1 Introduction

COOPER POWER
In the electrical power distribution system, there are es
reactive power which does not produce useful work. Th
White Paper
SERIES
industrial installations. Due to the inherent characteristi
WP917001EN Effective November 2020 relation to voltage [3]. Fig. 1 represents a simple circuit

Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank inportion

the
Generally, the utility fulfills the role of this energy sourc
power. This of current is responsible for increas

power distribution system with the resistance of the feeder. Power related to pow

Heliton Vilibor, Overview Figure

Figure1:1:
Voltage drop
Voltage due
drop to current
due flowing
to current in the
flowing in the feeder
Engineer, feeder
CPFL In this work, the optimal use of a capacitor
bank in the energy distribution system was
Joao Paulo Alves addressed with the aid of CYMDIST software.
Moura, A comparison was made between the use of
Marketing, an automatic capacitor bank in the substation
Eaton and in distribution using the feeder IEEE 34
Node Test Feeder. For the simulations, four
different load levels were considered. It was
Rafael Mariano,
observed that the use of automatic capacitor
Application
banks in distribution enhanced the electric
Engineering,
power quality, which improved power factor
Eaton
and voltage profile, as well as reducing power
losses and providing system capacity

I. Introduction Source: Adapted from [3].

In the electrical power distribution system, there
are essential components, such as transformers
and motors, that consume a portion of reactive
power which does not produce useful work. The
incidence of the circulation of reactive power
in the network is primarily due to industrial
installations. Due to the inherent characteristics of
their loads, the inductance of these loads causes
a delay in current in relation to voltage [3]. Fig. 1
represents a simple circuit where a power source
overcomes the reactive power consumed by the
load.
Generally, the utility fulfills the role of this energy
source. In this case, a portion of the current
should flow in the feeder to feed reactive power.
This portion of current is responsible for increasing
the power losses that are due to the Joule effect
since the current interacts with the resistance
of the feeder. Power related to power losses is
proportional to the square of the current, as can
be seen by Eq. 1.
Source: Adapted from [3}
Equation 1
Equation 1
𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼 ! ∙ 𝑅𝑅
The compensation of reactive power provides
technical benefits from the electric power quality
perspective, and can also bring economic benefits.
There are ways to compensate reactive power,
such as a super excited synchronous motor, active
filter, single-phase reactive generator, or, in a
more economic and often-used option, through
the installation of a fixed and/or automatic bypass
capacitor bank. In this document, the installation
of a capacitor bank was considered for reactive
power compensation.
From the power utility perspective, for example,
the best option is to compensate reactive
power locally, i.e., next to the load, since the
magnitude of the current being dispatched by the
substation is smaller, reducing the power losses,
increasing the system utilization factor, postponing
investments to increase the capacity of the feeder,
system load relief depending on the power factor
(PF) correction can be seen in Fig. 2.

Figure 2 – System relief depending on PF

Source: Eaton’s Cooper Power Systems Division

 in Fig.Source 1, the – percentage
Eaton’s Cooper reductionPower in Systems
current Division
can be approximated by Eq. 2, shown in [3]. This equation applies toradial
upstream current
Source – Eaton’s Cooper Power Systems Division When compensating reactive power locally in a circuit, as shown
from Source
the – Eaton’s
installation of Cooper
the Power
capacitor Systems Division
bank. When compensating reactive power locally in a radial circuit, as shown
in Fig. Source
1, the–percentage
Eaton’s Cooper reduction Power in Systems
current can Division
be approximated When compensating
by Eq. 2, shown inreactive [3]. Thispower equation locally applies in a to
radial circuit,current
upstream as shown
in Fig. 1, the percentage reduction in current can be approximated
WP917001EN When bycompensating
Eq. 2, shown in [3]. This
reactive equation
power locally applies
in aof toaupstream
radial circuit, ascurrent
shown
in Fig.
from the 1,installation
the percentage of the reduction
capacitor in current can be approximated by Eq. 2, shown inOptimal
bank. [3]. This equation allocation applies capacitor
to upstream currentbank
Source
from
in Fig.the
Equation –1,Eaton’s
2installationCooper
the percentage of the Power
capacitor
reduction Systemsinbank. Division
current can be approximated by Eq. 2, shown in [3]. This in the
equation power applies distribution
to upstream system
current
Effective November 2020
from the installation of the capacitor bank. When compensating reactive power locally in a radial circuit, as shown
in Fig. from1, the
Equation thepercentage
2installation reduction
of the capacitor in current bank. can be approximated by Eq. 2, shown in [3]. This equation applies to upstream current
Equation 2
from Equation
the installation 2 of the capacitor bank.
When
Equation compensating
2 reactive power locally in a radial circuit, In [3], a few solutions are proposed to improve the voltage profile:
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
as shown in Fig.%∆𝐼𝐼 1, the
= 100 percentage
11 − . reduction /8 in current can be I. Add capacitor banks to reduce current I and thus decreasing
Equation 2
approximated by Eq. 2, shown in [3]. 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
This equation applies to
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 voltage drop due to current interaction and line impedance
upstream current from
%∆𝐼𝐼 = 100the 11 − . 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
installation of the capacitor bank.
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜/8/8 Figure 4 – Influence of a to capacitor bank in a radial circuit
%∆𝐼𝐼 = 100 11 − .𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 II. 
Figure 4voltage
Add – Influenceregulators of a capacitoradjust voltage bank in a radial circuit
%∆𝐼𝐼 = 100 11 − . 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 /8 Figure 4 – Influence of a capacitor bank in a radial circuit
Equation 2 %∆𝐼𝐼 = 100 11 − . 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 /8 Source
Figure
III.  4
Increase ––Adapted
Influence
conductor fromof a [3]
crosscapacitor
section bank to reducein a radial
impedancecircuitZ
%∆𝐼𝐼: Percentage reduction in current 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 Source
Figure 4– –Adapted Influence from of a[3]capacitor bank in a radial circuit
%∆𝐼𝐼 = 100 11 − . /8 Source
IV.  Replace – Adapted
transformers from [3] to reduce impedance Z
Percentage reduction 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 Source – Adapted from [3]
%∆𝐼𝐼:
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
%∆𝐼𝐼: "#$ :Percentage
Power factor without in
reduction
current
correction;
in current Source
V.  Add some – Adapteddynamic from [3]
generator of reactive power
%∆𝐼𝐼: Percentage reduction in current In the case of radial circuits, Eq. 5 estimates the portion
increase
%∆𝐼𝐼: : Percentage Percentage reduction
reduction in current
in current VI. 
In the Addcase capacitors
of radial in series
circuits, to Eq.
cancel the inductive
5 estimates the increase of inZ voltage
in
at the po
voltage at the po
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %&' ::Power
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$ Corrected
Power
factor
factor
without
power factor.
without
correction;
correction; In the case
impedance of radial circuits, Eq. 5 estimates the increase in voltage at the po
"#$
%∆𝐼𝐼: 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$ :
Percentage PowerPower factor
factorwithout
reduction in current
without correction;
correction; In the case of radial circuits, Eq. 5 estimates the increase in voltage at the poi
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 : Power factor without correction; In the case of radial circuits, Eq. 5 estimates the increase in voltage at the po
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
When : Corrected power
"#$compensating reactivefactor. power locally, the percentage reduction in power losses is estimated by Eq. [3], as can be seen in [3].
%&' : Corrected
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %&' Corrected power
power factor.
factor.
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %&' : Corrected
: Power factor withoutpower factor.
correction; In most cases, solutions I and II are the most employed. In this
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %&' : Corrected power factor. Equation 5
When
When
Equation compensating
compensating
3 reactive
reactive power
powerlocally,locally,the percentage reductionstudy,
thepercentage Equation
in power the losses
influence
5 of capacitor
is estimated bybanksEq. [3], in the voltage
as can profile
be seen in is[3].
also
When
reduction compensating
in power reactive
losses is power
estimated locally,
by Eq. the
[3], percentage
as can be seen reduction in
Equation
verified.power As5losses
can beisseen estimatedin Fig. 5, bythe Eq.installation
[3], as canofbea seen in [3].
capacitor bank
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %&'When: Correctedcompensating power factor.
reactive power locally, the percentage reductionEquation in power5losses is estimated 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘."/byby Eq. (%)
∙ 𝑍𝑍Eq. [3], as can be seen in [3].
in
When[3]. compensating reactive power locally,!the percentage reductionimproves Equation
in power the
5 upstream
losses is voltage
estimated
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
profile
∙ 𝑍𝑍 $0 from
[3],
(%)
the
as caninstallation.
be seen in [3].
Equation 3 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$ %∆𝑉𝑉 = 100 ."/ $0
Equation 3%∆𝑃𝑃( #"**&* = 100 ∙ ,1 − . / 0 ( Equation 5%∆𝑉𝑉 = 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘."/ ∙ 𝑍𝑍
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 $0 (%)
WhenEquationcompensating 3 reactive power locally, the percentage reduction in power
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %&' losses %∆𝑉𝑉 is estimated
= 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
by."/Eq.
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑍𝑍$0
∙ [3],
$0
$0 (%)
as can be seen in [3].
Equation3 3
Equation ! %∆𝑉𝑉 = 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘.𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
"/ ∙ $0 𝑍𝑍$0 (%)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$ ! %∆𝑉𝑉 = 100 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
%∆𝑃𝑃( #"**&* = 100 ∙ ,1 − . 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$/ 0! ( %∆𝑉𝑉: Percentage increase in $0
voltage;
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
Equation 3 %∆𝑃𝑃( #"**&* = 100 ∙ ,1 − .𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$ /! 0 ( %∆𝑉𝑉: Percentage increase in voltage;
$0
%∆𝑃𝑃( #"**&* = 100 ∙ ,1 − .𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 %&'
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$ / 0
%&' ( %∆𝑉𝑉: Percentage increase in voltage;
%∆𝑃𝑃! #$%%&%%∆𝑃𝑃 : Percentage
( #"**&* = 100 reduction in 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
∙ ,1 − in.powerpower%&'/ 0losses; ( increase
Percentage reduction
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 "#$ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 !%&'losses; %∆𝑉𝑉: Percentage
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 Percentage
."/ : Rated power
%∆𝑉𝑉: Percentage of theincapacitor
increase
increase
voltage;
inin voltage;
voltage bank;
In [5], Eq. 4 is proposed,
%∆𝑃𝑃( #"**&* = 100 ∙ ,1 − .which represents / 0the economic PF ( 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ."/ : Rated power of the capacitor bank;
e 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘."/ : Rated Rated powerpower of of the
the capacitor
capacitorbank bank;
%∆𝑃𝑃
taking! #$%%&%
%∆𝑃𝑃 : Percentage
into account the increased system reduction 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 in power losses;
%&' capacity. Fig. 3 represents 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘."/ : Rated power of the capacitor bank;
! #$%%&% : Percentage reduction in power losses; 𝑍𝑍𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(%): : Transformer
Rated power impedance,
of the capacitor %; bank;
%∆𝑃𝑃
the Eq.! #$%%&%
4 chart.: Percentage reduction !in power losses; $0 ."/
𝑍𝑍$0 (%): Transformer
Transformer impedance, impedance,%%;
%∆𝑃𝑃
In Eq. 4 is: proposed,
[5], ! #$%%&% Percentage reduction
which;
𝐶𝐶 in
represents
𝐶𝐶 !! power losses; 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹& , taking into
the economic (%): Transformer
𝑍𝑍$0account the increased impedance,
system capacity. %; Fig. 3 represents the
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 1 − . 𝐶𝐶// 𝑍𝑍𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
$0 (%): Transformer impedance, %;
; $0 : Rated power of the transformer.
Equation 4 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 &
= 1 − . 𝑆𝑆 𝑍𝑍 (%): Transformer
Rated power impedance,
of the transformer %;
Eq. 4 chart.
%∆𝑃𝑃! #$%%&% : Percentage reduction 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃& = ; 1 − .
in power / losses; 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘$0 : Rated power of the transformer.
$0
&
𝐶𝐶 ! 𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑆
= ;1 − . which 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘$0 : Rated power of the transformer.
In [5], Eq. 4𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 is& proposed, / represents the economic 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹& , taking into 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 account
Ratedthe
:assumes power increased of the system
transformer. capacity. Fig. 3 represents the
In [5], Eq. 4 is proposed,𝑆𝑆 which represents the economic 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹& , taking Eq. into
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 5account
$0 : Ratedthe that
powerincreased
the the system
of transformer
transformer. capacity.
impedance Fig.predominantly
3 represents the represents the
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
In &[5],
Eq. 4: Economic
chart. power factor
Eq. 4 is proposed, which represents the economic 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹& , takingFigure Eq.into5$0 account
assumes
4: Influence the that
of increased
a the system
transformer
capacitor bank in capacity.
impedance Fig.
a radial circuit 3 represents represents
predominantly the the
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Eq.
In
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 & :
:4
[5], Economic
chart.
Eq.
Economic 4 is power
proposed,
power factor
factor which represents the economic 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 , taking into
Eq. 5
capacitors.account
assumes the
Second thatincreased
the
[3], system
transformer
when a capacity.
impedance
capacitor bank Fig. 3 represents
predominantly
is energized, a the
represents
2% the
to 3% incre
Eq.& 4 chart. Economic power factor &
capacitors.
Eq. 5 assumes Secondthat the [3],transformer
when a capacitor impedance bank is energized, a represents
predominantly 2% to 3% incre the
𝑃𝑃& : In
EconomicEq.
Equation 4 power
chart.4 factor Eq.
capacitors.5 assumes Second that the transformer
[3], when acapacity. impedance
capacitorFig. bank predominantly
is energized, represents the
[5],𝐶𝐶: Cost
Eq. 4 isofproposed,
capacitor bank whichper kVAR the economic 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹& , taking into capacitors.
represents account theSecond
increased [3],system
when a capacitor bank 3 represents
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2% to 3% incre
to 3%beincre
𝐶𝐶: Cost
𝐶𝐶: Cost of capacitor
ofCost
capacitor bank
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Second when [3], employing
when a capacitor
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Eq. 4 chart. Increased voltage when employing capacitor banks in distribution can be ben
Cost of 𝑆𝑆:capacitor
EquationSystem

bank
cost per
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kVA
cost per kVA Increased
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to increased distribution can are
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𝑆𝑆: System
Equation
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cost per
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Equation 4 Increased
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The use of automatic capacitor banks can minimize this type of problem.
Figure 3: Economic power factor The
In use the
brief, of automatic
advantages capacitor
of usingbanks can minimize
a capacitor bank inthis type of problem.
distribution, not in the su
Equation 4 The use of automatic capacitor banks can minimize this type of problem.
In brief, the advantages of using a capacitor bank in distribution, not in the su
In brief, the advantages of using a capacitor bank in distribution, not in the su
In brief,ü the advantages
Reduction of power of usinglossesa capacitor bank in distribution, not in the sub
In brief, the advantages of using a capacitor bank in distribution, not in the su
ü Reduction of power losses
ü Improvement
Reduction of power of voltage
losses level
ü Improvement
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losses level
ü System
ü Reduction
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voltage level
ü System relief of voltage level
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ü Suitable
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relief
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The5 analyses
Eq. assumes above that thewere based on
transformer a circuit predominantly
impedance with radial topology and no bran
The analyses
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of the and no bran
The analyses
quantitative above were based onthe a circuit application
with radial topology and no bran
quantitative
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capacitors. nature.
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Second were
[3], when based
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The analyses
quantitative above were based on a circuit with radial topology and no bran
nature.
3% increase nature.
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Figure 3 - Economic power factor distribution system, both in technical terms and from the perspective of econ
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Figure 3
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longsource
or
i.e.
poorlyvoltage
designed
poorly
adjusted designed
lines, to overcome
or as
ortheas
mentioned
impedance
mentioned ofby
by [3],
the
[3], the
circuit;
the circuit may
however,
circuit may be
loads
be weak
may for
weak the
be removed
for the installed
fromload.
installed the In
load. In this
this scenario,
• Reduction
scenario, the
the source
of power
source voltage
losses
voltage is
is adjusted
adjusted to
to overcome
overcome the
the
entioned impedance
by [3],for
system the of
some
the
circuit circuit;
may be
reason,
however,
weak
which may
loads
forcause may beload.
the installed
sustained
removed
In this
voltage
from the system
scenario,
surge the sourcefor some voltagereason, which to
is adjusted may cause sustained
overcome the voltage surge
impedance
impedance of
of the
the circuit;
circuit; however,
however, loads
loads may
may be
be removed
removed from
from the
the system
• for
Improvement
system for some
some ofreason,
voltage which
reason, level may
which may cause
cause sustained
sustained voltage
voltage surgesurge
pedance events.
of the circuit; however, loads may be removed from the system for some reason, which may cause sustained voltage surge
events.
events.
events. • System relief
ents.
In [3], a few solutions are proposed to improve the voltage profile: • Relief of transformers
In
In [3],
[3], aa few
few solutions
solutions are are proposed
proposed to to improve
improve the the voltage
voltage profile:
profile: • Suitable for Volt/VAR systems
[3], a few solutions are proposed to improve the voltage profile:
I. Add capacitor banks to reduce current I and thus decreasing voltage drop due to current interaction and line impedance
I. Add capacitor banks to reduce current II and
and thus
thus decreasing voltage drop due to
to current interaction and
and line
line impedance
I. AddII.I.capacitor
Add voltage
Add capacitor
banks banks current
toregulators
reduce to to
reduce
adjust current
I andvoltage
thus decreasing decreasing
voltage drop voltage
due todrop dueinteraction
current current and interaction
line impedance impedance
II.
II. Add
Add voltage
voltage regulators
regulators to
to adjust
adjust voltage
voltage
II. Add III.voltageIncrease
regulators conductor
to adjustcross
voltagesection to reduce impedance Z
2 III.
III. Increase
IncreaseEATON conductor
conductor
White papercross
cross section to
to reduce
sectionimpedance
reduce Z impedance
impedance Z
Z
III. IV.
Increase Replace
conductor transformers
cross section totoreduce
reduce impedance Z
IV.
IV. Replace
Replace transformers
transformers to
to reduce
reduce impedance
impedance Z
Z
IV. V.
Replace Add some dynamic
transformers to reduce generator
impedance of reactive
Z power
Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank WP917001EN
in the power distribution system Effective November 2020

The analyses above were based on a circuit with radial topology Table 1: Regulators continued
and no branches, i.e., the information is more of a qualitative than
quantitative nature. Compensator F-A F-B F-C
configuration:
As circuit complexity increases, tools are required to assist planners
R (%): 2.5 2.5 2.5
to assess the benefits of a capacitor bank installation in the
distribution system, both in technical terms and from the perspective X (%): 1.5 1.5 1.5
of economic viability. Voltage level (V) 124 124 124
From the power utility point of view, the optimum point for the Source: Adapted fro [2]
capacitor bank installation is in distribution, and, in some cases,
to determine the optimum point of action can be complicated, as
feeders can have high complexity. Table 2: Load
For the preparation of this work, the CYMDIST software was used
to perform the power flow, and to find the optimal allocation of the Node Node F-1 F-1 F-2 F-2 F-3 F-3
capacitor banks, in accordance with some system restrictions. For A B kW kVAR kW kVAR kW kVAR
the preparation of this document, simulations were implemented in 802 806 0 0 30 15 25 14
the IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder, represented in Fig. 6.
808 810 0 0 16 8 0 0
818 820 34 17 0 0 0 0
Figure 6: Feeder IEEE 34 node test feeder
820 822 135 70 0 0 0 0
816 824 0 0 5 2 0 0
824 826 0 0 40 20 0 0
824 828 0 0 0 0 4 2
828 830 7 3 0 0 0 0
854 856 0 0 4 2 0 0
832 858 7 3 2 1 6 3
858 864 2 1 0 0 0 0
858 834 4 2 15 8 13 7
834 860 16 8 20 10 110 55
Source: Adapted from [2] 860 836 30 15 10 6 42 22
836 840 18 9 22 11 0 0
862 838 0 0 28 14 0 0
2 Parameters and results
842 844 9 5 0 0 0 0
Below, the parameters of the feeder used are presented, followed 844 846 0 0 25 12 20 11
by the results of the simulations. 846 848 0 0 23 11 0 0
Local loads
2.1 Feeder IEEE 34 node test feeder 860 20 16 20 16 20 16
840 9 7 9 7 9 7
The IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder has a radial topology, with a long
844 135 105 135 105 135 105
feeder and load imbalance. The feeder parameters, available in [2],
are presented below. 848 20 16 20 16 20 16
890 150 75 150 75 150 75
Table 1: Regulators 830 10 5 10 5 25 10
Regulator: 1
Location: 814 Table 3: Transformer parameters
Connection: 3F - Yn
Bandwidth: 2.0 V High Low
kVA kV kV R% X%
PT ratio: 120
Substation 2500 69 D 24.9 Yn 1 8
CT ratio: 100
XFM-1 500 24.9 Yn 4.16 Yn 1.9 4.08
Compensator F-A F-B F-C
configuration:
R (%): 2.7 2.7 2.7 Source: Adapted from [2]
X (%): 1.6 1.6 1.6
Voltage level (V) 122 122 122
Regulator: 2
Location: 852
Connection: 3F - Yn
Bandwidth: 2.0 V
PT ratio: 120
CT ratio: 100

EATON White paper 3

WP917001EN Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank
Effective November 2020 in the power distribution system

Table 4: Line parameters

Config 300
Node A Node B Length (ft) Configuration Z[ABC] Ω / 1000 ft
800 802 2580 300 0,2532 + j0,2527 0,0979 + j0,1094 0,04034 + j0,09497
0,03979 + j0,1094 0,2507 + j0,257 0,03912 + j0,08695
802 806 1730 300 0.04034 + j0,09497 0,03912 + j0,08595 0,2518 + j0,2551
806 808 32230 300 Y[ABC] µ / 1000 ft
808 810 5804 303 0 + j1,012 0 – j0,2895 0 – j0,1877
808 812 37500 300 0 – j0,2895 0 + j0,0671 0 – j0,1169
0 – j0,1877 0 – j0,1169 0 – j0,9274
812 814 29730 300
814 850 10 301 Config 301
816 818 1710 302 Z[ABC] Ω / 1000 ft
816 824 10210 301 0,3655 + j0,2673 0,04406 + j0,122 0,04467 + j0,1078
818 820 48150 302 0,04406 + j0,122 0,3628 + j0,2705 0,04333 + j0,0992
0,04467 + j0,1078 0,04333 + j0,0992 0,364 + j0,2691
820 822 13740 302
Y[ABC] µ / 1000 ft
824 826 3030 303
0 + j0,9711 0 – j0,2715 0 – j0,1774
824 828 840 301 0 – j02715 0 + j0,9306 0 – j0,1119
828 830 20440 301 0 – j0,1774 0 – j0,1119 0 - j0,8947
830 854 520 301 Config 302
832 858 4900 301 Z[ABC] Ω / 1000 ft
832 888 0 XFM-1 0,5302 + j0,2813 0 0
834 860 2020 301 0 0 0
0 0 0
834 842 280 301
Y[ABC] µ / 1000 ft
836 840 860 301
0 + j0,8002 0 0
836 862 280 301 0 0 0
842 844 1350 301 0 0 0
844 846 3640 301
Config 303
846 848 530 301
Z[ABC] Ω / 1000 ft
850 816 310 301
0 0 0
852 832 10 301 0 0,5302 0
854 856 23330 303 0 0 0
854 852 36830 301 Y[ABC] µ / 1000 ft
858 864 1620 303 0 0 0
0 0 + j0,8002 0
858 834 5830 301 0 0 0
860 836 2680 301
862 838 4860 304 Config 304
888 890 10560 300 Z[ABC] Ω / 1000 ft
0 0 0
Source: Adapted from [2] 0 0 0
0 0 0,5302 + j0,2813
Y[ABC] µ / 1000 ft
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 + j0,8002

Source: Adapted from [2]

4 EATON White paper

Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank WP917001EN
in the power distribution system Effective November 2020

2.2 Simulations Table 7: Power flow without a capacitor bank in the substation

For the purpose of this study, three simulations were performed kW kVAR kVA PF (%)
using the CYMDIST software. Level 1 – P = 100% and Q = 100%
I. Without a capacitor bank; Substation 2103.72 1129.69 2387.85 88.1
II. Using a capacitor bank in the substation; Load 1750.69 1041.16 2036.89 85.95
Capacitor bank 0 0 0 0
III. Using a capacitor bank using the CYMDIST software Capacitor
Placement module. Line capacitance 0 -153.98 153.98 0
Losses in line 344.06 223.25 410.15 –
Originally, the feeder IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder features two
capacitor banks at nodes 844 and 848, totaling 750 kVAR. They Losses in the 8.97 19.25 21.24 –
transformer
were removed for the simulations performed in this document.
The voltage at the source is adjusted at 1.05 pu to prevent voltages Total losses 353.03 242.51 428.3 –
from being breached, as the feeder is quite long. Level 2 – P = 80% and Q = 80%
For the analysis of power losses, power flows were performed Substation 1648.49 842.75 1851.42 89.04
considering the load levels represented in Table 5. In addition, in Load 1427.37 846.56 1659.53 86.01
Table 5 the load time in the year corresponding to each load level Capacitor bank 0 0 0 0
was considered.
Line capacitance 0 -156.57 156.57 0
Table 5: Transformer parameters Losses in line 214.69 138.98 255.75 –
Losses in the 6.42 13.79 15.21 –
Levels Feeder load Loading time transformer
[%] [% in year]
Total losses 221.12 152.77 268.76 –
1 P = 100% 20%
Q = 100% Level 3 – P = 60% and Q = 60%
2 P = 80% 30% Substation 1189.66 557.22 1313.69 90.56
Q = 80% Load 1073.93 636.11 1248.19 86.04
3 P = 60% 30% Capacitor bank 0 0 0 0
Q=60%
Line capacitance 0 -158.99 158.99 0
4 P = 40% 20%
Q = 40% Losses in line 112.12 72.34 133.43 –
Losses in the 3.61 7.76 8.56 –
Source: Author transformer
Total losses 115.73 80.1 140.75 –
Table 6 represents the rated load installed. Analysis of results were Level 4 – P = 40% and Q = 40%
performed in four sections, considering the power flow, magnitude Substation 767.6 296.8 822.98 93.27
of the current being dispatched by the substation, power losses and Load 720.21 426.09 836.82 86.07
the voltage profile. Capacitor bank 0 0 0 0
Table 6: Rated load installed Line capacitance 0 -162.23 162.23 0
Losses in line 45.78 29.49 54.45 –
kW kVAR kVA PF (%) Losses in the 1.6 3.45 3.8 –
Rated load installed 1769.00 1044.00 2054.09 86.12 transformer
Total losses 47.39 32.93 57.7 –
Source: Author
Source: Author

The installation of the capacitor bank improved the PF of the

2.2.1 Power flow substation, but there was no impact on power losses and voltage
I. Simulation without capacitor bank profile, as seen in the next sections.

Initially, the feeder power flow was performed, without a capacitor
bank, for the load levels listed in Table 5. The data obtained is
represented in Table 7.
Table 7 represents the summary of the power balance of the
elements that make up the feeder. Where the power dispatched
by the substation, PF and power losses for each load level are
displayed.
For the voltage class greater than or equal to 69 kV, through REN
756/2016, the Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (Brazilian
Electricity Regulatory Agency, ANEEL) establishes that PF at the
point of connection with the transmitters must be above 0.95
inductive. In all the load levels, PF is below the threshold defined
by the ANEEL regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to compensate
reactive power.

EATON White paper 5

WP917001EN Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank
Effective November 2020 in the power distribution system

II. Simulation – Using a capacitor bank in the substation III. Using a capacitor bank in energy distribution
Therefore, the feeder power flow was performed with an automatic To assist with optimal location of capacitor banks, the CYME
capacitor bank in the substation, with rated power of 900 kVAR software Capacitor Placement module was used. In its execution,
and 14.4 kV, with two stages. The first stage was 300 kVAR and the strategy of reducing power losses has been adopted and
the second stage was 600 kVAR. The application of the 300 kVAR established as a unit PF. Table 9 summarizes the philosophy adopted.
capacitor bank in substations is challenging due to low power, which
will preclude the capacitor bank two-star connection, requiring Table 9: Capacitor Placement module report
single-star type connection, meaning more sophisticated and
non-traditional protection, in addition to the disadvantage of cost and Capacitor Placement module report
reliability. Objective Loss reduction
From Table 8, it is noted that the active power dispatched by Power factor 100%
the substation is nearly the same as in the previous simulation. Restrictions
However, the reactive power is lower, since the capacitor bank Minimum installation 100.0 kVAR/stage
installed starts to supply reactive power to the system, improving
the PF of the substation. It is noted that the capacitor supplies Capacitor bank increment 100.0 kVAR/stage
reactive power above its nominal rating. This happens because the Source: Author
voltage at the installation point is 1.05 pu.
When executing the capacitor placement module, the installation
The capacitor bank operates in the first stage for levels 3 and 4,
of three automatic capacitor banks was suggested by CYMDIST,
when the load is lower, and in the second stage when the feeder is
as represented in Table 10, where CYMDIST suggests the location,
in the load levels 1 and 2.
power, contribution in voltage gain and electrical loss reduction of
each Capacitor Bank when energized. A control strategy per VAR
Table 8: Power flow capacitor bank in the substation
was adopted, monitoring the reactive power dispatched by the
substation.
kW kVAR kVA PF (%)
Level 1 – P = 100% and Q = 100% Table 10: CYMDIST – Suggested capacitor banks
Substation 2104.4 141.6 2109.15 99.77
Load 1752.17 1042.05 2038.62 85.95 Capacitors (total kVAR) Reduction Voltage
Capacitor bank 0 -988.21 988.21 0 Section Fixed Automatic (kW total) Gain (%)
Line capacitance 0 -154.17 154.17 0 858-834 0.0 300.0 51.43 1.41
Losses in line 343.24 222.65 409.13 – 854-852 0.0 300.0 28.67 1.33
Losses in the 8.98 19.28 21.27 – 842-844 0.0 300.0 15.56 1.42
transformer Total 0.0 900.0 95.66
Total losses 352.22 241.93 427.3 –
After the optimum allocation of the capacitor banks, power flows
Level 2 – P = 80% and Q = 80% were performed for the load levels shown in Table 5. The data
Substation 1648.88 -146.3 1655.36 -99.61 obtained is represented in Table 11.
Load 1427.99 846.94 1660.27 86.01 From Table 11, it is noted that the active power that the substation
Capacitor bank 0 -989.27 989.27 0 dispatches is almost the same as in previous cases I and II. As in
Line capacitance 0 -156.5 156.5 0 case II, capacitor banks are providing reactive power to the system,
improving the substation PF.
Losses in line 214.47 138.74 255.43 –
Losses in the 6.42 13.79 15.21 – Using capacitor banks in distribution, the current portion to supply
transformer reactive power no longer interacts with the impedance of the line,
Total losses 220.89 152.53 268.43 – since it does not circulate throughout the feeder line, and the power
losses are lower.
Level 3 – P = 60% and Q = 60%
Substation 1189.71 227.31 1211.23 98.22 Table 11: Currents dispatched by the substation
Load 1074.18 636.27 1248.48 86.04
Capacitor bank 0 -329.85 329.85 0 Level IA (A) IB (A) IC (A)
Line capacitance 0 -159.06 159.06 0 Currents without a capacitor bank
Losses in line 111.92 72.2 133.18 – 1 61.3 51 46
Losses in the 3.61 7.76 8.56 – 2 46.8 40 36
transformer 3 32.8 28.6 25.8
Total losses 115.53 79.95 140.49 – 4 20.2 18.2 16.2
Level 4 – P = 40% and Q = 40% Currents with a capacitor bank in the substation
Substation 767.69 -33.39 768.42 -99.91 1 61.3 51 46.1
Load 720.37 426.19 837.01 86.07 2 46.8 40 36
Capacitor bank 0 -330.17 330.17 0 3 32.8 28.6 25.8
Line capacitance 0 -162.29 162.29 0 4 20.2 18.2 16.2
Losses in line 45.71 29.44 54.37 – Currents with a capacitor bank in distribution
Losses in the 1.6 3.45 3.8 – 1 51.4 44.1 40.7
transformer
2 40.3 35.3 32.1
Total losses 47.32 32.88 57.62 –
3 29.9 26.2 23.7
Source: Author 4 18.4 17.1 15.4
Source: Author

6 EATON White paper

Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank WP917001EN
in the power distribution system Effective November 2020

2.2.2 Magnitude of the substation currents Table 13: Percentage reduction in IA

With a
Table 12 represents the magnitude of the substation currents of capacitor With a
each load level for the simulations performed. bank in the capacitor bank Percentage
substation in distribution reduction in IA
Table 12: Currents dispatched by the substation Level [A] [A] [%]
1 61.3 51.4 16.2%
kW kVAR kVA PF (%)
2 46.8 40.3 13.9%
Level 1 – P = 100% and Q = 100%
3 32.8 29.9 8.8%
Substation 2041.96 182.14 2050.06 99.6
4 20.2 18.4 8.9%
Load 1769.6 1050.25 2057.79 86
Capacitor bank 0 -904.68 904.68 0 Source: Author

Line capacitance 0 -156.93 156.93 0

Losses in line 262.32 171.95 313.66 –
Losses in the 10.04 21.55 23.77 –
2.2.3 Power losses
transformer
Analyzing power losses over one year, it is noted that the use of a
Total losses 272.36 193.5 334.1 – capacitor bank in the substation does not contribute toward reducing
Level 2 – P = 80% and Q = 80% power losses, as it can be seen in Table. 14. This is due to the fact
Substation 1608.19 213.54 1622.31 99.13 that the current flowing in the feeder line is nearly the same as seen
Load 1435.41 851.58 1669 86 in the previous section, i.e., it still interacts with line impedance,
causing the same power losses.
Capacitor bank 0 -601.59 601.59 0
However, using the capacitor bank in distribution, the decrease in
Line capacitance 0 -159.05 159.05 0
power losses is noted.
Losses in line 166.36 108.81 198.79 –
Losses in the 6.42 13.79 15.21 – Table 14: Annual power losses
transformer
Total losses 172.78 122.6 211.86 – Loading in
kW year [%] MW-h/year
Level 3 – P = 60% and Q = 60%
Without a capacitor bank
Substation 1173.93 260.62 1202.51 97.62
Level 1 353.03 20% 618.51
Load 1076.15 637.45 1250.78 86.04
Level 2 221.12 30% 581.10
Capacitor bank 0 -285.63 285.63 0
Level 3 115.73 30% 304.14
Line capacitance 0 -160.18 160.18 0
Level 4 47.39 20% 83.03
Losses in line 94.17 61.23 112.33 –
Total 1586.78
Losses in the 3.61 7.76 8.56 –
transformer With a capacitor bank in the substation
Total losses 97.78 68.99 119.67 – Level 1 352.22 20% 617.09
Level 4 – P = 40% and Q = 40% Level 2 220.89 30% 580.50
Substation 768.04 -2.85 768.04 -100 Level 3 115.53 30% 303.61
Load 727.76 430.87 845.75 86.05 Level 4 47.32 20% 82.90
Capacitor bank 0 -298.66 298.66 0 Total 1584.11
Line capacitance 0 -163.68 163.68 0 With a capacitor bank in distribution
Losses in line 38.67 25.17 46.14 – Level 1 272.36 20% 477.17
Losses in the 1.6 3.45 3.8 – Level 2 172.78 30% 454.07
transformer Level 3 97.78 30% 256.97
Total losses 40.27 28.61 49.4 – Level 4 40.27 20% 70.55
Source: Author Total 1258.76
Comparison
It is noted that the currents of simulations I and II are almost
With a capacitor bank in the substation 1584.11
the same. On the other hand, when using the capacitor banks
in distribution, the current dispatched by the substation is lower, With a capacitor bank in distribution 1258.76
relieving the load in the system. Table 13 shows the percentage MW-h/year reduction 325.35
reduction in current in phase A. Operating at the rated load, the Percentage reduction 20.54%
system relief (phase A) reaches 16.2%.
Source: Author

Table 14 represents annual power losses considering the load levels

established in Table 5. Comparing power losses in one year, due to
the installation of capacitor banks, it was estimated that using them
in distribution resulted in an annual loss reduction of 325.35 MW-h,
representing a percentage reduction of 20.54%.

EATON White paper 7

WP917001EN Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank
Effective November 2020 in the power distribution system

2.2.4 Voltage Table 17 represents voltage in the nodes with the use of a capacitor
bank in distribution, with the aid of the CYMDIST software Capacitor
Finally, the influence of installing capacitor banks in the voltage Placement module. Using a capacitor bank in the optimum points,
profile is reviewed. For the analysis of results, some strategic nodes voltage was not breached, remaining between 95% and 105%.
were adopted. The simulations were performed considering that the
feeder operates at rated load. Table 17: Voltage profile with a capacitor bank in distribution
According to [4], voltage should be between 95% and 105% of rated
voltage. In the tables below, voltages above 105% of rated voltage Node VA (p.u.) VB (p.u.) VC (p.u.)
are highlighted in green, while voltages below 95% are highlighted Voltage using banks in distributionn
in red. 800 1.05 1.05 1.05
808 1.038 1.043 1.043
Table 15: Voltage profile without a capacitor bank
812 1.025 1.036 1.035
Node VA (p.u.) VB (p.u.) VC (p.u.) 814 1.015 1.03 1.029
Voltage without a capacitor bank 824 1.017 1.013 1.019
800 1.05 1.05 1.05 828 1.017 1.013 1.019
808 1.004 1.022 1.021 830 1.01 1.007 1.012
812 0.957 0.995 0.991 854 1.01 1.006 1.012
814 0.919 0.973 0.967 852 0.998 0.995 1.001
824 0.999 0.998 0.998 888 1.043 1.046 1.046
828 0.998 0.997 0.997 890 1.01 1.016 1.013
830 0.975 0.976 0.976 Source: Author
854 0.975 0.975 0.975
852 0.936 0.937 0.937
888 1.027 1.017 1.018 Table 18 represents the percentage comparison of voltage gain by
using capacitors at the optimum point. At node 814, the voltage gain
890 0.948 0.946 0.941 reached 10.33%. Data obtained in Table 18 shows that the use of
Source: Author automatic capacitor banks in distribution contributes to improve the
voltage profile.
Table 15 represents voltages in the nodes without the use of a
capacitor bank. It is noted that voltage at nodes 814, 852 and 890 is Table 18: Percentage comparison of voltage gain
below 95%. In this node, regulator 1 is used to compensate for the % Voltage
voltage in this segment. Node Case II Case III gain
Percentage comparison of voltage gain
Table 16 represents the voltage in the nodes with the use of a
capacitor bank in the substation. The voltage profile is known to be 800 1.05 1.05 0.00%
similar to Table 15, i.e., the use of a capacitor bank in the substation 808 1.005 1.038 3.28%
does not contribute to improving the voltage profile. 812 0.957 1.025 7.11%
Table 16: Voltage profile with a capacitor bank in the substation
814 0.92 1.015 10.33%
824 1 1.017 1.70%
Node VA (p.u.) VB (p.u.) VC (p.u.) 828 0.999 1.017 1.80%
Voltage using capacitor banks in the substation 830 0.976 1.01 3.48%
800 1.05 1.05 1.05 854 0.976 1.01 3.48%
808 1.005 1.023 1.022 852 0.936 0.998 6.62%
812 0.957 0.996 0.991 888 1.028 1.043 1.46%
814 0.92 0.974 0.967 890 0.949 1.01 6.43%
824 1 0.998 0.999 Source: Author
828 0.999 0.998 0.998
830 0.976 0.976 0.976
854 0.976 0.976 0.976
852 0.936 0.938 0.938
888 1.028 1.018 1.019
890 0.949 0.947 0.941
Source: Author

8 EATON White paper

WP9170001EN
Effective November 2020
Conclusion
Through the study performed, it was possible to understand that
the use of an automatic capacitor bank in distribution is the optimal
application of a capacitor bank in the energy distribution system,
taking into consideration its positive impacts on the system power
quality.
Through the data obtained, it was possible to verify that the
installation of capacitor banks in distribution reduced the magnitude
of the current at feeder phase A by 16.2%, i.e., providing relief to
the system, allowing the utility to postpone investments to increase
the system capacity.
In addition, it has been verified that the installation of capacitor
banks in distribution can positively impact the voltage profile, which
can be observed in the simulations performed, where there was no
voltage violation when installing capacitor banks in distribution. As
shown in Table 17, the voltage gain at node 814 was 10.33%.
Regarding power losses, considering the load profile of Table 5,
for the feeder studied, it was verified that, within one year, the
installation of capacitor banks in distribution provided a reduction of
20.54% in power losses.
Therefore, the use of automatic capacitor banks in distribution can
provide technical and economic benefits for energy utilities.
If you have any questions or need additional information on the
application of reclosers and circuit breakers, contact your local Eaton
Cooper Power series product representative.
Eaton
1000 Eaton Boulevard
Cleveland, OH 44122
United States
Eaton.com
Eaton's Power Systems Division
Rodovia Marechal Rondon Km 125
Porto Feliz, SP CEP 18540-000
Brazil
Eaton.com/cooperpowerseries
© 2020 Eaton
All Rights Reserved
Publication No. WP9170001EN / GG
November 2020
Optimal allocation of a capacitor bank
in the power distribution system
Sources
1. [1] RESOLUÇÃO NORMATIVA N° 756 (NORMATIVE
RESOLUTION N° 756), DATED DECEMBER 16, 2016.Agência
Nacional De Energia Elétrica (Brazilian Electricity Regulatory
Agency, ANEEL) –ANEEL, 2016.
2. IEEE 34 NODE TEST FEEDER. Distribution System Analysis
Subcommittee
3 DUGAN, Roger C.; MCGRANAGHAN, Mark F.; BEATY, H.
Wayne. Electrical power systems quality. New York, NY:
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