts and stick iton the front wall of your study area where you can see it daily. Keep it specific and concise. For example, I shall gain more marks than earlier in all the subjects in the coming exams. your goal into monthly, weekly or daily targets. For example, Daily target ~ prepare at least 4 most important topics of at least 2 subjecs, Targets are the milestones to achieve one at a time in a systematic way. Your daily target will help you achieve the weekly and monthly targets automaticaly. © Plan out what will you do to achieve daily target. First determine the time required to cover daily target. Then Which resources are needed ~ books, tutor, reference videos, consultation with senior, parental guidance © Also, plan for your recreation so that your mind is refreshed, and you do not get demotivated out of sheer discipline and monotony of entite effort. Next section is talking about SMART targets ‘Organising: This the phase where you begin acting on the set plan. You are already clear what you are supposed to do to achieve your daly target. But on real grounds, many unanticipated barriers arise in your plan like illness, guests at home, vacations, marriage in family, urgent travel ete. How will you measure your progress? The answer lies in your targets. You can manage what you can measure. Your targets should have following characteristics which make them SMART targets ‘Specific: Target should mention what are you going to finish precisely. For example, | will prepare 4 main topics of Chapter 4 in Biology on Jun 13th. Measurable: A specific target itself will tell you how it should be measured. Consider the above target. I tells you that if your prepare 4 main topics of 4th chapter in Biology, your target is met on June 13th. Achievable: Targets should be made considering your ability and circumstances that allow to achieve them. Preparing more than 4 topics in a subject may not be possible, Seta target which you can achieve with hard work but it should bein the range of your achievement. Setting up achievable targets encourages us to do more. Realistic: This related to the previous point but here the focus is on your ability considering the available time limit Think about the target iit is really achievable in the available time and circumstances, For example, I will prepare 4 main topics of 5 chapters in Biology on Jun 13th, this could be an unrealistic target. It may not be possible to prepare 20 topics in a day given that you need to go to school and do others chores besides studies ‘Time-bound: Setting up a deadiine brings you in discipline to work towards your goals. t also helps you in measuring your progress. After a week’ time you can easily calculate how many topics in which subjects you have prepared in just 7 days, What was the original target and what is achieved? How to modify your plan for improved progress? How much time is needed to cover the gap ifyou are falling behind your targets? Controlling: Analysing your achievements at set intervals (weekly, fortnightly), looking for gaps and delays, thinking to refine the plan, finding out better ways to achieve the goals, incorporating new ideas, ensuring self-discipline, handling distractions and temptations, motivating yourself and keeping up the selfencouragement are certain actions that you need to do to keep the things in control. Controlling ensures that you not only do the things as you planned but also continue to do them, Do not quit in between due to litle misgivings and failures. Keeping up your will power and believing in yourself is the key to contro. Reflecting: Compare the outcomes of your efforts with the set targets. Since targets are specific and measurable, the comparison will clearly show you the postive or negative difference. This proces is called reflection. In case of negative difference, you shall look for what went wrong, where did you lack in your efforts, where is the gap needed to fil, how much time you have left, how can you improve the strategy to cover the gap. Postive difference will ‘motivate you into thinking how you can do better, how you can raise the bar of performance, what litle more can you do to make it even big and bigger. Activity Prepare a short self management plan for the following scenarios: 1, Preparing for final exams. 2. Making a science project on Green Initiatives of Society. 3. Improving your English (or any other language of your choice). Tools of Self-management: Self management has 3 basic tools: ‘Self-motivation: No one would command you for selfmanagement, It comes from within. Self-realisation is the initial step leading to self-motivation and suggesting yourself that you should begin managing yourself. The purpose of, this chapter is exactly this, It will tell you all you need to learn about self-management and inspire you to do it. Hiow far ‘you can take this is your own initiative, os‘Time management: Time is of the essence in any effort for achievement. Every goal needs to be achieved in a predefined time span. Time management involves deciding deadlines for achieving targets and then managing the decided time so that all the required tasks are accomplished as planned. Time management needs the understanding of importance of time, avoiding activities that waste the time, deciding a time table or schedule for all important activities considering all the other liabilities and responsibilities. The time bound targets help you in measuring and managing the time easily. Following are the main ingredients of successful ime management recipe: Prioritise: You should know what is more important at what is least. In what sequence the tasks need to be done. ‘Time allocation: How much time each task should be given? Which are the time-wasting activities and who are such. people to avoid? All these questions need to be answered. A time table needs to be in place preferably in writing, ‘Self-discipline: It is directly related to time management. Self-discipline takes care of time management. If your efforts are sincere and your concerns are genuine about your goal, self-discipline will prevail. A self-disciplined person always takes care of time and punctuality. Responsibility: Sense of responsibility and constant reminder that you have to do this to achieve your goals is a must, Share your plan and desire of self management with your parents or elder siblings who will guide, help and support you in ‘your efforts. This will motivate you in staying responsible, Many a times we tend to keep on doing the tasks we like and ignore the other important ones. This is called procrastination. This unknowingly leads to wastage of time and irresponsible behaviour. Keep provision for recreational activities and hobbies in your plan so that your regime of self: management does not get dull, monotonous and too challenging to follow. Find time to spend with friends, family and entertainment. A right kind of balance in all these makes your efforts easier, relaxed, more natural and stress-free. EXERCISE Answer the following question: 1, What are the benefits of self-discipline. 2, What do you mean by SM.A.R.T target? 3. How's time management important in achieving targets? When you believe yourself, you actually believe in your dreams, goals and aspirations. This belief brings a sense of confidence in you, telling you that you can do what you believe. This sense of confidence is called self-confidence. Self-confidence makes the person capable of achieving what he ot she aspires for. Self-confidence drives the person towards his goals, winning all the challenges in the way and emerge as a winner, Reasons Behind Lack of Self-Confidence: Certain most common reasons behind lack of self-esteem or self confidence are: © Fear of the overcome them. © There is a saying: Most of the people are others. It means that most of us rely more on what other people say and do. People with low level of self-confidence seek other's approval instead of believing in what they can do. Lack of necessary efforts in overcoming their weaknesses. Making weakness as an excuse instead of finding ways to get rid oft, Lack of confidence in putting forth the first step. Lack of init Poor or incomplete preparation, Those who believe that failure might happen do not prepare well. Mistaking opportunities with problems. Reluctant in taking up challenges and interacting with people. Clinging to recent failures instead of learning from them and working on them. Avoiding situations which can improve their personality and outlook. Factors That Influence Self-Confidence: Confidence is something that is built up after birth, during our upbringing and interaction with situations and people as we grow up. Society, culture, our physical condition and media. Social Factors ‘What makes our society? Our family, relatives, friends, neighbours, people we interact with in our daily life like teachers, schoolmates, family friends etc, Our interactions with all such people influence our self-confidence, Our childhood conditions, how we have been brought up by our parents, kind or life values we have been given, our education, our evaluation by others and feedback from all these sources influences how we look at ourselves. This creates our self image. Early childhood conditions, bad/ good parenting, lack/ abundance of opportunites, lacl/ availability of education, criticism appreciation, struggle/ luxury, quality and kind of relationships - these all greatly build up our high or low sense of self-confidence. Oo a wre. Looking at the possibilities of failure only instead of looking for the ways to prevent or ° ee000‘Culture and Community These are closely associated with our society but talking of culture in a specific sense, itis the values system and characteristics, a particular group, religion or ethnicity bears. It includes various ethnic practices of that culture, language, rituals and beliefs. Upto what extent the traditional and liberal values are practiced in a particular culture influences our selfconfidence. Rich culture with abundance of opportunities to develop and enjoy your individuality ‘while keeping balance in respecting others belief isthe fertile ground for fourishing self-confidence. Exposure to Media and Online Social Platforms We learn a great deal about the outside world from television, newspapers, magazines, movies and the internet. Movies, programs, news and online interactions mould our thoughts and in-tum influence our beliefs and personality Negative influences like cyber bullying, content not suitable for age, violent movies and games, news of war, crime and violence badly affect our personality and the way we perceive the world. Positive influences like learning about other cultures, stories of achievements and inspirations, healthy sports, controled and responsible use of social media encourage us to develop a positive and balance belief system that enhances our self-esteem, As students and while we are learning, we must always seek guidance of elders, superiors and parents in using media and online platforms. Physical Factors Impressive physical appearance, pleasant personality and sound mental health are keys to the development of our sett confidence Instead of worrying about fair skin, good looks, sharp features, impressive height we must focus on clean appearance, carrying ourselves well, etiquette and manner in dealing with people, confident smile and postive outlook. No two persons in the world are same. People hail from a varity of cultural backgrounds and regions in the world. Everyone has his’ her own place and liberty in this world. Knowing our strengths and working on our ‘weaknesses isthe key to better personality. If you look into the world history, you will realise that most of the greater personalities and inspiring real life heroes were not good looking, It was their value & belief system and the way they carried themselves defines them. Many of them have been physically challenged too. Derive inspiration from them and focus on developing your value system accordingly: Discipline, punctuality, personal hygiene, gentle outlook, Positive smile, confident stride and elegant dress code is what matters more than a charming, far, tall physique. Tips to Build Self-Confidence The first, most important tip isto revisit the section above listing reasons of lack of self-confidence and start working towards overcoming them. Specific important tps are lsted here: Positive self-visualization and attitude: You can achieve only what you can believe in. So, start looking at yourself the way you want to be. Work towards it. Change your perception about yourself and start looking at the positive part. Eliminate the negative thoughts and focus on the pluses that tell you how you want to be going further. Positive affirmations: Train your brain into learning and remembering what you are good at and why. When you achieve something, appreciate yourself modestly. ‘Seek and take up challenges: Instead of circumventing undesired situations and doing something you do not feel confident at, try to take them up to learn. This will eliminate the fear of failure in you. Even if you fail, analyse the failure, derive learning from it and get ready for next challenge that comes your way. Do not bother how others evaluate you. Compare your failures and triumphs with your previous ones and strive to do better and better. Positive self-criticisation: Assess your achievements, approaches and yourself faily Listen to your inner voice. Tell ‘yourself honestly what was right and what was not. This sel feedback will siowly become your self-confidence. ‘Set realistic goals and make achievable plans: While working towards your aspirations or dreams, identily goals and divide them into S.M.A.RT. targets. Consider your abilities and priorities to make plans, which you can easily follow. After every successful achievement of a goal, analyse it and raise the bar of performance forthe nex time Be helpful but care for yourself: Keep a balance in thinking about yourself and being available for others. Do not be too sesh and too gullible. Ensure preparedness: Being well informed and suitably prepared is half the battle won. When you are prepared, you are confident. Utlise time to prepare for what you must deliver ~ tests, exams, stage performance, sports, negotiating a deal, event arrangement. Create @ personal image: Work towards let people know what kind of a personality you are. What is your value system? Let people learn about your personality boundary. Be assertive and firm without sounding rude. Level headed interaction with others, respecting others’ space, modesty, fair deal, open discussion and accommodating other's opinions are keys to build your self image and acceptable in groups. Keep your emotional balance: Deal with fear critically. Accept praise modestly and gracefully. Be patient with yourself. Strike a balance between aspirations and reality. Compare yourself only with your past-yourself instead of others. Identify your fears and insecurities and find ways to work on them, Do not stick to the failures and mistakes ~ ———tale a lesson and move on. Be grateful to Almighty for what you have, Do not try to over-practice for achieving perfection ~ be your best possible self. Healthy use of social media: Social media is a tool to learn, explore, meet others and stay friends. Do not let social ‘media be a manipulating tool of yourself. Do not be addicted into spending unnecessary time online, Decide your priorities between amusement and work. Both are necessary so manage time between the two. Answer the following question: 1, What are the possible reasons for low self-esteem? 2, List the factors that influence our self-confidence? 3. List some steps that you will deploy to enhance your self-confidence. ASSESSMENT ‘What do you mean by the term self-management? 2. Whyisselfmanagementimportantfor us? You need to prepare for the 100 meter race in the annual sports event of your schoo! to be held after 3 months. Which self magement skills do youneed for this? ‘What doesthetermS.MA.R.T.standfor? What do you mean by goal and target? ‘Whatis the meaning ofa measurable and realistictarget? Younced to prepare fora computer quizto be held next week out of yourtext book. Which SMART targets would. yousetfor yourself? sees 8. Howdoesprocrastination affect our progresstowards our goals? 9. Howdoesidentifying goals and setting targets ease our preparation in achieving something? 10. _Afterachievinga goal, how does reflection help you further? 11, Whatisthe importance of ime management? Why do we have atime table in school? 12, Howdo prioritisation and self-discipline help usin managing time? 13, Listanymajor reasons behind lack of self-confidence, 14, Howdoespreparation of somethinghelpsin retaining your self-confidence? 15, Explain any2 factors thatbuild a person’sself-confidence. 16. Howdoesmedia influence our belief system and values? 17. __Listcertain waysto build one'sself-confidence, 18, Howwill you ensure preparedness while working towards a goal? 19. Howdoeskeeping right company and healthy use of social media shape your self-confidence? 20. Whatarethe physical factorsthat enhance our self-esteem?BASIC ICT SKILLS ‘World around us is impossible to believe without the presence of computers. Information and communication technology skills make our lives easier by easing our tasks up to greater extent Availing a domestic service, booking travel tickets, hotel room and flights, ordering food, finding a location using GPS, interacting with people, instant communication are the part of our daily life Information is dealt with by us in following ways: ‘Accessing the information: Various means like computers, communication networks, smart phones help us access information through world wide web. Creation of information: Computers, digital cameras, digital recorders, smart phones, scanners etc. help us create information in various forms like text, audio-video and image. ‘Sharing and distributing information: The internet, communication networks and tools like video conferencing, video chat platforms, smart phones and computers are the tools to disseminate information, ‘Storing and managing information: Databases, computers, storage devices like disks, pen drives, online drives are the means to store and manage information, Role of ICT in Personal Life In our day-to-day personal life, ICT offers accessing services and facilities through the internet, computers and smart phones. Key areas where ICT plays vital role on personal life are: ‘Online Financial Services Banks have extended their services to customer's smart phone and computers. Instant online transactions, secured transfer of funds, efficient customer support reaching out with financial schemes to mass ~ this all has been greatly revolutionised using computers. In addition to this, loan service, insurance and social welfare schemes can be accessed online. This saves our time and efforts, makes the service tendered faster and with a personalised touch, No more queues and waiting. Real time updates of balances and financial status, timely reminders to avoid further hassles are the benefits of online financial services. (Communication ‘Today sending message and responding to messages has become incredibly instant. Not only the process and means of ‘communication today are easier and user friendly, they are secured and faster also. Integrated communication infrastructure including telephone lines, satellites, Internet technologies like chat, email and video conferencing etc. ‘web and mobile interfaces have brought the world closer, Using Internet and staying online today has become our second nature. Looking for information, doing research, seeking consultation, compiling data, sharing documents and information in multimedia is very easy and faster. Health Care Online diagnostic services, creatively designed medical equipment, consultancy services, personal doctor on-call, personal online physical trainer etc. are the examples of ICT intervention in health care. Education Getting educated with the help of computers has enriched and enhanced the process of teaching and learning at all levels. Access to online courses, digitised books, multimedia tablets, immersive learning content and user friendly leaming interfaces are applications of ICT in education. Entertainment Presentation of content today has gained completely a different level, Entertainment, news and field of journalism are greatly supported by computers. Sports, online games, movies, songs, web series, video interaction with others have taken the entertainment to a next levelSocal Media with almost anyone and everyone across the globe in moments over internet is due G2C Services i i i sites and web addresses which can be visited by anyone who requires to avail india gov.in. | Oy init nomaion or seven. Woman red wih pepo, few Ler at = “| rules, laws and regulations, taxes, public welfare and empowerment schemes, Se nan intron for vations segments Ie apical, enmojent and Role of ICT in Industries and Businesses Banking Industry Ente franca yal ve the word es and us over comptes an spied comancon insta ‘Computers are used by banks to maintain the financial database, customers and day to day transactional details. Instant online transactions, secured transfer of funds, encrypted communication of data, verifying authenticity, efficient customer support, Tein ow nan scesto ashi euston pty votre canjcompaiss a Corporte word and computes are inseparable oda. Akins of busines transactions areca out Cail irpecive of ese and mare of bushes bee sal hop, sapere a mabiaiorl level of revolutionary change in the way we interact with them in near fut Medial Selnes and Health Care Diagn doe each ie ne for beter cus and tems an ding mess ow done in he Stormont cau! by computes, Imoaive model ctpmens Hosa sags Shaler oprtins prom reah thence pac ae poable dae compass Mada rec an calf ha as boas the mete wot he or he Trine ae cea ens we dred fo now mentors orl pat ere Sos hospal dniiasion auc, cnoe can, open medal gaan medebe daub dsexesand ex lok ses und sca batt tenet ely ha amen say aso comptes ‘Training and Education ‘1, tionship advice and many such.Media Entertainment, news and field of journalism are greatly supported by computers. Video shooting, editing, sound engineering, adding special effects, SD technology, audio-video editing, streaming audio-video, sharing and promoting multimedia content has become efficient and easier now. ‘Travel and Ticketing Booking of travel tickets for any mode of travel, online cab booking, online hotel and tour packages reservations are all examples of modem day travel and tourism, Because of easy access through Intemet, secured payment gateway access and instant lookup services from travel services websites like Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) the Tour and Travel Industry has emerged asone ofthe top key playersin, contrbutingto the GDP in several countries. Research of any kind involves accessing vast information. Computers and modern, ‘communication technology has proved to be a boon for research work, Today, scientists, research scholars and people involved in creative and analytical professions have access to a huge repository of information in multimedia form right at their desktop. Various documentation tools, spreadsheets and databases help scientists in storing, organizing, sortingand accessing the information in an easy and smart way. Defense Defense is the field that makes use of computers and networks immensely. Most sophisticated encryption technologies, communication satellites, super computers and networks are used by defense forces, Research and design of weapons, remote sensing radars, remote controlled strike systems, interceptor systems and tactical devices are the outcome of advanced ICT deployed by defense forces. Code breaking algorithms, message encryption, hacking, prevention from cyber attacks, stealth communication, online sniffers etc. are various defense strategies that are supported by computer technology. Answer the following questions: 1, How do we use information in various ways? 2, How are computers useful in our daily life? 3. How computers help in running various businesses and industries? 4, Why ICT skills are necessary for us in today's world? SESSION 2: Computer System Computers are an integral part of our lives. Wherever we are—sitting in our homes, working in the office, driving on roads, sitting in a movie hall, staying in a hotel, etc. —our lives are affected by the computers. In this era of information, ‘we are dependent on the storage, flow and processing of data and information, which can only be possible with the help of computers, Computers are used as tools in every part of society together with the Internet. ‘A computer is an automatic electronic, calculating device which can process a given input in a prescribed manner to produce a desired output, at a very high speed with remarkable accuracy, It can also perform all arithmetic and logical functions according to the instructions given in a systematic order to solve any problem and produce processed information. Parts of a Computer System A computer (system) consists of mainly four units: input unit, memory unit, central processing unit (CPU) and output unit. Computers work through an interaction of hardware and software. Hardware refers to the parts of a computer that you can see and touch (including the computer case (cabinet) and everything inside it). Hardware items such as your monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, memory and other components are often called hardware devices, ar devices.Software refers to the instructions, o programs, that tell the hardware what to do. A word-processing program that you can use to write letters on your computer is a type of software. The operating system (OS) is software that manages your computer and the devices connected to it. Windows is a well-known operating system. Input Unit: The input data instructions are given through this unit to the computer. Keyboard and mouse are most common input devices. ‘Standard Input Device (Keyboard): Keyboard is used to provide text-based input. Various combinations of keys are used to issue specific commands to the computer. It is also used to input text content and numbers for various documents. A standard keyboard layout is called QWERTY layout Mouse: A small device connected with the computer to interact with the graphical user interface provided by the operating system and to click, selec, ‘draw in various software applications is called mouse, Mouse, in true sense, is a pointing device. It has usually left and right button and a scrolling wheel. Left button is used to click and select the items with a single click, with double click the programs are launched or files are opened. Right button is used to display common commands used readily available without having to go to the detailed menu of options. A swift triple click of left button selects the entire paragraph in a document. Central Processing Unit ‘The most important unit device of a computer is known as CPU (Central Processing Unit). It is also known as | [a ‘microprocessor or processor. A CPU is the brain of a computer. cpu Itis responsible for all the functions and processes. The task of | [pass Tae [processing is done by processor in computer. It collects data 1 form input unit, stores in memory unit, processes and produces | [Sie Ke aa | = output. A CPU consists of one oF more electronic components fabricated on a silicon chip. These ate: Arithmetic and Logic = Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU). Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) and logic operations. Logic operations test various logical conditions encountered during processing and allow for different actions to be taken based on the results, The data required to perform the arithmetic and logical functions are inputs from the designated CPU registers and operands Control Unit (CU): It coordinates the components of a computer system. The control unit, as its name suggests, is the circuitry that issues commands to other hardware components to execute programs, The control unit doesn't actually execute any code itself rather, it just manages the execution of program instructions by fetching instructions from memory, parsing those instructions as necessary and then scheduling the appropriate hardware components to act on those instructions. In this way the control unit manages the operation of the entire computer. Functions of CPU 1, The CPU accesses and stores the relevant data and instructions during processing. 2. The CPU controls the sequence of operations. 3. The CPU gives the commands and coordinates the actions of all parts of the computer system. 4. The CPU carties out the processing. Storage Unit Computers use two types of storage: Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU mainly interacts with primary storage or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data. The unit holds the data and instructions. there are different types of memory which are used for different purpose. Memory unit can be divided in two categories. Primary Memory Itis the main memory of the computer. This memory is primarily used by CPU for booting of system and temporarily storage of data for processing. For example: RAM (Random Access memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory). Primary memory is needed by the computer for its own working. It stores the data currently used by CPU and Operating System programs. It is also known as the main memory because it directly communicates with CPU. RAM (Random Access Memory): It is the main working memory of the computer. When we generally talk about a oocomputer memory, we usually mean the RAM, It is situated inside the System Unit (CPU Box). ‘The CPU uses this memory for storing inputs, currently running Software programs and the results of processing ete. It is also called Read/Write memory as data can be read and written on it. It is a temporary/volatile aa memory. Its contents are accessible only as long as the computer is switched ON. After tuming OFF is contents are erased at = ROM (Read Only Memory): Its @ permanentnon-volatile memory located inside the system unit It retains the data even ifthe computer is switched OFF. It contains a set of start-up instructions called, "bootstrap loaders" (that are stored in it at the time of manufacturing) These instructions help the computer to start up or boot up itsell, when you switch it ON, ‘The computer can only read information from the ROM Secondary Memory This type of memory is used for permanent storage of data so that we can use it later. This type of memory is used to store large amount of data. For example, Hard Disc, DVD, Bl ray dis, Pen drive Output Unit This unit provides the resut ofthe operation performed by the computer. Computer generates the output of the processing in the form of text, graphics, audio or video. The most common output devices are monitor and printer. Monitor is called the standard ouput device while other output devices like printer, web camera, joy stick, plotter, speakers etc. are added to the computer as peripheral devices. Peripheral Devices Basie devices form the actual computer sjstem which performs standard input, ouput and — processing operations. There are additional devices which extend the functionality of a computer system, For example, taking a printout, transferring data to another computer, distrib Optical Disk Drives and USB Drive Optica dise can store information o data like video, audio, text, images, games, software etc. Various types of optical discs are available which can store up o 8 GB data CD-ROM (Compact Disc- Read Only Memory): The CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) is an optical disc that comes with data already written on them for distribution for example, > music €Ds, itis readonly storage media, data or information cannot be erased fom Irisused 9 |Z) store data up to 700 MB. CDs are mosiy used for distributing software. CDs are fem = ing the data ete, CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable): It is also called WORM (Write Once Read Many) means data can be written once but read many times. We can use the discs (to read) with a standard CD player/CD:ROM drive. CD-RW (Compact Disc Re-Writable): It is a re-writable disc, It allows us to erase previous data and write new data on them, But the CD-RW media doesnt workin all players. Pen Drive or USB Drive The Pen Drive is a USB (Universal Serial Bus) flash memory device. Its used for storing and transferring audio, video, and data from one computer to another. It is small in size ie. portable, easy to carry and easy to use and low cost secondary memory. Itcan store a lot of data on it i.e, more than CD and DVD. Itis plugged into USB port of the computer. Pen Drives are getting very popular now-a-days, It can store data up to 256 GB now a day. But usually we are using 4 or 32 GB pen drive. Digital Card Reader-Writer Digital card readers are found in devices like laptops, digital cameras and smart phones. These devices have slots to read from and write on the memory cards. These cards are available in various storage capacities ranging from 16 GB to 1 TB. External Hard Drives In addition to computer's main storage device — Hard disk there are extemal hard drives available. They can be easily connected with the computer through USB port. External drive is the best suited device for keeping backup of the computer data since it can store data in the range of $00 MB to 2 TB or even more in near future. Oe 3,USB Based Adapters Adapters allow devices running on different types of technologies to connect with a computer and provide their services. Such devices are shipped with their adapters which function as interface between the device and the ‘computer. Examples of such devices are Bluetooth adapters to connect Bluetooth wireless speakers and smart phones connect with computer, WiFi adapter connects WiFi modem to the computer, Printers, Scanners and Plotters Printer It prints out the hard copy of the documents and images over variety of medium like paper, plastic sheets etc. Ranging from a simple deskjet printer to industry line printer used to print banners and posters, printers come in a wide variety to cater to various printing needs of various industries. Dot Matrix Printer: Dot matrix printer works by striking a grid of pins against a ribbon. It prints one character at a time. It prints the character in dotted format. In this type of printers, there is a vertical array of pins. As the head moves across the paper, the selected pins hit on the ribbon to form the character in the pattern of dots on the paper, Inkjet Printer: An Inkjet printer is a kind of printer that works by spraying re) ionized ink on a sheet of paper. Magnetized plates in the ink’s path direct the ink onto the paper in the desired shapes to create impression of text or image. Its used in home and small offices Laser Printer: Its the latest technology printers which prints the character by laser beams. It has a drum which works with the help of laser beam and prints the characters. It consists of toner inks, Monochrome (black) laser printer, which use single toner are used at offices, Plotters Plotters draw or plot building maps or product designs. These are used by architects and product designers. A Plotter prints high-quality graphics or drawings using. In the past, plotters were used in applications such as computer-aided design e.¢., engineering and architectural drawings i.e., making ‘maps, plotting civil engineering drawings and machine components. Scanners ‘This device is used to scan documents and store them computer for later use. A flatbed scanner can scan whole sheets of documents while handheld scanners are useful for quick scanning of a part ofa document like a few lines or an image. Web Camera Web camera captures the live video stream and sill images. A web camera isa video camera that feeds its image in real time to a computer or computer network. While chatting with friendgelatves or video conferencing with the colleagues, you can use it to transmit audio oF | video over the internet. Expansion Cards 2 Expansion cards are additional circuit boards that provide extended functionality to the computer like enhanced sound, high quality video tendering or connecting the computer to a particular network. They are called expansion cards since they expand the functionality of the computer beyond its basic features. [7 Expansions cards can be eailyinserced in their corresponding expansion shots avaiable on the motherboard inside the CPU bot. Specialised computer sysiems like game development computers or highond | ‘mukimedia computers need audio-video expansion cards, Other digital devices ‘Speakers: Speakers are used to generate sound. They convert analog electric signals into air vibrations. Speakers are used to listen to music and sounds on the computer, Joystick: Its also a pointing device. A joystick consists of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the controlling device. Joysticks are often used to control video games, and usually have one ot more push-buttons ‘whose state can also be read by the computer, Joysticks are used in civilian and miltary aircraft, cranes, underwater unmanned vehicles, wheelch surveillance cameras and zero turning radius lawn mowers. - 3 —$ ||EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. What isthe role of input and output devices in a computer system? 2, Lit differences between primary and secondary memory, 3. How is RAM different from ROM? 44, What do you mean by peripheral devices? 5. Describe any 5 peripheral devices. 6. Describe the functioning of processing unit SESSION 3: Basic Computer Operations Working with a Computer ‘Switching a Computer System On Usually, a computer system is connected with mains through a UPS ~ Uninterrupted Power Supply: The steps to switch on the computer are as below 1. Switch on the UPS by a long press on its power button 2. Press the power bution on the CPU cabinet or system tnit and switch on the monitor. ‘As soon as the computers is switched on, the instructions embedded in its ROM begin Power On Self Test (POST). In POST, the computer sends a quick signal to each device to heck fit is working properly. The motherboard, keyboard, printer @f connected) memory. hard drive, and other components receive the signal and respond back. if response does not come from any of the devices then corresponding error message is displayed on the monitor with the peculiar beep sound. After POST, the computer begins locating the operating system. The operating system controls entite functionality of the computer system and its devices. Operating system also acts as an interface between the User and the computer system, ‘Computer Software Software uses hardware. Without software the power of hardware is of no use. Is the sofware that helps performing various tasks by making use of hardware. Software and hardware complement each other and together make the complete computer system. The cote software that isa must on each computer and without which no operations are possible onthe computer is Operating System, Operating System Operating system controls entire functionality of the computer sistem, Operating system allows the user to interface with the computer hardware and make use of other software applications om the computer. Operating system sis between the user and computer system. Functions of Operating System © Managing hardware devices: Controls functioning and interaction among devices. © — Managing software and scheduling programs: Keeps track of installed sofware and allocates(dealocates memory to the requited programs. © Files and storage management: Creates and manages file operations and disk parttions © Interface between user and the computer system: Provides a set of commands or graphical interface to work with computer. © System Security: Provides basic password based security and a set of rights & permissions for various profiles (pes) of users. ‘Types of Operating Systems ‘Operating systems are basically of following types: ‘Single User OS: Such operating sysiems allow one user at atime on a system, Examples: DOS and Windows 95 © Multi-User OS: Such operating systems support more than one user at a time on the same computer. Examples: Windows 7, Windows 10, Linux, | Y= Unix Command Line User Interface OS: Such operating systems provide a command line on which user can type commands to accomplish tasks on the computer. Examples: DOS, Unix Graphical User Interface OS: Such operating systems provide an interface composed of graphical menus, buttons, task bar, dialog boxes etc. They are operated by the help of mouse ee. Ly, -34-——————, LT Windows Lim eaters a - ca an2301User does not need to key in the commands. Most ofthe tasks are done by clicking the commands with the mouse, Mobile OS: A mobile operating system, also referred to as mobile OS, is an operating system that operates a smart pphone, tablet, PDA, or other mobile device. The most popular OS's for mobile devices (smart phones and tablets) are Apple's iOS and Google's Android, RIMS BLACKBERRY OS, Microsofts Windows and Symbian. Let's learn about “Android and Symbion OS. ‘Applicaton Sofware Most common software applications are MS-Office suite, Adobe Photoshop, Flash, Oracle Databate Management Stem et w Software appizaone are used to perform various tks in a vain of feds, Various “ components of MS Office suite are used in small businesses for creating documents (MS- Sond) greadsneen (MS Buch, presentations QMS Fowcrpole, deep publshing OS w Publisher), email (MS Outlook) etc., Image processing and illustration software are Adobe —_ Photoshop, Adobe Mlustrator, Corel Draw. Various database management software are MS Access, Oracle, DB2 ete. Graphical User Interface ‘Modern operating systems provide a rich set of graphical components combined together {nfo an interface which user can interact with by the help of mouse and keyboard shortcut keys, This interface os called Graphical User Interface (GUD. GUI supports multiple [programs to run together. Some basic components of GUI are: Desktop - It is the main screen on which other components og GUI appear. Start button and menu - Clicking on Start button opens up Start menu which provides access to all the installed programs and software. ‘Taskbar - Usually found on the bottom of the desktop and displays Start button and system tray: Icons - Small pictures that represent a software, program, file or folder. User can double click on them to access the program, File Afile isa collection of related information. In other words, afile isa collection of data stored on a storage device. There are different types of files depending on the types of information, they contain, like document, image file, music file, movie file, etc. Depending on the type ofle, each file is denoted by an icon. Each files given aname, called as filename which isuseful to identify the fie. Look at the figures and notice that every file hasfollowingtwo parts: Primary name-Itisthe firstname of afile Itcan be any name given by the user (ishiould be meaningful). Secondary name- Itisthe extension ofthe_flelike coc, etc. tis given by the program whereitis created, Folder (Directory) Afolderis a place where many files are stored. In other words, the files are contained in a folder, A folder i also known as directory. © collection ofrelated files can be stored in a common folder. © Afolder may also contain different folders with files in them, Common Desktop Operations (Windows 7) (Once the computer is started, the screen which appears on the monitor is called the desktop. Various components of a desktop are: 1. Wallpaper 2. Teons 3. Taskbar ‘Wallpaper: The wallpaper is the background picture on the desktop, cons: The small pictures on the screen are called the icons. BEE‘Taskbar: This is a horizontal bar at the bottom of the desktop. Now, let us learn about the various parts of the taskbar. Start Button: The Start button is found on the left side of the taskbar. When we click on the Start button, a menu appears which is known as the Start menu, We can find and open all the programs from the Start menu, Quick Launch tootbar: ‘The Quick Launch toolbar provides an easy access (in single cick) to our favourite programs. These programs can be opened in one click. Middle Section: ‘The Middle Section shows us the programs and lls we have opened and allows us to quickly switch between ther, System Tray: EEEESERW The System Tray is used to show the date and time and various other notifications. ‘When we leftctick on the Star button, the Start menu appears. It contains a ist of programs which are installed in the computer. Follow the steps given below to open a program: Start button > In Start menu, click on the Computer option. The Computer window appears on the screen. ‘Shutting down the Computer ‘Start bution > In the Start menu, click Shutdown. Then, switch off the monitor ‘and then UPS. Answer the following questions: 1, List the steps to switch on and shutdown a computer system. 2, What is the use of operating system? 3. What is the means of GUI? 4, What is the use of a file and folder? 5, List the main components of a GUI desktop. SESSION 4: Performing Basic File Operations Let us lear about routine operations which [ESE ‘we can perform on the files as and when requited. These common operations can be performed both on files and folders. Taough the following steps are given for only files, these steps are same for folders als. 3.1. Creating New Folder (using a right-click) ‘A folder can be created in a drive, folder or on the desktop. You can use the context ‘menu (using right click), toolbar or shortcut keys to create a new folder. Now, let us lean about these methods. This method can be used to create a new folder using the context menu by right-click of the mouse. oe‘The steps to create a new folder are: Open Computer (or go to Desktop if you want to create folder on desktop) window. Open the location/drive (or folder) where you want to create a folder. Right- click on the blank area, the context menu appears, Select the New option. A submenu appears. Click on the Folder option. A new folder is created and appears. ‘Type a name for the folder and press the Enter key. 7. Anew folder is created. 3.2, Rename file or folder Close the file to be renamed, if opened. Locate and Select the file Click the right button of mouse Select Rename. The filename will become editable ~ type the new name and press ENTER Key on the keyboard. OR Locate and Select the file. Click F2 key on keyboard. The filename will become editable ~ type the new name and press ENTER Key on the keyboard. oun eNs 3.3, Delete file or folder Close the file or folder to be deleted, ifopened. Locate and Select the file, Click the right button of mouse. Select Delete, Pop up will ask to confirm File Delete ~ Click on Yes. OR Locate and Select the file. Press Delete key on keyboard, Pop up will ask to confirm File Delete ~ Click on Yes. vane peepee 3.4, Copy file or folder 1. Right click on the desited file. Select Copy. Then, change the Drive and Folder to target location, 2. Click the right button in blank white space, 3. Select Paste.OR Locate and Select the file, >Press Ctrl + C. Change the Drive and Folder to target location, Press Ctrl + V. 3.5. Move file or folder 1. Right click on the desired file and select Cut, Then, change the Drive and Folder to target location, 2. Click the tight mouse button and select Paste, Not In Copy-Paste, the file will remain there in the original location and a copy of the same will be saved on the new. location, OR Locate and Select the file. Press Ctrl + X. Change the Drive and Folder to target location. Press Ctrl + V. Note: {In Cut-Paste, the file will be removed from the original location and will be copied in the new locat 3.6, Selecting files in sequence We can select some of the files, which are one next to each other in a particular folder with the help of Shift and direction keys (Left, Right, Up and Down Keys) 3.7. Selecting non-continuous files ‘We can also select some of the files, which are not in a sequence by holding Ctrl key and using Left button of Mouse ‘one by one as shown in the following picture - three files selected, which are not in sequence. EXERCISE NOTE For this execrcise, required folders and files must be created -ady otherwise teacher should get them created by the students to perform following operations: (Open Windows Explorer to expand a folder and perform the steps given below: 1 ‘To view the Activities folder, click the Start button, and then click Documents. 2. To view the contents of the Vacation folder (or example), in the navigation pane, under the Activities folder, click the Vacation folder. 3. To view the contents of the Vacation folder as a simple lst, click the Views arrow, and then click List. 4, To create a new folder in the Vacation folder, click Organize, and then click New Folder, for example 5. Te name the new folder, for the purposes ofthis exercise, press SPACEBAR to have the name typed for you, and then press ENTER. 6. To rename the Activites folder, in the navigation pane, click Activities, and then, for the purposes of this ‘exercise, press SPACEBAR to have the folder right-clicked for you. 7. On the shortcut menu, click Rename, for the purposes of this exercise, press SPACEBAR to have the folder name typed for you, and then press ENTER, 8, ‘To move a file to a new location, in the content pane, click the Insurance Agency file (for example), click Organize, and then click Cut 9. To paste the file in the Legal folder, in the navigation pane, click the Legal folder, click Organize, and then click Paste 10. To verify that the Insurance Agency file has been moved, in the navigation pane, click the Volunteer Activities folder Gor example). 11. To copy ale, n the content pane, click the Notes fle (for example), click Organize, and then click Copy. 12, To paste the file, in the navigation pane, point to the Vacation folder, click the arrow that is located to the left ‘of the Vacation folder, and then click the Memos folder (for example). 13. Click Organize, and then lick Paste. 14. To delete the Draft Garden Report fle (for example), in the navigation pane, click the Volunteer Activities folder Gor example). 15. Inthe content pane, click the Draft Garden Repo file, click Organize, and then click Delete. 16. To confirm that you want to send the file to the Recycle Bin, in the Delete File message box, click Yes. ‘3,SESSION 5: Internet and Its Applications ‘Today all our networks are connected with each other over Intemet - the largest network in the world. The first ‘workable form of internet came in 1969 with the creation of Advanced Research Projects Agency NETwork (ARPANET) in USA under the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPANET allowed multiple computers to communicate on a single network. In 1990s, Intemet came in wider use when computer scientist Tim Bemers-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Intemet is mostly used for communication. As we know that Internet is one of the best technologies ‘which is widely used by everyone and it has brought the entire world very close. So, it has become very popular, easy, cost effective and sophisticated means of communication, Intemet is a network of networks, It connects millions of computers of the world with each other. Internet helps us to access and share information on any topic. Information fon Internet ranges from various types such as text files, music files, video clips, software, etc. The most important feature of the Internet is that it is easier for people to communicate with one another. Internet Terminology World Wide Web (www): World Wide Web (www) is the largest information system on internet. It contains mill of web sites that provide information in the form of text animations pictures and videos, Website @ Web pages: A website is a collection of related web pages that are linked together. web page_ generally consis often, images, audi, videos, links, animations, et Homepage: The homepage i the frst web page of a website, It provides introductory information and the links to the other pages ofthe webste ‘Hyperlink: A hyperlink is the text or image that links one web page to another. If you move the mouse over a hyperlink, the pointer will change to the shape of a hand. Notice the hyperlinks in this image of the wikipedia website. ‘Web Browser A browserfweb browser is an application software that is used to access the information (websites) on the web. Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Safari, Opera are some commonly used browsers. Protocol: A set of rules form computers to exchange information online is called protocol. Ir determines how the communication between the two device over intemet must take place, HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is the set of rules to transfer information ove world wide web in the form of text, images, audio and video URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A URL is the unique address of a website that is accessible on the Internet. For example, hit /iww mywebsite comidounloadsiment, hl. Here, hp is protocol, wun mytoebsite.com is the domain name, ment html isthe resource and downloads isthe path to the resource. (Chatting: Communication in realtime over internet usually intext form between two persons is called chatting. This is done by some chat sofware ot service. Now a days, video chats are more popular. Video Conferencing: Visual communication over intemet among mukiple people using suitable communication technology is called video conferencing Social Networking: Connecting and interacting with people online over social media platforms is called social networking. E-Learning: Learning online through digital content and online demos is called E-Learning, E-Shopping: Buying products and services and paying for them online through secured means anytime is called E- shopping. This saves a fot of ime otherwise wasted in traditional shopping. E-Reservation: Booking tickets online for trains, flights, buses and other modes of travel as well as for booking hotels and tour services, taxis and event is called E Reservation, Blog: A personal simple website maintained by someone on a particular topic is called a blog. Blogging is « popular and lucrative hobby today. ns Electronic Mail ‘The most widely used Internet-based communication tool is an e-mail. The term e-mail refers to Electronic Mail. E- mail is a communication system that sends and receives messages through the internet by using specific email addresses or e-mail IDs. t identifies the receiver with an address similar to the postal mailing system. info@edu.com is an example of an e-mail address, E-mail system is managed by Mail Servers. There are so many ———omail servers available on the internet, such as Yahoo mail, Gmail, Hotmail, Redifimail and so on, Through e-mail we can send any type of information such as text messages, music files, video files, images, ete. It stores the mails in the inbox and allows the user to read them at any time and any place or location, Advantages of e-mail E-mail offers many advantages over traditional mailing system listed below: 1, _ Sending and receiving e-mail is very fast. Itis received and delivered within seconds across the world 2, Email san affordable means of communication as compared to other systems, 3. Sending and receiving e-mail is very easy. Any type of file can be sent as an attachment through e-mail. (Creating an e-mail account 1. Open any browser ie. Intemet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox or Chrome ete. 2, Type any of the e-mail service provider's names in the address bar of the browser. For example you can type https/www.email.com. 3. Now click on Create account option. Google 4, Aregistration form will appear. Fill the registration form and submit it Signin 5. Accongratulation message will appear. Go to your email account and login, 6 Your email account window appears (containing 3 mails from Gril Team), Google ‘One account. All of Google, Using an e-mail account After creating an e-mail account, you can use it to send and receive e-mails. To use the e-mail account, you must login or sign in using your e-mail id/user name and password, ‘The logitvsign in system of diferent e-mail accounts may differ, but they all offer some of the common features which are explained in following sections: Working with Gmail Inbox ‘The Inbox consists ofall received e-mails. Each e-mail has its message header which shows you who has sent the mail, subject line, time and date when the mail was sent. By clicking it, the contents will appear,‘Compose Mail ‘The steps to compose or create a new mail and send are: 1, Glick on Compose button located on the left side pane. A Compose mail frame appears. 2, Type the e-mail addresses of main recipients in the To box and related recipients in CC. 3. Type the subject name in the Subject box to send it with message. 4, ‘Type your message in the message box, 5. Click on the Attachment if you wish to attach any file, (The File Upload dialog box appears after clicking on Attachment option to select the attachments) 6. Click on Send button, In addition to main recipients, other recipients! email IDs are entered in CC box which stands for Carbon Copy. In this case, all recipients know all other recipient email IDs but if you need that recipients should ‘not see who other recipients are there then the email IDs should be mentioned in the field BCC box which stands for Blind Carbon Copy. Reply Mail Reply Mail is used to reply to the mail, at the ime when you receive and read it. Steps to reply the mail are: 1. Click on mail, which you want to reply. 2. Now, click on Reply option 3. Anew frame appears below the rail details, to type your reply 4. Click on Send button Reply All option sends reply 10 al persons in mail thread Cyber crime ‘Any crime done online over internet using any electronic device such as computer or smart phone is referred to as Cyber crime, Some known form of cyber crimes are Spamming: Spam refers to unsolicited messages and emails sent frequently to someone. Hacking: Accessing someone's computer or network with malicious intentions is called hacking. The purpose could be to steal or corrupt data and other sensitive information, Such a person who performs the acto hackingis called a hacker. Phishing and Pharming: Phishing is the way to acquire sensitive data such as username, password, etc. from someone byimpersonating the original website or web page. Pharming is an advanced fraud technique to redirect the original url of aweb page or website to another fake url by making changes in the web server configuration. Cyber Stalking: It is harassing someone or intruding into someone's privacy over internet. For example, sending ‘unsolicited message to someone, visiting someone's profile secretly trying to access someone's profile byimproper means and trying to get in touch with someone online against the other person's will or permission. Cyber Bullying: It refers to harassing, threatening and embarrassing someone online through messages, images, videos, gossips, fake facts with an intention to assassinate someone's image or humiliate in sociaimedia. Children are an easy target of this menace and are prone to indulge in this menace also to seek attention, for fun or revenge, or due to jealousy, ego and many times, due to peer pressure. Cyber bullying is more harmful psychologically and sometimes up to an extent of victim committing suicide due to lowered confidence, publicshame and mental torture ‘+,In case of cyber bullying, children must always remember that their parents and teachers are their best support and they should report such incidents immediately to their parents first. Cyber Addiction: Too much of everything is harmful. Same is true for internet, Spending longer hours over internet and being not able to resist the urge to check Updates every now and then is called cyber addiction. This leads to compulsive behaviour, lack of personal interaction with real family and friends, too much of online work and spending time in private. This may also affect mental health ‘especially of children, ‘The ill effects of cyber addiction are depression, anxiety, lack of concentration, short temper, psychological distress, physical ill effects such as dry, red eyes, lack of sleep etc. and negatively affected personality, In severe cases cyber addiction may push someone to that extent of mental disorder as to ‘commit some cyber crime. Answer the following questions: 1, What do you mean by the terms Homepage and Web page? 2. What is the role of browser in accessing internet? 3, What is electronic mail? What are its advantages over traditional mail? 4, Write the steps to compose and send a simple mail without any attachment, 5, What is the difference between replying a mail and forwarding a mail? Social Media Platform World Wide Web over the internet has shrunken the world onto a laptop and smart phone. Instant, fast and affordable access to all kind of information has enable people to get in touch online easly. A person can use WWW to teach rmlions of people online. Social media platform has greatly transformed the way we interact with people and socialise ‘ith those whom we hardly or probably never mes An online platform that enables people to network with others over internet, interact with them by means of various communication modes and develop social relation for a variety of purposes like entertainment, busines, friendship and for any social cause fs called social media platform, 0 el Sloe - Blog, earlier known as Weblog. is an online platform which allows [person to post his/ her views on a particular topic or issue in the form of an. wee GED Soya"? online article for other people to visit and go through. Readers can post Z®eBee their comments on the article and this way threads of interaction and roe me, S dialogues begin. Blog is an excellent way to showcase your writing and os : reporting talents or just to share your thoughts and views in an structured = SG way. Aperson who writes and maintains a blog is called blogger. Blogs are in the form of a simple website for which blogger does not need to know any markup language or programming language. Its very easy to operate and any person who has basic computer knowledge and has drafting skils can create a blog. Some popular blog services are Wordpress, Blogadda, Blogger, Tumblr etc. They all provide {ree as well as premium blogging services, People can use them to create personal or business blogs. ‘Today blogs have a new look called Video Blog or Vblog ican be maintained by someone who has the basic knowledge of preparing videos and uploading them to the blog, ‘Today blogs are a means to publish personal views, promote products and companies (corporate blogs), hobby or home business, socio-political issues, educational blogs, entertainment, review and customer information blogs. orFacebook [fj One of the most popular social website that allows people to register for free and interact with each other. To meet with people over Facebook, one should first create an account on it and then search for friends. One can send the friend requests to other people and once the request is accepted they become online friends Facebook has following salient features: Free: As long as you are using it for networking with people, iis free. You can even promote your products and services for free however, Facebook provides premuim schemes of promotions to. ‘Wall: After registering with Facebook, you have your own profile page called Wall. What ever you post, goes to your wall. Other people can also post at your wall or comment on your posts provided they have permission given by you, Pages: One can ereate pages on specific issues or topics and maintain information related to that topic on that page. Pages can be shared with others through an invite and people are given option to vst and like ther, Events: You can create events and send invites to people. Event reminder feature sends timely reminder to all the people concerned. Photo Albums: You can upload and organise the pictures and videos in separate alburns. News Feed: In the middle of your page, status updates, new stories, events and activities of other people are updated through this feature. Privacy Settings: Facebook has excellent security options which allow you to setup the access to your wall and other updates. You can decide who should be able to write on your wall, access your updates, pictures and pages. Who can see and comment your posts etc. By default, all the activities, posts, uploads and updates are public which means eveyone can aceessthem. Profile picture and Cover Picture: On your w large cover picture can also be setup. Youtube EY Youtube isa great offering from Google. Iti an online platform dedicated to video sharing. People can shoot videos and upload them on Youtube, One needs to have a Google account to do so. Millions of videos are uploaded daily. Videos include personal hobby videos, funny videos, education videos, recipes, how-t0-dorit type videos, tips and tricks, short ‘movies etc. After creating your account when you access Youtube, i ss the most trending or popular videos. You can search videos or click on the video thumbnails to watch them. Viewers can comment, ike and share the videos Dependingon the videos you visit, on nextlogon, Youtube willis the videos which you might be interestin, ‘Youtube Channel: People who are regular users of Youtube and upload videos on it are recommended to create a channel, Channel is simple a series or collection of related vidoes. The advantage of having a channel for creator is that popularity of multiple videos can analysed as one channel, It is easier to manage a channel as compared to individual videos. For user, its easier to subscribe the channel so that they get reminder about any new video updated by he channel owner Youtube provides various security seting o prevent your videos being downloaded by unauthorised viewers, Owner of the video can set the video as unlisted which means the people having the link to the video can only watch t, Users can create a playlist of ther favourite videos and channels depending on their interests like education, sports, cookery ete. Youtube also provides some basic video editing tools to let you give an attractive professional appeal to your videos. Youtube also provides feature of restricted viewing by applying parental; control and safety mode. Twitter Wy ‘Twitteris another social media website butitis dstinctin the following Users can post short messages including videos, links and text called Tweets, They have Sharing somebody'stweet is called Retweeting, Theuser accountnameiscalled Twiterhandle, Usernameis preceded by @ sign. In the Tweets, keywords can be marked by preceding them with a hash sign (#). They are called hashtags. They are useful inmaking the Tweet easly searchable by others. Apopular Tweets identified byits hashtags. , you can setup a small profile picture of yours and in the background a limitation of 280 characters, fT |After creating account on Twitter, one can access others’ Tweets and follow them by clicking Follow link. People can also unfollow the tweets. Twitter timeline displays all the Tweets which are updating amongst your connections. Thisiscalled Twitter feed, dicted ‘Whatsapp (©) WhatsApp is a messaging application that you can download to your smartphone and use to easly send messages to other people's mobile phones freely. talso allows video cals freelyby using your phone's data connection, WhatsApp can be easly downloaded and installed from any app store lke Google marketplace or iPhone App Store, People already using WhatsApp in your contacts will be automatically Dad available once the app is installed and those who are not can be invited t0 come over on WhatsApp. They will get a text message of your invitation along ‘with the app's download link Mom WhatsApp allows creating groups of your contacts, Messages sent by group members are seen by and can be responded by all the other members in that group. <_Invite frends ‘The messages sent are denoted by single tick mark, Messages received on recipient device are denoted with double tick marks and the same double tick marks turn blue denotes that recipient has seen your messages. WhatsApp allows video calling to0 for all Android versions 4.1 and above. To make a video call simply tap on the contact, tap on phone icon at the top and select video call Digital India To ensure that government services and government schemes information reaches to masses online easily, government of India (Gol) launched Digital India campaign in July 2015. Connecting rural areas over high speed internet connection to bring the remote areas of the country into mainstream and improve digital literacy is the ambitious objective of the campaign, Under this campaign the National e-Governance Pian is aimed at brining various digitised service to the masses, Some of the common services are digilocker, e-Education, eHealth, e-Sign and e-Shopping. Other platforms which are the part of this campaign are as follows: © Access to mygouin portal that lists details of all the goverment services and schemes. © Multi channel, multilingual, multi-service mobile app Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance (UMANG) to access all government services over handheld devices. Adhaar number has enable to access digital signature service e-Sign, People can keep digital copies of their important documents over DigiLocker. eHostpital application to for enquiring about blood donation services, appointments for checkup diagnostics, registration and payment for fees of the service availed. Biometric Attendance System for government employees. ‘Swachh Bharat Mission app tp promote cleanliness as a nationwide mission, Technology initiatives for black money eradication. e-Sampark application to promote communication in regional language. Job growth though BPOs. Pradhanmantri Digital Saksharta Abhiyan to make rural households digitally literate, ooo ee00008EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. What is the difference between a blog and a standard web site? 2, How a Facebook post different from a Tweet? 3. Describe the features of Twitter and Whatsapp, 4, Go to a blogging website and create a simple blog telling about yourself. 5. List salient features of FaceBook and Youtube. 6. What do you mean by a Youtube channel? 7. What is Digital India campaign? List its 4 main intiatives. 8. Go to wwwmygoxiin and find out various schemes launched by government. 9, How Whatsapp is different from Twitter? Describe briety ASSESSMENT 1, Inwhat waysdo we deal with information, Explain very briefly 2. Explain any2roles of CT in our personal daily life. 3. Inwhich2 industrial or business areas ICT is playing an important role and how? 4. Whyiskeyboard called standard input device? 5. Whatisswifttriple mouse click? 6. Howdo ALU and CUaid in data processing by computer? 7, Listany2:main functions of CPU, 8, WhyROMandRAMcalled primary memory? 9. HowisROM differemt from RAM? 10. Whyprinteris called a peripheral device while not the keyboard? 11, Explainany2srtorage devices. 12. Explain the optical disks briefly. 13. Whatisthe basic difference between a printer and plotter? 14, Whatisoperating system? List any 2 functions of operating system, 15. Describe any 4types of operating system. 16. How/sapplication software different from an operating system? 17. Whyoperatingsystem needs to be loaded first in computer's memory whenitisswitched on? 18 Listany4partsofaGUL 19. Whatdoyouseeona desktop generally?” 20. Whatistheroleoffolders? 21. Describe the use oftaskbarin Windows. 22, _Listthe advantages of email over traditional mail. 23, Whatisthe structure of an emall address? Give an example, 24, Howvwillyou forward an email alongwith an attachment? 25. Whatisablog? 26, Howisfacebooka popular social media platform? 27. Inwhatmannercan you interact with people on Facebook! 28. Whatistweeting andre-tweeting? What do you mean by #savetreescampaign 29. Explain Youtube channel and its advantage. 30. Howis Whatsapp different from Twitter? 31. Whatare various Digital India initiatives taken by Indian government? 32. How Digital India campaign will help in rural digital literacy and how willithelp in serving masses in a better way? Give your general idea citingsome examples, 33. Whatdoyoumean by cybercrime, cyber bullying and cyber stalking? What are their measures. 34. Howcyberaddition affects our lives adversely and how can we controlit? 35. Whatdoyournean by the termshacking, spamming, phishing and pharming. of” |ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS SESSION 1: Tynes of Businesses and Business Activities Intoday's world of stiff competition in career opportunites, there isa very viable option of growth for educated and trained individuals seif employment. Self employment opens the doors of opportunities for personal and professional growth as ‘well asit provides chances ofr improving employment and contribution to economy. But being se employed demands a great deal of preparation interms of getting suitable educated and trained inthe field ofinterest. ‘Various Forms of Business Ownership Sole Proprietorship Asole proprietorship businessis owned by only one person, Iissuitable for smal businesses and least costly among all forms of ownership. The liabilities of entire business are faced by the owner. Creditors can claim over personal assets of the owner if business suffers losses. reditorsare the people who provide resourceslike finance, raw materialto the businesson credit. Partnership Apparinership isa business owned by two or more persons. The profis or loses are divided among the partners as per the agreed terms while initiating the business. The liabilities of the business are bourne by all the partners. In limited Partnerships, creditors cannot claim fr the personal assets ofthe limited partnersin case businesssuffersheavy losses. Corporation A comporation is @ business organization that has a separate legal personality from its owners. Ownership in a stock corporation is represented by shares of stock. The owners (stockholders) enjoy limited liability but have limited involvement in the company's operations. The board of directors, an elected group from the stockholders, controls the activities ofthe corporation. Limited Liability Company Limited liability companies (LLCs) have characteristics ofboth a corporation and a partnership. An LLCisnot considered a corporation but the owners enjoy limited libiliy lke in a corporation, An LLC can decide how it willbe taxed as a sole proprietorship, apartnership, ora corporation Cooperative A cooperative isa business organization owned by a group of individuals and is operated for their mutual benefit. The persons making up the group are called members. Some examples of cooperatives are: water and electricity (uty) cooperatives, cooperative banking, credit unions, and housing cooperatives. ‘Types of Business There are four major ypes ofbusinesses: Service Business AA service type of business provides intangible products (products with no physical form). Servi professional skill, expertise, advice, and other similar products Examples of service businesses re: salons, repair shops, schools, banks, accountingfirms, and law firms. Merchandising Business ‘This type of business buys products at wholesale price and sells the same at retail price. They are known as "buy and sel” businesses. They make profit by selling the products at prices higher than their purchase cos's. A merchandising business sellsa product without changing ts form. Examples: grocery stores, convenience stores, distributors, and other resellers Manufacturing Business Unlike a merchandising business, a manufacturing business buys products with the intention of using them as materials in making anew product. Thus, there isa transformation ofthe products purchased. e type firms offer ooo‘A manufacturing business combines raw materials, labor, and factory overhead in its production process. The manufactured goods will then be sldto customers Hybrid Business Hybrid businesses are companies that may be classed in more than one type of business. A restaurant, for example, combines ingredientsin makinga fine meal (manufacturing), sellsa cold bot of wine (merchandising), and fills customer orders (service). Nonetheless, these companies may be classified according to their major business interest. In that case, restaurants are more ofthe service type -they provide dining services. Business Activities A business run successfully and managed through a variety of activities executed in collaborative fashion. Following are ‘ome major activities that make abusinessa functional uni ‘Human Resources Even in well-ordered businesses, a number of human resource tasks need attention. Ifyou lack a dedicated HR person in ‘your business, that eaves employee acquisition in your hands or those of your managers. Yournust conduct interviews hire applicants and determine what benelit packages, if any, your company will offer. You will also need to address any interpersonal confitsthat crop up in the normal course ofbusiness. Accounting Inessence, accounting boils down to tracking the money you take in and the money you spend, For businesses that dealin a small number of transactions per week or month, periodic data entry may be sufficient, Retail businesses with a high numberof transactions typically call or daly accounting. Keeping up to date on expenditures and income allows you to ‘see where you make the most and where your businessloses money. Budgets and Finance ‘As a part of managing your finances, implementing a budget can help you keep costs down. For smaller businesses, ‘budgets may consist ofltte more than a monthly allotment to cover overhead, insurance and payroll. In larger businesses, ‘where multiple departments may engage in long-term projects, you may need to set outfaitly complicated allotment on an annual basis. Your budget should include expected revenue and costs that you update monthly or more often, based on any new information, Finance is afield that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities overtime under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk. Sales and Marketing Sales are the hear of all businesses. Dependingon the industry you workin, sales may hinge on a dedicated sales team that develops prospects into clients, performs demonstrations and maintains contact with your existing client base. In some cases, you may fill the role ofprimary salesperson for your businessby dealing with new cient acquistion. Aswith the other aspects of business, this is best handled by scheduling an allotted amount of time each day or week to speciically handle sales oriented tasks. A good marketing plan should seek to maximize exposure of your business to the target market via mass marketing through print and electronic media. You should review your marketing efforts regularly to see which elementsproduce the best results. Research and Development Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation. Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product. Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature ofthe research isthat the researchers do not knowin advance exactly howto accomplish the desired result. Manufacturing and Production Assembling, synthesizing, developing or manufacturing product is core part of a business. It could be a tangible product manufactured through a well-defined process ike cars, house, any appliance etc. or a service planned and designed to caterto the customerslike education, training electronic content, customer care, maintenance services et. Activity Perform group discussions on the following topics in the classroom: 1 IRisimportantto consider the nature and sizeof businessin deciding its ownership, 2. Amanufacturing business dificult to manage as compared to merchandising. 3, How does a service business differ from manufacturing busines? 4,Salesand marketing drive the business forward or backward dependingon their performance. oo