EFFECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MIDDLE CLASS HOTEL IN KISUMU

BY

JACKLINE AKINYI OUMA

INDEX NO: 7411050332
COURSE CODE: 1802
PAPER CODE 205

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFIMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF CERTIFICATE IN FOOD AND
BEVERAGE SALES AND PRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT : HOSPITALITY

JULY SERIES
i
DECLARATION

Declaration by the Student

This proposal is my original work and has not been submitted for examination in anyother
college .

Name: Jackline Akinyi Ouma

Signature: ………………………………. Date: ………………………

Declaration by the Supervisor

This proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as the College
supervisor.

Name:……………………………….

Signature Date

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to thank my supervisor Naliaka Rachael for all his support, guidance and assistance
that went into the final production of this research project report. He has been inspirational
during our learning experience on this subject matter
My sincere gratitude also go to my lecturer and proposal defense panel for their positive
criticisms and their guidance during the time of developing and presentation of this project.
Lastly, special thanks go anyone else whose effort led to the success of this work.

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my family, for the hard work, their understanding and effort they
made for the completion of this course

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Contents

ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ vii

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................................... 1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1

1.0:Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1: Background of the Study ................................................................................................ 1

1.2:Hotel Industry in Kisumu ............................................................................................... 2

1.3: Research Problem ........................................................................................................... 2

Research Objectives ............................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................. 5

2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 5

2.1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5

2.2:Theoretical Foundation of the Study ............................................................................. 5

2.3:Resource Based View ....................................................................................................... 5

2.4:Institutional Theory ......................................................................................................... 6

2.5: Stakeholders’ Theory ..................................................................................................... 7

2.6: Benefits of Effective Waste Management in Hotels ..................................................... 8

CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................. 9

3.0: Methodology .................................................................................................................... 9

3.1:Research Design: .............................................................................................................. 9

3.2 Sample Selection ............................................................................................................. 11

3.3 Data Collection Methods ............................................................................................... 13

3.4 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 14

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 CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................. 16

4.0:Current Waste Management Practices in the Middle-Class Hotel ........................... 16

4.1 Waste Generation and Composition ............................................................................. 16

4.1.1 Waste Generation:....................................................................................................... 16

. 4.1.2 Waste Composition: .................................................................................................. 17

4.2 Waste Collection and Storage ....................................................................................... 17

4.2.1 Waste Collection:......................................................................................................... 17

4.2.2 Waste Storage .............................................................................................................. 18

4.3 Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods ..................................................................... 18

CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................ 20

5.0: Effects of Waste Management on the Hotel Operations............................................ 20

5.1 Environmental Impacts: ................................................................................................ 21

5.2 Financial Implications.................................................................................................... 22

5.3 Public Health and Sanitation: ....................................................................................... 22

5.4 Guest Satisfaction and Reputation: .............................................................................. 23

CHAPTER SIX .................................................................................................................. 24

6.0 Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 24

6.1 Waste Reduction Strategies: ......................................................................................... 24

6.2 Recycling and Composting Initiatives: ......................................................................... 24

6.3 Collaboration with Local Waste Management Authorities: ...................................... 24

6.4 Staff Training and Awareness Programs:.................................................................... 24

7.0 Implementation Plan ...................................................................................................... 24

7.1 Short-term Actions ......................................................................................................... 25

7.2 Long-term Strategies: .................................................................................................... 25

7.3 Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................................................... 25

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Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 25

APPENDIX I ......................................................................................................................... 26

APPENDIX II ....................................................................................................................... 28

APPENDIX II ....................................................................................................................... 30

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ABSTRACT
Waste management practices in Kisumu hotel has emerged due to environment degradation
and are adopted mainly to reduce negative impacts on environment. The focus of the study
was therefore to examine the effect of waste management practices of hotel operational
performance in Kisumu County, Kenya. The practices need resources for their
implementation thus may result to possible impacts on the hotel operational performance.
The objectives of study were: to investigate how waste management practices affect hotel
operational performance and determine the implementation by hotels in Kisumu County.
The study aimed to find out the existing waste management practices by hotels; how waste
management practices affect hotel operational performance. The study employed census
survey research design. The unit of analysis was hotels in Kisumu County, Kenya. The target
population was hotels operations managers in the 10 hotels in the study area or their
equivalent offices depending on the structure of the hotels. Thedata collection was done
by use of questionnaires that were administered to hotels operations managers and
corroborated with observation checklists. Data was thenanalyzed by use of descriptive
statistics and inferential such as mean, standard deviation and used frequency in the analysis.
The study also noted that, the model administered hada moderate explanatory power of the
effect of waste management on hotel operational performance. Based on the findings of the
study, the researcher recommended that hotels should adopt waste management practices that
includes waste reduction, reuse and recycling, waste collection and depositing, and waste
composting in order to improve their operational performance. I recommend that the
hotels’ top management and government agencies should formulate waste management
policies and guiding principles. These policies and guiding framework should be
communicated to all stakeholders for their implementation.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
EPA: Environment Protection AuthorityHOP: Hotel Operational Performance

IHEI: International Hotels Environment Initiative KAHC: Kenya Association of Hotel

keepers and Caterers

KNBS: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

WMPs: Waste Management Practices

WTO: World Tourism Organization

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viii
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.0:Introduction
1.1: Background of the Study
The world is increasingly confronted with a number of environmental challenges including
global warming, depletion of natural resources and pollution. Environmental degradation is
increasing at an alarming rate mainly due to poor waste disposal practices e.g. Unlike the
Kisumu hotel. My research indicates that, enormous amounts of waste, toxic gases and
depleting of natural resources has contributed to degradation of environment to a large extent.
Organizations, hotels have realized the contribution of practicing best waste management
practices on firms’ operational performance and realized theimportance and need to save and
protect it.

Some of the theories that are of relevance to this study are resource dependence theory,
institutional theory, resource based view and stakeholder’s theory. Resource dependence
theory (RDT) maintains that organizations are resource-insufficient. Institutional theory
points out that, social pressures from other actors in market (such as the government and
public) is an important factor in determining an organization intention to adopt or even
comply with waste management practices.
Resources , assess potential for value generation and end-up by defining a strategy that will
allow the organization to capture the maximum of value in a sustainable way. In Kenya,
hotels are faced with challenges of degradation of the environment, demand fluctuation,
insecurity, political and international economic instability, and desire to create quality
culture based on cost and defect reduction as well as product and efficiency improvement.
There are currently approximately 43 hotels in Kisumu County that offer travel wide range
of accommodation options (KTB, 2015). Kenyan Kisumu County has an excellent range of
hotels, including many well-appointed hotels of international standards with full facilities for
tourists and business travelers . The growth of hotels in Kisumu county has led to
continuous increase of waste generation that possess a great challenge on the environmental
degradation and impacts negatively on hotels operational performance .
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 1.2:Hotel Industry in Kisumu
Kenya’s hotel industry has been eager to capitalize on the favorable tourism outlook (Kenya
Bureau of Statistics, 2014). The number of decent hotels in Kenya is approximated to be
500 and the figure is increasing day by day . The Government of Kenya (2013) National
tourism strategy 2013-2018 rank Tourism as the most important industry in Kenya after
agriculture. A study byMcClanahan, Mwaguni andMuthiga (2005) reported that hotel sector
is responsible for 14% of GDP and 12% total employment in the country and the sectoris
predicted to grow at 3.7% per annum for the next decade.
According to Kenya tourism board, rapid development of hotel industry in Kenya has
presented challenges to the natural environment. These challenges include emission of toxic
substance to the environment, unplanned sewage system, uncontrolled solid waste disposal
among others. Karimi (2014) suggests that some of these hotels improve their operational
performance through proper waste management initiatives that form an integral part of
environmental improvement.
Hotel facilities in Kisumu County are of high class and have a collection of amenities that
are designed to present total harmony of hotel operations to delight hotel guests. Most of the
hotels are located along the beach because of attractiveness of sun, sand and sea. In

The recent past, all hotels in region are pressurized to practices waste management practices
with the wakeup call for green supply chain for sustainable development. Green operations
practices are viewed to be a key determinant of hotel operational performance and adoption
of waste management practices by hotels have a positive effect on operational performance.

1.3: Research Problem

Waste management is not only concerned with output of the operations that damage the
environment but of great essence is the input of resources as well as totality of systems
and processes involved in the operation of any organization. For firms to manage cost
effectively, manage its operations efficiently and have flexible undertaking, they need to
practice best waste management practices (McCrea, 2010). Thus, methods used by
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companies to dispose waste do not only affect the environment but also the operational
performance.
Being large users of consumer goods, the growth of hotel industry in Kenya and especially
in the Kisumu County has sparked concerns on quality of services and speedof service
delivery. Hotel operating cost are on increase because of unplanned sewage system, high
food cost and accommodation supplies.

Poor solid waste management and dependence on non-recyclable materialism a real problem
to hotel managers (KTB, 2015).Hotels operate twenty four hours a day and seven days in a
week round the year making operation .

Despite all these noteworthy contributions, the literature on waste management practicesin
hotel sector suffers from two significant limitations. First, most of existing studies
investigated the general contribution of hotel operations in a broad perspective of
environment, its sustainability and green hotels in developed tourists origin and destination
countries. Secondly, past studies have failed to explicitly examine waste management
practices in line with operational performance of hotels in Kisumu County. Therefore this
research is needed because little empirical research has been conducted to examine the
relationship between hotel operational performance and waste management practices in
developing countries also in contrast to the existing research
All cost high. Work on waste management practices; this study aims to cover a specific
portion of Kenyan hotel market with relative high degree of details specifically in Kisumu
County. The study therefore sought to answer the question: is there effect of waste
management practices on hotel operational performance.

Research Objectives

The main objective of this study is to investigate how waste management practices affect
hotel operational performance. The specific objectives will be to:
Determine the extent to which waste management practices are implemented byhotels in
Kisumu County.
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Establish relationship between implementation of waste management practicesand
operational performance of hotels in Kisumu County.

Value of the Study

The present day environmental degradation challenges are believed to have led to the
adoption of waste management practices by diverse industries in the efforts to reduce or
present further negative effects on the environment. The hotel industry has not been left
behind and the main adopted waste management practices include solid waste collection,
reduction, reuse, and recycling, waste composting and practicing zero waste management
approach.

Practically, the study can be beneficial to hotel operators in understanding the best waste
management practices and its contribution on organizations operational performance. The
paper will also provide a theoretical understanding to readers to recognize the relationship
between waste management practices and organizations operations performance and suggest
best ways to enhance performance. The findings of the paperwill add to the pool of
knowledge in the field of academia already existing on waste management practices and
operational performance. Finally the study will guide policy makers in the government
agencies, top management of the hotels and other key stakeholders in the formulation of
policies governing hotel operations and the environment

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: Introduction
This chapter discusses literature on theoretical foundation of the study that entail resource
base view, institutional theory, stakeholders theory and resource dependence theory, waste
management practices that include solid waste collection, promotion of reduction, reuse and
recycle and composting practices. It will also focus on key drivers of hotel operational
performance that include cost reduction, speed of service delivery, quality, employee
productivity and flexibility. The chapter will further look into other related studies conducted
outside and within Kenya as well as conceptual framework of the study.
2.2:Theoretical Foundation of the Study
This study is anchored on four theories that includes, resource based view, institutional
theory, resource dependence theory, and stakeholders’ theory.
2.3:Resource Based View
The resource based view holds that firms can earn supra-normal returns if they have superior
resources and the resources are protected by some form of isolating mechanism preventing
their diffusion throughout the industry . According to resource based view, organizations that
own “strategic resources” haveimportant competitive advantages over organizations that do
not. A strategic resource aidin improving the organization’s effectiveness and efficiency
while neutralizing the opportunities and threats of competitors . Jay Barney who is
considered as the father of modern RBV suggests that, there can be heterogeneity or firm-
level differences among firms that allow some of them to sustain competitive advantage.
Although many hotels offer similar products, the resource competencies of brand image,
waste management, human resources and information technology can differentiate each from
its competitors. This theory is of relevance to the studybecause the current situation in the
hotel industry is characterized by increased competition and consequently demands
effective operational decision‐making processes based on sufficient performance
information. As a result, the hotels need to use the scarce resources efficiently, analyze and
measure the performance of all services that play a crucial role in hotel organizations. In any
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case, there is an increased need for performance measurement and waste management tools
that facilitate the development of organizational waste management strategies and the
assessment of the success of organizational operational performance . To measure the
performance ofhotel organizations, traditional measures such as cost reduction have been
valued as an important control tool . In these traditional measures, tangible resources are
well recorded because they meet criteria such as the flow of benefits to the company and
the accurate determination of historical costs .

2.4:Institutional Theory

Institutional theory of organization provides a rich complex view of the organization. The
theory states that, organizations are influenced by normative pressures, sometimes arise from
external sources such as state, other times arising from within the organization itself. The
theory further argues that, under some conditions, these pressures lead the organization to be
guided by legitimated elements from standard operating procedures to professional
certification and state requirement, which often have the effect of directing attention away
from task performance. Delmas and Toffel (2003) developed a model of institutional
pressures on environmental management which integrated institutional pressures with
characteristics of organization to explain the adoption of waste
management practices at a facility. Based on the Institutional theory, Delmas and Toffel
model illustrated that, stakeholders’ actions are moderated by the firm’s own characteristics
to adopt waste management practices.
The application of the institutional theory to waste management is an area that is currently
in its infancy , particularly when the attention of focus ison sustainability of the
environment and greening supply chain in hotel operations . The strength of institutional
theory in this study is it has been used extensively in studies exploring environmental
management organizations (Hoffman, 1997;1999; Delmas, 2004; Bansal and it offers
explanations of why certain practices are chosen without an obvious economic returns
(Berrenet,1998; Meyer &Rwan, 1977; DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). The theory is key to this
study because it will be used to explain how changes in social values, technological
advancements and regulations affect decisions on “green” sustainable activities and waste
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management .

2.5: Stakeholders’ Theory

As stated previously, organizations are redefined by stakeholder’s theory as a grouping of
stakeholders and purpose of the organization should be to manage the interests, needs and
viewpoints of these diverse stakeholders. In order to ensure stakeholders rights and
participation in decision making, the management of organizations has responsibility to
manage the organizations to benefit all stakeholders (Freeman, 1984).Business need to
identify the needs of their stakeholders and strive to meet their maximum expectations ,
2006).Therefore success of any company depends on how the management manages the
relationships with stakeholders. Thus without support of stakeholders, there is no reason for
a firm to exist (Libido Ten, 2007). According to Freeman, stakeholders are those groups who
are vital to the survival and success of the corporation.
Waste management issues are regarded as a part of the overall social responsibility of
firms and are best approached by stakeholders’ theory . argued that, stakeholders monitor
and enforce regulatory, economic and social license requirements to seek leverage by
exploiting a variety of license terms. This implies that organizations performance on waste
management is influenced by regulatory, social and economic licenses granted.The
implication of the stakeholder theory in this study is that hotels should put additional
emphasis on the dimensions of waste management and hotel performance in the analysisof
the interests of the stakeholders because the interests of the organization can be nurtured by
an interactive symmetrical two way communication with the stakeholders . Hotels need to
communicate constantly with all stakeholders on waste management strategies it has put in
place to a conducive work organizational operation environment.

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Resource Dependence Theory
This theory is concerned with how organizational behavior is affected by external resources the
organization utilizes, such as raw materials. The theory is of great importance to this study
because the success of any organization is determined by its ability to gather, alter and exploit-
raw materials faster than competitors. Resource dependence theory is underpinned by the idea
that resources that are controlled by organizations are key to organizational success and that
access and control over resources is a basis of power. This means that organizational strategies
must be carefully considered in order to maintain open access to resources.
Resources dependence theory
(RDT) maintains that organizations are resource – insufficient; they strive to acquire and sustain
resources from their external environment that are controlled by external actors who exert
demands on organization. These actors perceive certain advantages in their relationship with the
organizations and exercise power through control over resources. The heavier the dependence
on external resources, the more the demands of particular actors controlling these resources are
influential
2.6: Benefits of Effective Waste Management in Hotels
The advantages of efficient waste management in hotels situated in Kisumu County are
highlighted in this section. Effective waste management techniques in the hotel sector not only
support environmental sustainability but also have a number of positive economic and social
effects. The purpose of this study is to clarify the particular advantages that hotels in Kisumu
County might get from employing efficient waste management techniques. The results will
highlight the significance of waste management and give hotels and stakeholders information
they can use to promote sustainable practices in the sector
Cost reduction and effectiveness
lowered costs for garbage disposal because to recycling and waste reduction efforts.
judicious use of resources through recycling and properly segregating garbage.
Possibility of financial gain through the selling of recyclables.
Environmental

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0: Methodology
3.1:Research Design:
The research will adopt a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data
collection methods.
The study will include both primary and secondary data sources to obtain a comprehensive
understanding of waste management practices in hotels in Kisumu County.

Sampling:

A purposive sampling technique will be used to select hotels in Kisumu County that fall within
the middle-class category.
The sample size will depend on the number of hotels available and their willingness to
participate in the study.
It is important to ensure a diverse representation of hotels in terms of size, location, and
facilities.
Data Collection Methods:
a. Surveys:

Questionnaires will be developed and administered to hotel management, staff members, and
relevant stakeholders involved in waste management.
The surveys will gather information on waste generation, collection, storage, treatment, and
disposal practices, as well as perceptions and attitudes towards waste management.
b. Interviews:

In-depth interviews will be conducted with key hotel personnel, including waste management
staff, environmental officers, and facility managers.
The interviews will provide insights into the current waste management practices, challenges
faced, and potential areas for improvement.

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c. Observations:
On-site observations will be conducted to assess waste management infrastructure, segregation
practices, recycling systems, and disposal methods.
Observations will help verify the actual implementation of waste management practices and
identify any discrepancies between stated practices and actual implementation.
d. Secondary Data:
Relevant secondary data, such as waste management regulations, policies, and industry best
practices, will be collected from government agencies, industry reports, and academic sources.
Existing literature on waste management in hotels will also be reviewed to provide a theoretical
framework for the study.
Data Analysis:
Quantitative data from surveys will be analyzed using statistical software to derive descriptive
statistics, such as frequencies and percentages.
Qualitative data from interviews and observations will be transcribed, coded, and thematically
analyzed to identify recurring patterns and themes.
The findings from both quantitative and qualitative analysis will be triangulated to provide a
comprehensive understanding of waste management practices and their effectiveness in hotels in
Kisumu County.
Ethical Considerations:
Informed consent will be obtained from participants before their involvement in the study.
Confidentiality and anonymity will be ensured by assigning codes or pseudonyms to participants
and handling data securely.
The research will comply with ethical guidelines and principles of research integrity.
Limitations:
The study's findings may be limited to the specific hotels and waste management practices in
Kisumu County, and generalization to other regions may require caution.
The research is dependent on the willingness of hotels to participate and provide accurate
information.
By employing this methodology, the research aims to gather comprehensive data on waste
management practices in hotels in Kisumu County, allowing for an accurate assessment of the
current situation and identification of areas for improvement. The results will contribute to the

10
development of effective waste management strategies that can be implemented in hotels to
promote environmental sustainability and enhance operational efficiency.

3.2 Sample Selection

The target population for this study includes middle-class hotels located in Kisumu County,
Kenya.
Middle-class hotels are defined as establishments that provide accommodation and hospitality
services to guests at a mid-range price point.
Sampling Technique:
Purposive sampling will be employed to select hotels that meet the criteria of being middle-class
and located within Kisumu County.
Purposive sampling allows for the selection of specific participants who possess the desired
characteristics relevant to the research objectives.
Sample Size:
The sample size will depend on the availability and willingness of hotels to participate in the
study.
It is recommended to aim for a diverse representation of hotels in terms of size, location, and
facilities to capture a comprehensive understanding of waste management practices in Kisumu
County.

Hotel Name

K-City Hotel

Sunaton Hotel

Kisumu Hotel Urban

Note: The above table is just an example and can be customized based on the actual availability
and willingness of hotels to participate in the study. The sample size can vary depending on the
number of hotels that agree to be part of the research.

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Sampling Procedure:
a. Initial Hotel Selection:

A list of middle-class hotels in Kisumu County will be compiled using various sources, including
online directories, tourism boards, and local industry associations.
The list will serve as the sampling frame from which hotels will be selected for the study.
b. Inclusion Criteria:

Hotels that fall within the middle-class category will be considered for inclusion.
Hotels located within Kisumu County will be included in the sample.
c. Invitation and Consent:

An invitation will be sent to the selected hotels, explaining the purpose and scope of the study, as
well as the benefits of participation.
Consent will be sought from the hotel management to ensure their willingness to participate in
the research.

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d. Sample Size Determination:
The sample size will be determined based on the number of hotels that provide consent to
participate in the study.
It is important to achieve a sufficient sample size to ensure the reliability and validity of the
research findings.
e. Data Collection:
Data collection will take place at the selected hotels, involving surveys, interviews, and
observations with relevant hotel personnel and stakeholders involved in waste management.
f. Representativeness:
Efforts will be made to ensure a diverse representation of hotels in terms of size, location (urban,
suburban, or rural), and facilities (e.g., restaurants, conference halls) to capture a broad range of
waste management practices.
Ethical Considerations:

Informed consent will be obtained from participating hotels, ensuring their understanding of the
research objectives, data collection methods, and the confidentiality and anonymity of their
information.
The research will comply with ethical guidelines and principles of research integrity.
By employing purposive sampling and ensuring a diverse representation of middle-class hotels in
Kisumu County, the study can gather valuable insights into the waste management practices and
their effectiveness in the selected hotels. This approach will contribute to a comprehensive
understanding of the current state of waste management in the middle-class hotel sector in
Kisumu County and provide a foundation for proposing recommendations for improvement.

3.3 Data Collection Methods

Surveys:

Surveys will be created to collect quantitative information on hotel trash management

procedures.
The development of questionnaires aimed at hotel management, personnel involved in trash

13
management, and other pertinent stakeholders.

Questions regarding waste generation, segregation, collection, storage, treatment, disposal

techniques, and attitudes toward waste management procedures may be included in surveys.
Online survey platforms, in-person survey administration, or electronic survey administration are
all options.
Interviews:
Key employees in charge of trash management at the chosen hotels will be subjected to in-depth
interviews.
Hotel managers, waste management personnel, environmental officers, facility managers, and
other pertinent people may be interviewed.
Qualitative insights into the present waste management techniques, difficulties encountered, and
prospective areas for development will be provided by interviews.
To ensure consistency and reliability, structured or semi-structured interviewing will be used.

3.4 Data Analysis

Table 1: Waste Generation and Composition in Hotels

HOTEL NAME Total Waste Organic Recyclables Non-Recyclables

Generated Waste (%) (%) (%)
(kg/day)

KISUMU HOTEL 15% 50% 30% 10%

K-CITY HOTEL 39% 150% 80% 68%
SUNATON HOTEL 35% 230% 110% 30%

Table 2: Waste Management Practices in Hotels

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HOTEL NAME Waste Recycling Disposal Methods
Segregation Practices
KISUMU HOTEL organic waste, Separate bins for Proper waste disposal according to
recyclables, non- recyclables regulations
recyclables
K-CITY HOTEL Organic waste, Recycling bins in Collaboration with waste
plastics, glass, common areas management authorities for proper
paper disposal
SUNATON Organic waste, Recycling stations Recycling pickups and landfill
HOTEL plastics, on each floor disposal for non-recyclables
cardboard

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0:Current Waste Management Practices in the Middle-Class Hotel

The provided examples showcase the potential waste segregation, recycling practices, waste
treatment methods, and disposal methods that could be implemented in middle-class hotels in
Kisumu County. However, it's important to note that the actual waste management practices may
vary among individual hotels, and the table above serves as an illustrative example.

4.1 Waste Generation and Composition

Waste generation and composition play a crucial role in understanding the waste management
needs and potential strategies for improvement in Kisumu Hotel. This section focuses on
analyzing the quantity and composition of waste generated by the hotel.
4.1.1 Waste Generation:
To assess waste generation, the following data will be collected: Total Waste Generated

16
(kg/day): The daily amount of waste produced by Kisumu Hotel will be measured and recorded.
This includes all waste streams generated by the hotel operations

. 4.1.2 Waste Composition:

To understand the composition of waste generated by Kisumu Hotel, the waste will be
categorized into the following main components: Organic Waste (%): The percentage of waste
that consists of biodegradable materials such as food waste, kitchen scraps, and other organic
matter. Recyclables (%): The percentage of waste that is recyclable, including materials such as
paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, and metals. Non-Recyclables (%): The percentage of waste that
cannot be recycled, such as non-recyclable plastics, hazardous materials, and other non-
biodegradable waste. By analyzing the waste generation and composition in Kisumu Hotel,
valuable insights can be gained regarding the potential for waste reduction, recycling initiatives,
and the need for proper disposal methods. This information will serve as a foundation for
developing effective waste management strategies tailored to the specific needs of the hotel.

4.2 Waste Collection and Storage

Proper waste collection and storage are essential components of effective waste management in
Kisumu Hotel. This section focuses on the practices and procedures employed by the hotel for
waste collection and storage.

4.2.1 Waste Collection:

The waste collection process involves the collection of waste from different areas within the
hotel premises. The following aspects will be examined: Collection Frequency: The frequency at
which waste is collected from various areas within the hotel, such as guest rooms, kitchens,
dining areas, and common spaces. Collection Points: The designated locations where waste is

17
collected within the hotel premises, including centralized waste collection areas or individual
collection points in different sections of the hotel. Segregation Practices: The extent to which
waste is segregated at the point of collection, such as separating organic waste from recyclables
and non-recyclables.

4.2.2 Waste Storage

Waste storage involves the temporary containment of waste before it is collected for further
processing or disposal. The following aspects will be considered: Storage Facilities: The type of
storage facilities available in Kisumu Hotel, including waste bins, containers, or compactors used
for temporary waste storage. Capacity and Size: The capacity and size of the waste storage
facilities, considering the volume of waste generated and the frequency of collection.
Segregation and Labeling: Whether waste storage facilities are appropriately labeled and
segregated to facilitate proper waste management, such as separate containers for organic waste,
recyclables, and non-recyclables. Compliance with Health and Safety Standards: The adherence
to health and safety regulations in waste storage, including measures to prevent odor, pest
infestations, and contamination. By assessing the waste collection and storage practices in
Kisumu Hotel, opportunities for improvement, such as enhancing waste segregation practices,
optimizing collection frequencies, or upgrading storage facilities, can be identified. This analysis
will contribute to the development of effective waste management strategies for the hotel.

4.3 Waste Treatment and Disposal Methods

The waste treatment and disposal methods mentioned in the table are general examples and may
vary based on local regulations and policies. It is essential for Lumumba Sub County Hospital to
comply with relevant waste management guidelines and collaborate with appropriate waste
management authorities for proper waste treatment and disposal.

18
It is crucial for Lumumba Sub County Hospital to adhere to the waste management guidelines set
by the local authorities and collaborate with appropriate waste management authorities to ensure
proper waste treatment and disposal. Compliance with these regulations is essential to protect
public health, the environment, and ensure the safe handling of waste generated by the hospital.

19
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0: Effects of Waste Management on the Hotel Operations

Environmental Impact: Proper waste management practices help minimize the environmental
impact of the hospital's operations. Effective waste disposal methods prevent the release of
hazardous substances into the environment, reducing soil, water, and air pollution in and around
the hospital premises. Efficient waste management also contributes to the conservation of natural
resources by promoting recycling and proper disposal of recyclable materials, such as paper,
plastic, and glass. Health and Safety: Adequate waste management significantly improves the
health and safety conditions within the hospital.

Proper disposal of medical waste reduces the risk of infection and the spread of diseases among
patients, healthcare workers, and the community. Appropriate segregation and handling of
hazardous waste, such as sharps and chemicals, prevent accidents and injuries, ensuring a safer
working environment for hospital staff. Regulatory Compliance: Implementing effective waste
management practices ensures compliance with local and national regulations governing waste

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disposal in healthcare facilities.

Lumumba Sub County Hospital needs to adhere to waste management guidelines and regulations
set by the appropriate regulatory bodies. Compliance with waste management regulations helps
avoid legal penalties and reputational damage to the hospital, ensuring smooth operations and a
positive image in the community.

Cost Efficiency: Efficient waste management practices can lead to cost savings for Lumumba
Sub County Hospital. Recycling and waste reduction initiatives can help reduce waste disposal
costs and decrease the need for purchasing new materials. Proper segregation and disposal of
waste also minimize the risk of contamination, reducing the potential for costly clean-up
procedures and legal liabilities. Community Relations: Effective waste management practices
positively impact community relations.

By managing waste responsibly, Lumumba Sub County Hospital demonstrates its commitment
to environmental stewardship and public health, fostering a positive relationship with the local
community. Engaging in community education programs and raising awareness about proper
waste management practices can further strengthen community relations and enhance the
hospital's reputation. It is crucial for Lumumba Sub County Hospital to prioritize efficient waste
management to mitigate environmental hazards, protect public health, comply with regulations,
reduce costs, and maintain positive community relations.

5.1 Environmental Impacts:

Proper waste management has significant environmental impacts on Lumumba Sub County
Hospital. This subtopic discusses the steps involved in assessing and addressing these impacts:
Waste Segregation: The hospital should implement a waste segregation system to separate
different types of waste, such as medical waste, recyclables, and general waste. This step ensures
that hazardous waste is appropriately treated and disposed of, minimizing environmental
contamination. Waste Treatment: Implementing appropriate treatment methods for different
waste types is crucial.

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 5.2 Financial Implications
Effective waste management practices can have financial implications for Lumumba Sub
County Hospital. This subtopic explains the potential cost implications and benefits: Cost
Analysis: Conducting a comprehensive cost analysis helps identify the financial impact of waste
management practices. This includes evaluating waste disposal costs, potential savings through
recycling or waste reduction initiatives, and the cost of implementing proper waste treatment
methods. Cost Reduction Strategies: Implementing waste reduction strategies, such as optimizing
inventory management to minimize waste generation, can lead to cost savings. Additionally,
recycling initiatives can reduce the need for purchasing new materials, lowering operational
expenses. Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Non-compliance with waste management
regulations can result in financial penalties and legal liabilities. By implementing proper waste
management practices, the hospital can avoid potential fines and legal expenses, safeguarding its
financial resources.

5.3 Public Health and Sanitation:

This subtopic discusses the impact of waste management on public health and sanitation in
Lumumba Sub County Hospital: Infection Control: Proper waste management, including the safe
disposal of medical waste, reduces the risk of infections and the transmission of diseases. This is
particularly crucial in healthcare settings to protect patients, healthcare workers, and the
community. Sanitary Conditions: Effective waste management ensures a clean and hygienic
environment within the hospital premises. Adequate waste segregation, treatment, and disposal
prevent odors, pests, and other sanitary issues that could negatively affect patient comfort and
overall sanitation.

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 5.4 Guest Satisfaction and Reputation:

The way waste is managed in Lumumba Sub County Hospital can impact guest satisfaction and
the hospital's reputation: Guest Perception: Proper waste management practices contribute to a
positive guest experience. A clean and well-maintained environment enhances guest satisfaction,
ensuring a comfortable stay and positive perception of the hospital. Reputation Management:
Effective waste management demonstrates the hospital's commitment to environmental
responsibility and public health. This enhances the hospital's reputation, making it a preferred
choice for patients, visitors, and potential partners

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 CHAPTER SIX

6.0 Recommendations
Recommendations for Improved Waste Management:
This section provides recommendations for enhancing waste management practices in Lumumba
Sub County Hospital:

6.1 Waste Reduction Strategies:

Implementing waste reduction strategies, such as promoting digital documentation to minimize
paper waste or implementing inventory control measures to reduce excess supplies, can help
minimize waste generation.

6.2 Recycling and Composting Initiatives:

Introducing recycling initiatives for materials like paper, plastic, and glass, as well as
implementing composting programs for food waste, can divert waste from landfills and promote
sustainability.

6.3 Collaboration with Local Waste Management Authorities:

The hospital should collaborate with local waste management authorities to ensure compliance
with regulations, obtain guidance on best practices, and explore opportunities for waste treatment
and disposal.

6.4 Staff Training and Awareness Programs:

Conducting training programs for hospital staff on proper waste management practices,
including waste segregation and handling of hazardous materials, promotes awareness and
ensures adherence to protocols.

7.0 Implementation Plan

This section outlines the steps for implementing improved waste management practices in
Lumumba Sub County Hospital:

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 7.1 Short-term Actions
Identify immediate actions, such as revising waste management policies, conducting training
sessions for staff, and procuring necessary equipment or waste treatment facilities.

7.2 Long-term Strategies:

Develop long-term strategies, including the establishment of waste management committees,
regular monitoring of waste management practices, and the integration of waste reduction and
recycling initiatives into the hospital's operations.

7.3 Monitoring and Evaluation

Implement a monitoring and evaluation framework to assess the effectiveness of waste
management strategies, track progress, and make necessary adjustments to ensure continuous
improvement in waste management practices.

Conclusion

By conducting this research, we anticipate gaining valuable insights into the effects of waste
management in a middle-class hotel in Kisumu. The findings will serve as a foundation for
implementing effective waste management strategies that align with sustainability goals, enhance
environmental responsibility, and contribute to the overall success and reputation of the hotel.

25
APPENDIX I

26
27
 APPENDIX II
QUESTIONNAIRE
TO FIND OUT
INSTRUCTIONS
TICK WHERE APPLICABLE

1. Gender
Female male

2.How old is your smith resort ?

5 months 2-5years 6yrs and above

3.when was your SMITH RESORT started ?

Date month year

4. What are the major challenges faced in the development of the resort and its management ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5. What are the main methods of getting and welcoming customers in your resort ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

6. What are some of the recreational activities done in your resort ?

A.
B.
C.
D.

28
7. What are the main challenges faced in the resort during rainy and sunny seasons ?
A.
B.
C.
D.

8. Do you offer good quality food and give offers too to welcome new clients to your resort ?
Yes no

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 APPENDIX II

Waste Management at a Mid-Rise Hotel in Kisumu, Appendix

Additional details and data regarding trash management in a middle-
class hotel in Kisumu are provided in this appendix.
The purpose is to draw attention to the hotel's waste management procedures and issues, as well
as to suggest alternative solutions for better trash management. Present-
day Waste Management Techniques: Segregation of Waste:

Describe the many categories of waste that are now separated, such as organic, recyclable, and n
on-recyclable waste.

Collection and Disposal: Describe the procedures used to collect and dispose of waste, includin
g whether the hotel employs internal waste management personnel or contracts the service with
outside waste management firms.
Recycling Initiatives: Talk about any current recycling programs the hotel has put in place, suc
h as recycling bins, composting, or collaborations with recycling organizations. Collaboration:
Highlight

30