1.

Trace the story behind the passage of

the RA 1425 (Rizal Law)
2. Analyze the different views of those in
favor or against the Rizal Law
3. Relate the resonance of the debates on
Rizal Law to the present-day issues and
concerns
Who is the greatest hero in
your life?
1. Heroes are just ordinary human beings; they are made and
were never born as such.
A hero is a product of the prevalent conditions of his
time, his environment which includes his immediate family,
society, and his surroundings.
Heroes are made because they responded to the call of
the times and such response had a decisive and lasting
effects on the lives of their countrymen.
2. Heroes are not born saints and many of them were not
exactly saintly.
As Human beings , they faced the challenges with
extraordinary responses. Putting superhuman and
supernatural attributes on heroes creates mysticism which is
unusual.
Their humanity will be unveiled through scholarly study.
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§ Some Issues against Rizal:
§ Rizal as a womanizer
§ Rizal as a wanderlust, greed for power, anti-Catholic
§ Rizal as the alleged father of Adolf Hitler(Germany) and Mao
Zedong(China)
§ Rizal as an American-sponsored hero
4. No one becomes a hero overnight.
One might be recognized for his acts of heroism, but does not make
him an instant hero.
A passage of time is necessary for an objective study on the hero’s life
and achievements, thus allowing us to reflect its overall effect to the
country’s history.
The National Historical Institute, the country’s agency in-charge of
historical matters, prescribes the passage of FIFTY(50) YEARS before a
person is declared as a hero.
If the person is still being admired after that period and his ideas were
still invoked and appreciated, he has passed the test of time and
deserves to be called a hero.
§ 5. Heroes are those who have concept of a nation and
thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s freedom.
§ Nationalism is an important element in considering heroism.
This means that the person must identify himself with the
nation and would be willing to sacrifice for its benefits.
§ Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio, Graciano Lopez-Jaena and
MH Del Pilar sought to bring changes on the social conditions
of their countrymen, and not just a particular region or ethno-
linguistic groups.
§ 6. A hero thinks of the future especially the future generations.
§ The choice of a hero involves not only the re-assessment of
an episode or events in history but of the entire process that
made this person a hero.
§ A hero is therefore an “ event-making person who helps
create or change the destiny of the nation through his actions,
because he is a man of ideas and social vision of scientific and
artistic power.
§
§ Definition of a Hero
§ “ An admirable leader towering over his peers, who serves a noble
cause, possessing exceptional talent, distinguished valor, exercising
an influenced over the life of his people in a remarkable event” –
National Historical Institute.
§ “A hero must, during extreme stress and difficulties, project himself
by his own fortitude, by his own sacrifices to be the inspiration of his
countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny. He must exhibit
self-denial and abandon his personal interests to place those of his
country before any other”.
§ DID YOU KNOW?
§ There is no law or proclamation
which directly made Rizal into a
hero.
§ Rizal’s status was made by the
acclamation of the Filipino
people. This means that his
achievement and examples are
admirable exemplar who should
be followed.
§ It was General Emilio Aguinaldo
who first issued a decree on
December 20, 1898 which
declared the 30TH day of
December as a National Day of
Mourning in honor of Dr. Jose
Rizal and other victims of the
revolution.
§ Such declaration did not
specifically declare Rizal as a
National Hero, but it was a
tribute to his heroism.
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§ “ Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo must be read by all
Filipinos. They must be taken to
heart, for in their pages we see
ourselves as in a mirror, our defects
as well as our strength, our virtues
as well as our vices. Only then we
would become conscious as a
people and so we learn to prepare
ourselves for painful sacrifies that
ultimately lead to self reliance, self-
respect, and freedom’
§ Senator Jose P. Laurel
§ “ Rizal did not pretend to teach religion
when he wrote those books. He aimed
at inculcating civic consciousness in
the Filipinos, national dignity, personal
pride, and patriotism and if references
were made by him in the course of his
narration to certain religious practices
in the Philippines. In those days, and to
the conduct and behavior of erring
minister of the church, it was because
he portrayed faithfully the general
situation in the Philippines as it then
existed”
§ Senator Claro M. Recto
§ “ As a vast majority of our people are, at the same time,
Catholic and Filipino citizens. As such, they have two great
loves: their country and their faith. These two loves are not
conflicting loves. They are harmonious affections, like the
love of his father and for his mother.
§ This is the basis of my stand. Let us not create a conflict
between nationalism and religion, between government
and the Church.
§ Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
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1. Are there points of convergence between the
supporters and oppositions of the Rizal Bill based
on the preceding statements?
2. Do you think the debates on the Rizal Law have
some resonance up to the present?
If Yes, in what way? If No, why?
 Policies and events in spain
and its impact in the philippines
 Policies and events in spain and its
impact in the philippines
THE RISE OF LIBERAL IDEAS DURING the ERA
OF ENLIGHTENMENT IN EUROPE
✣ John Locke (natural rights)
✣ Jean Jacques Rosseau (social contract)
✣ Charles Montesquieu (separation of powers)
✣ Voltaire (freedom of religion/expression,
separation of the Church and state)
These liberal ideas inspired the outbreak of the
French Revolution( 1789-1799) and the American
Revolution( 1775-1783)

2
 The political instability in spain
during the 19th century:
an overview
✣ Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Spain in 1808, an
installation of his brother Joseph as King of Spain
✣ Formation of Provisional Spanish Govt under King
Ferdinand VII and the creation of new constitution
1812
✣ Queen Isabella II was deposed though a revolution
in 1868
✣ The creation of Provisional Republic of Spain
✣ Restoration of Monarchy in 1870 upon the ascension
of Italian Prince Amadeo to the throne (1871-1873)
✣ Establishment of a Liberal Republic/ dictatorship in
1873-75
✣ Restoration of Bourbon Dynasty in 1875 until 1896

3
 How the political instability in
Spain affected the Philippines as a
colony?
✣ Political instability in Spain: Liberals Vs Conservatives
✣ Inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution and the American Revolution,
there was a constant conflict between the liberals and despotism.
✣ The liberals wanted to limit absolutism for the people to enjoy their
constitutional and human rights. The opposition, the conservatives, wanted the
retention of the monarchy.
✣
Effects in Spain:
✣ The struggle consumed the strength and wealth of the nation
✣ There were plots, conspiracies, and revolts
✣ From 1834 to 1862, Spain adopted 4 Constitutions(1812, 1837, 1845 and 1869),
elected 27 parliaments and installed 529 ministers with portfolios.

4
 The Cadiz Constitution and the Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes

Spain’s motive in Granting Philippine Representation:

v During the Spanish War of Independence(1808-1814) against the invading French forces, the
King saw the need to rally the colonies to be loyal to Spain, hence a central revolutionary body
was created.
v On January 22, 1809, it issued a decree granting all Spanish colonies a direct representation
in the Spanish Cortes.
The Philippines was then represented 3 times, from 1810-1813, 1820-1823, and 1834-1837. Ventura
de los Reyes was the first Filipino representative, and one of the signatories of the 1812 Spanish
Constitution.
With the creation of a new constitution in 1837 and the establishment of a parliamentary form of
government in Spain, the right to representation was conveniently removed as there was no need
for colonial support at that time.
Philippine representation, no matter how brief and irrespective of its nature was a remarkable
moment for the Filipinos struggle for the recognition and respect of human rights. For years, its
restoration continued to be one of the major demands of the reformists, including by Rizal, MH Del
Pilar and Lopez-Jaena.

5
 How the political instability in
Spain affected the Philippines as a
colony?
✣ Constant changes in the Madrid government were
followed by period rigodon of the colonial officials in the
Philippines.
✣ The common political dictum that “ to the victors belong
the spoils of office led to the frequent changes of governor
generals.
✣ From 1853 to 1898, there were 41 of them who held office
in the Phils, each serving an average term of 1 year and 3
months..
✣ The frequent changes prevented the formulation and
execution of sound policies6 and administration.
 NOW THIS:

IN OUR PRESENT POLITICAL SET-UP,

IS IT NECESSARY THAT BOTH THE FORMER AND CURRENT
PRESIDENTS SHOULD BELONG TO SAME POLITICAL PARTY/
ALLIANCE TO ENSURE CONTINUITY OF PROGRAMS AND
POLICIES IN THE GOVERNMENT?
ARE YOU IN FAVOR IN EXTENDING THE TERM OF OFFICE OF
THE PRESIDENT?

7
How the political instability in Spain affected
the Philippines as a colony?
✣ The choice of colonial officials was weak
✣ Under the policy of giving political rewards, there was a continuous sending of
political undesirables –ignorant barbers and lackeys were appointed as provincial
governors and rough sailors assigned as district judges and garrison commanders
✣ Appointment of colonial officials was not through merits but based on monetary
considerations;
✣ After spending so much time and money to obtain appointment, many officials
exploited their office to recover their expenses and enrich themselves.
✣ Such practice of appointment it created mal-administration, graft and corruption
and bribery among them and the welfare of the Filipinos was a second priority.
✣ The distance of the colony from Spain and the overlapping of powers among the
colonial officials contributed to the perpetuation of anomalies in government
service.
✣ The insecurity of tenure of office of the colonial administrators also made them
unscrupulous and corrupt.
8
How the political instability in Spain
affected the Philippines as a colony?
Corrupt Governor Generals in the Phils
✣ Rafael de Izquierdo(1871-1873)- a boastful and ruthless official
who ignited the anger of the Filipinos by executing the 3 priests,
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora Feb 13, 1872
✣ Fernando Primo de Rivera- a two term governor general from
(1880-1883) and (1897-1898). He enriched himself by accepting
bribes from gambling casinos which allowed to operate
✣ Valeriano Weyler(1888-1891)-known as “Butcher of Cuba”; he
arrived as a poor man and returned to Spain a millionaire. He
received bribes and gift of diamonds for his wife from wealthy
Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese laws. It was during his
tenure when he ordered the persecution of Rizal’s family and the
tenants of the Dominican estates in Calamba.
✣ Camilo de Polavieja(1896-1897)- an able and ruthless governor
who ordered the execution of Rizal.
9
 tHE lIBERAL administration of Gov Gen
Carlos MARIA de la torre IN 1869
✣ In 1869, the Spanish liberals had taken over the
government and sent Carlos Ma. De la Torre as the new
governor general to the Phils.
✣ This benevolent governor was able to show his liberal
disposition in running the affairs of the colonial
government by introducing series of reforms, such as
revocation of press censorship and the abolition of
flogging as a form of punishment. He even lived simply
within his means and broke the tradition by openly
mingling with the indios, mestizos and Spaniards and
treating them equally.
✣ His administration as a result gave the Filipinos a
taste of liberal regime and thus inspired the Filipino
middle class to continue their campaign their reforms
under the Spanish colonial rule.

✣ 10
Sources of Abuses in the Colonial Administration

The most corrupt branch of government was the provincial government, where the
Alcalde Mayor was the administrator, judge, military commander rolled in one.

1. Indulto Para Comerciar/Indulto de Comercio - a privilege given to the Alcalde

Mayores to monopolize domestic trade, control prices and business practices.
They brought goods from the natives at a cheap rate and sold these goods back to
the natives in times of scarcity but in a higher price.
v Due to floods of complaints by more responsible officials in Spain, a decree was issued in
1844 which abolished the said privilege and fixed the salary of the Alcalde Mayor at 1,500,
provided only lawyers or persons with 2 years of legal experience were qualified for the said
position. In 1866, the judicial and executive duties of the civil officials were permanently
separated.

11
Sources of Abuses in the Colonial Administration

2. Tribute / Taxes –another privilege enjoyed by the Alcalde Mayors where

a certain percentage was collected from the total amount of taxes
imposed on the provinces. They often exacted more tributes than
required by law and pocketed the excess collections.
v One tribute is equivalent to 8 reales or one peso and may be paid in
money or in kind like rice, honey, corn, etc.
v In 1851, it was increased to 12 reales or 1 ½ tribute. eventually it was
replaced by cedula tax, which served as personal identity paper which
described and contained the information of the bearing including his
name
v exempted from paying the tribute include the governadorcillos,
cabezas and their families, government employees, soldiers with
distinguished service, native chieftains, choir members , sacristans,
porters of the church.
12
Sources of Abuses in the Colonial Administration

3. Bandala System - it was instituted by Governor General Sebastian

Hurtado de Corcuera during the first half of the 17th century.
ü this refers to assignment of annual quotas to each province for the
compulsory sale of product to the government.
ü Due to lack of funds, the government issued promissory note in
exchange for the goods. Non-payment on the part of the
government meant confiscation of products.

13
Sources of Abuses in the Colonial
Administration

4. Polo y Servicios (Forced Labor)

It started in 1580 when native Indios and mestizos from
16-60 years old were forced to work for 40 days every
year(In 1884 it was reduced to 15 days)
The polistas were made to work in the construction of
bridges, roads, churches and convents.
Others were sent to forest to cut trees or work in the
mines; assigned as rowers of Spanish Galleons, or
conscripted in the military.
Forced labor caused decline of communities and
agricultural production which led to famine, starvation
and death.

14
The Union of Church and State

With the spread of Christianity as one of the

most important of Spain’s motive, the friars
were used by the government as instrument of
colonial control.
The Archbishop of Manila shared the
extensive powers of the civil authorities,
including the Governor General. Under him
were the bishops in charge of the dioceses, and
below the bishops were the priests who took
care of the parishes.
The term of office of the Church officials was
not limitless. They became more powerful
during the 19th Century political instability in
Spain, as the political control in the colony
yielded in their hands.

15
The Union of Church and State

Political authority was usually placed in the hands of a parish priest, making him both a
religious and state representative of the town.
Frailocracia – “ government of friars”.
As a result, the conflict between church and state resulted from the intrigues and
jealousies between the friars and civil officials. Even the tenure of higher officials at times
depended on the will of the friars.
The religious corporations acquired vast tracks of hacienda and enriched their coffers
at the expense of the people’s ignorance. The religious orders became the rightful owners
of land after securing royal titles for the properties, thus causing agrarian unrest as the
Filipino tenants viewed the friars as usurpers of their ancestral lands.

16
. Racial Discrimination among the Indios

While Christianity was propagated in the Phils under the

egalitarian concept of brotherhood of all men under God the
Father, the Spanish authorities and friars did not follow its own
teachings.
Newly converted natives were not treated as brother
Christians, but inferior human beings on the account of their
brown skin and flat noses, thus undeserving of the rights and
privileges enjoyed by the white Spaniards.
The term “Indio” referring to the brown Filipinos means
uneducated, uncivilized or savage”.
Racial discrimination was prevalent in the government
offices, in the courts of justice, in the armed forces, in the
social circles, even in the education institutions and
ecclesiastical hierarchy.

17
The Opening of Suez canal IN 1869

18
SUEZ CANAL TODAY

19
tHE. End of galleon trade and OPENING OF THE
PHILIPPPINES TO WORLD TRADE in 1834

20
tHE. End of galleon trade and OPENING OF THE
PHILIPPPINES TO WORLD TRADE in 1834
✣ The expansion of Philippine trade and the
opening of the ports of Iloilo, Cebu, Sual in
Pangasinan, and Zamboanga outside Manila
stimulated foreign demands for Philippine
products and encouraged agricultural production
in the Philippines.

Effects:
✣ Traditional Philippine exports increased with the
rapid development and production of cash crops
such as sugar from Iloilo and Negros, tobacco
from Ilocos, Abaca from Bicol, indigo and rice
from Panay Island /Central Luzon, and coffee
from Batangas.

21
tHE OPENING OF THE PHILIPPPINES
TO WORLD TRADE (1834)
✣ Manila
✣ Sual,
Pangasinan
✣ Iloilo
✣ Zambonga
✣ Cebu
✣ Legazpi
✣ Tacloban

22
 NOW THIS:

IN THIS ERA OF GLOBALIZATION, DO YOU

THINK TRADE LIBERALIZATION BRINGS ANY
GOOD RATHER THAN HARM IN THE
PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIONAL IDENTITY?

23
 THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
The main beneficiaries of the
emerging cash crop, free trade and
commercialization of Philippine
agriculture and economic expansion
were the Spanish and Chinese mestizos
who became capitalists and middlemen.

With enhanced wealth, it facilitated

greater educational advantages among
their children and with contact with
foreign newcomers and new ideas, the
new breeds of illustrados started to
question the abuses of the governor and
demanded social reforms.
24
THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

25
 Secularization controversy
q The appointment of regular clergy( those belonging to
monastic order) over the secular priests for parish
assignments created conflict on visitation rights by the
diocese.
q The regulars resisted being placed under two superiors,
the head of their religious order and the Bishop as the
head of the diocese.
q The explusion of the Jesuits from the Philippines in
1768 due to such conflict resulted to the shortage of
priests in the country.
q The Royal Decree of 1774 ordered the secularization
of parishes and encourages more natives to enter
priesthood, which at that time was the best option to
gain status and economic affluence. More Fillipino
secular priests were given parishes of their own.
q However, the return of the Jesuits in 1859 and the
implementation of the policy of desecularization
directly affected the native seculars. 26
 Secularization controversy
✣ The Filipino seculars reacted with resentment at
the injustices and discrimination they were
subjected to.
✣ Hence the secularization controversy
transformed into a Filipinization issue, which
sharpened their awareness of their separate
national identity which their parishioners also
became conscious about.
✣ Among the strong supporters of the
secularization movement were Archbishop
Gregorio Meliton Martinez, Frs. Pedro Pelaez,
Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and Jacinto
Zamora.
✣ Archbishop Martinez warned the Spanish
Regent of the discrimination of Filipino priest as
a ground for anti-Spanish sentiments.
27
Cavite mutiny and the gomburza martyrdom

Ø When Rafael de Izquierdo replaced Gov Gen dela Torre in 1871, he

immediately disregarded liberal measures; he abolished the
exemption privilege of the arsenal workers and engineer corps from
paying tributes and forced labor.
Ø As an expression of protests, on the night of January 21, 1872,
about 200 Filipino soldiers and arsenal workers in Cavite mutinied
under the leadership of Sergeant Lamadrid.
Ø They were able to kill their Spanish officers, but the mutiny was
suppressed.
Ø Lamadrid and the 41 mutineers were executed in Bagumbayan.

28
Cavite mutiny and the gomburza martyrdom
The mutiny also became an
opportunity for the Spaniards to
implicate the liberal critics of the
government.

Fr. Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez

and Jacinto Zamora were accused
of alleged conspiracy and
rebellion and were sentenced to
death by garrote on February 17,
1872.

29
The cavite mutiny
(January 20, 1872)

30
The martyrdom of
gomburza priests
February 17, 1872

31
 Cavite mutiny and the gomburza martyrdom
Archbishop Martinez ordered the tolling of
the bells of the Manila Cathedral as a final
salute to the martyred priests fighting for the
rights of the native clergy.
While the bells were being tolled, the
crowd spontaneously knelt in prayer and
the Spaniards thought this was a signal of
attack from the sympathizers.
The execution of GOMBURZA eventually
hastened the growth of Filipino nationalism.

32
thE 19tH cENTURY phillipines AND
THE eMERGENCE OF THE FILIPINO
NATIONALISM
 Let’s Review
FACTORS THAT LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF THE FILIPINO
NATIONALISM
1. Spread of liberal ideas from the West
2. The Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes
3. The opening of the Philippines to World trade in 1834
4. The rise of the middle class
5. The opening of the Suez Canal
6. The Liberal Administration of Gov Gen Carlos Ma. Dela Torre in 1869
7. The Secularization Controversy
8. The Cavite Mutiny of 1872
9. The Gomburza Execution of 1872

34
LIST OF SOURCES
Deviana, Augusto E. The Philippines: A Story of A Nation 1st Ed.,.
Manila: REX Book Store, 2011.

Halili, Maria Christine N. Philippine History. Manila: Rex Book

Store, 2010.

Capino, et al. Rizal's Life, Works and Writings: Their Impact on

our National Identity. Makati: Goodwill Bookstore, 1977.

Asuncion, Nestor M and Geoffrey Rhoel C Cruz. Readings in

Philippine History: Outcome-Based Module. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc, 2019.
35
 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can contact me via email address
rdperfuma0679.aoph@gmail.com
Or text me at 09219188888

36
Thank you!!!

37
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The Life and Works of Jose

Rizal

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PCQR<-S,9TQ%-Q-L,OQTUC<VTRM
Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn in the
Phils(1887-1888)
Reasons for Rizal’s Homecoming in the Phils
1. To operate his mother’s failing eyesight
2. To serve his countrymen, especially the Calamba folks, who had been
suffering from the oppressive Spanish colonial rule
3. To find out for himself how his novel, Noli and his other writing affected
both the Filipinos and the Spaniards.
4. To find out why his girlfriend Leonor Rivera was quite for a while.

From Rome, he boarded the trained bound for Marseilles and took the
French steamer Djemnah bound for Saigon on July 3, 1887. From Saigon he
transferred to another steamship Haiphong bound for Manila where he
arrived on August 5, 1887.
Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn in the
Phils(1887-1888)
Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn in the
Phils(1887-1888)
• In Calamba he opened a medical clinic.
Dona Teodora became his first patient, who
was almost blind.
• He became known among his patients as
“Dr. Uliman”, for having studied
ophthalmology in German. He acquired
lucrative medical practice with reasonable
fee ,even gratis to his poor fellowmen.
Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn in the
Phils(1887-1888)
• He also opened a gymnasium
for young folks where he
introduced European sports
like gymnastics, fencing and
shooting so as to discourage
cockfighting and gambling.
• He failed to see Leonor Rivera,
because his parent forbade him
to go to Dagupan. He was
caught on the iron grip of
marriage customs arranged by
both parents of the groom and
the bride
Leonor Rivera
Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn in the Phils

Enemies of Rizal’s Noli in the Phils.

Msgr. Pedro Payo, head of the archdiocese of
Manila, became the staunch critic of Noli.
A special committee, composed of the Faculty of the
University of Sto. Tomas, headed by its Rector Fr.
Gregorio Echavarria, reviewed the novel and
recommended it is “heretical, impious, scandalous
in its religious aspects, unpatriotic and subversive to
public order”, hence the book would be harmful to
the Philippines.
Dissatisfied by the reports of the Dominicans, Gov
General Emilio Terrero asked for the
recommendation of the Permanent Commission of
Censorship, headed by Fr. Salvador Font, who
declared the “absolute prohibition of the
importation , reproduction and circulation the
pernicious book”.
Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn
in the Phils(1887-1888)
Enemies of Rizal’s Noli
Fray Jose Rodriguez, an Augustian friar, published 8 pamphlets with general heading
Cuestiones de Sumo Interes(Questions of Supreme Interests) to attack the Noli:
1. Why Should I Not Read Them?
2. Beware of them, Why?
3. What can you tell me of Plague?
4. Why do the Impious Triumph?
5. Do you think there is no real purgatory?
6. Is there or There no Hell?
7. What do you think of these libels?
8. Confession or Damnation?
Copies of the said pamphlets were sold during mass to the parishioners, who were forced
to buy so as not to displease the friar.
 Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn
in the Phils(1887-1888)
Defenders of Noli
Rev Vicente Garcia –. It was published in Singapore
on July 18, 1888 Spanish Filipino Catholic priest-
theologian at the Manila Cathedral who wrote the
defense of Noli under the Pen-name Justo Desiderio
Manalang, with the following arguments:
1. Rizal is not an ignorant Indio, he being educated
in Spanish universities with high scholastic standing.
2. Rizal attacked the bad Spanish officials and not
Mother Spain, and the bad and corrupt friars, not
the Catholic Church.
3. Those who read the Noli commit mortal sin;
since the friars, including Fray Rodriguez read it,
then they commit such.
 Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn
in the Phils(1887-1888)
Gov Gen Emilio Terrero, being a liberal-
minded Spaniard, did not order mass arrest or
imprisonment of those who were able to get
hold of Noli.
He instead assigned a personal bodyguard to
Rizal, Don Jose Taviel de Andrada, a young
lieutenant of the Guardia Civil, sensing that
Rizal’s life was in danger in the hands on the
friars.
Terrero was influenced by Noli’s attack on friar
estates, tenant relation and land taxes that he
ordered swift government investigation.
Among those affected was the Calamba estate
owned by the Dominican order since 1883.
 Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn in
the Phils(1887-1888)
Calamba Agrarian Unrest
As the controversy on his novel raged on, Rizal got involved in the
Calamba Estate controversy.
His bold expose dated January 8, 1888 with signatures of the
tenants and hacienda official earned the ire of the friar:
1. ownership of the Dominicans on the vast estates not just a
portion of land but the whole town of Calamba.
2. increasing rentals and high interest rates for delayed payment
arbitrarily increased the profits of the Dominican order; failure to
pay meant confiscation of farm animals, implements and homes.
3. not a single centavo spent by the hacienda owner during town
fiestas and for the improvement of agriculture and education.
4. expulsion of tenants by the Dominicans for flimsy reasons.
Hacienda Calamba
Rizal’s Six Month’s Sojourn in the
Phils(1887-1888)
• With the advise of General Terrero, Rizal was forced to leave the
country because his continued presence in Calamba was jeopardizing
the safety and happiness of his friends and family and he could fight
his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficiency but
by writing in foreign countries.
• HYMNO AL TRABAJO( Hymn to Labor)
a poem Rizal wrote shortly before his departure as requested by his
friend from Lipa, in commemoration of the town elevation to a
villa(city) by virtue of Becerra Law in 1888. It was dedicated to the
industrious folks whose untiring efforts bring honor and glory to their
beloved town.
Rizal In Hongkong and Macau,
1888
On Feb 3, 1888, Rizal left for Hongkong on
board Zafiro.
Rizal’s observation of Hongkong
“ It is a small but very clean city, Many
Portuguese, Hindus, English and Jews lived in
it. There are some Filipinos, majority of
whom being those who had been exiled to
the Marianas. They are poor, gentle and
timid. Formerly they were rich mechanics,
industrialists and financiers”
Rizal In Hongkong and
Macau, 1888
Rizal’s Observation in Hongkong:
“the Dominicans were the
richest religious order in
Hongkong. They engaged into
business, owned 700 houses for
rent and many shares in foreign
banks. It invested millions of
dollars deposited in banks and
earned fabulous interests.”
 Rizal In Hongkong and Macau,
1888
• Marathon Lauriat Party in
Hongkong
-considered as the longest
meal in the world during
Rizal’s time.
Guest were served with
numerous dishes, such as
dried fruits, geese, shrimps,
century eggs, shark’s fin, bird’s
nest, white duck, chicken with
vinegar,fish heads, roasted
pigs and tea.
 Rizal In Hongkong and Macau,
1888
Rizal witnessed the Chinese New
Year in Hongkong which last from
Feb 11th to 13th .
 Rizal In Hongkong and Macau,
1888
• In Macau, he saw the
Portuguese colony as “
small, low and
gloomy,…there are plenty of
Sampans, junks and few
steamers. it looks sad and
almost gloomy”
Rizal In Hongkong and Macau,
1888
Cemeteries in Hongkong among
the Catholics, Protestants and
Muslims.
Hongkong Today
Hongkong Today
Macau Today
Macau Today
Rizal’s Romantic Interlude In
Japan
Rizal arrived in the city of Yokohama on
Feb 28, 1888.
Juan Perez Caballero – he was the
Secretary of the Spanish Legation who
was instructed by the authorities in
Manila to monitor Rizal’s movement in
Japan.
Rizal decided to live at the Spanish
Legation to economize his expenses,
and he had nothing to hide in the
prying eyes of the Spaniards.
Rizal’s Romantic Interlude In
Japan
Rizal’s impression about Japan
“Tokyo is more expensive than Paris. The
walls are built in cyclopean manner. The
streets are large and wide.
“ The beauty of the country- its flowers,
mountains, streams, and scenic panorama”
“ the Picturesque and simple charm of
the Japanese Dress”
Rizal’s Romantic Interlude In
Japan
Rizal’s Romantic Interlude In
Japan
Rizal’s Impression of Japan
“ There were very few thieves
in Japan so houses are remained
open day and night, and in the
hotel room one could leave the
money on the tables”.
“ Beggars are rarely seen,
unlike in Manila and other city”
Rizal’s Romantic Interlude In
Japan
Rizal’s Romantic Interlude In
Japan
Rizal’s Romantic
Interlude In Japan
Shokubutsu-en ( Botanical Garden)
Hibiya Park, Tokyo
Rizal Monument, Hibiya Park
Rizal’s Romantic Interlude In
Japan
Seiko Usui( O sei San) - a Japanese girl who
became Rizal’s romantic friend in Tokyo.
Her mastery of English and French
language eliminated the language barrier
between her and Rizal
O Sei San’s beauty and affection almost
tempted Rizal to settle down in Japan.
Sayonara, Japan
Rizal’s 45 day- stay in Japan was considered as
one of the happiest interludes in his life.
He left Yokohama on April 13, 1888 onboard
Belgic on his way to the United States.
Tetcho Suehiro - Rizal’s fellow passenger/ a
fighting Japanese novelist, journalist and
champion of human rights who was also
forced by the Japanese authorities to leave his
country.
Rizal acted as his interpreter from
Yokohama to San Francisco to New York and
finally to London.
 Rizal in America
Rizal first saw America in April 28, 1888
Rizal was among those passengers, including
the Chinese coolies quarantined upon arrival
in San Francisco due to the “ cholera
outbreak” in China.
It was motivated by upcoming presidential
election to gain the white vote by impeding
the entry of the Chinese workers who
displaced the white laborers in the railroad
construction camps.
After a week of quarantine, Rizal and the
other first class passengers were allowed to
leave.
San Francisco during Rizal’s Time
Palace Hotel, San Francisco
San Francisco Today
Rizal in America
• On May 13, 1888 Rizal reached
New York, and after staying in
the “ big town” for 3 days he left
for Liverpool on May 16, 1888.
• He boarded the “ City of Rome”,
the second largest ship in the
world during his time.
New York
Rizal in America
It was during the Administration of US President Groover Cleveland when Rizal
visited the United States
His impression were both good and bad:
1. Material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms,
flourishing industries and busy factories
2. Natural beauty of the land
3. High standard of living
4. Opportunities for better life offered to the poor migrants.
5. Absence of racial equality inconsistent with the American democratic
principles and freedom. He noted the “absence of true civil liberty”.
There was a unfavourable treatment against the Chinese, aside from the
blatant racial discrimination against the Negros.
“In some states, a negro is not allowed to marry a white woman nor a White man
(to) a Negro. Hatred against the Chinese leads to difficulty to other Asiatics who,
like Japanese, mistaken for Chinese by the ignorants, are therefore being disliked
too. America is the land par excellence of freedom but only for the whites.
 Rizal In London ( May 1888-
March 1889)
From New York, Rizal went to London.He arrived in Liverpool on May 24, 1888.
He chose London as his new home for the following reason:
1. To improve his English Language
2. To study and annotate Antonio de Morga’s Successos de los Islas Filipinas,
published in Mexico in 1609, and whose rare copy can be found at the British
Museum.
The book was an objective presentation of the 16th century Philippine
culture and civilization. Rizal wanted to show that the past of the Philippines
revealed that the Filipinos already had a developed culture. He believed that
Spanish government would not ban a historical account of events in the Philippines
written by a responsible Spaniards.
In his letter to Blumentritt dated Sept 17, 1888, Rizal mentioned that “ Morga’s work
is scholarly, does not have superficiality and exaggeration which are found among
the Spaniards, and it is very simple”.
British Museum, London
 Rizal In London ( May 1888-
March 1889)
While in London, Rizal stayed
as a guest for a short period of
time to his Filipino lawyer-
friend Antonio Ma. Regidor, an
exile of 1872 after the
GOMBURZA martyrdom.
He later transferred at a
boarding place
at 37 Charlotte Crescent
St.,Primrose Hill.
Rizal In London ( May 1888-
March 1889)
Gertrude Beckett - the oldest
daughter of the Becketts, his
landlord in London. She was
affectionaltely called “Gettie’ by
Rizal as he was fondly called “
Pettie”.
 Rizal Become an Active Propagandist
By the time the annotated Successos got published in
Paris in 1890, the Propaganda activities were in full
swing.
Associacion La Solidaridad- a patriotic society
established by the Filipinos in Barcelona on Dec 31,
1888, which would cooperate with the crusade of
reforms.
Rizal was unanimously appointed as its honorary
President
La Solidaridad- a forthnightly periodical founded by
Graciano Lopez Jaena on Feb 15, 1889. It served as the
organ of the Propaganda movement, with the aim of
peacefully working for the political and social reforms
in the Philippines by presenting her deplorable
conditions, advocating liberal ideas and progress,
among others.
Rizal Become an Active
Propagandist
Los Agricultores Filipino
(The Filipino Farmers) – Rizal’s first
article published in La Soli on March
25, 1889. It depicts the deplorable
conditions of the farmers and laborers
that caused the backwardness of the
country.
Rizal Become an Active
Propagandist
While in London, Rizal wrote the
following:
1. Letter To The Young Women of
Malolos - it was published on Feb
22, 1888 , upon the request of
M.H. Del Pilar. He praised the
young ladies of Malolos for their
courage to establish a school
where they could learn Spanish,
despite the opposition of parish
priest, Fr. Felipe Garcia
Rizal Become an Active
Propagandist
The main points Rizal emphasized on his letter:
• Filipino mother should teach their children love
of God, fatherland and mankind.
• Like Spartan mothers, Filipino women should
be glad to offer their sons in defense of their
fatherland.
• Filipino women should defense her dignity and
honor.
• A Filipino woman should educate herself, aside
from retaining her good racial virtues
• Faith is not merely reciting long prayers and
wearing religious pictures, but rather is living
in Christian way, with good morals and good
manners.
Rizal Become an Active
Propagandist
2. La Vision del Fray Rodriguez- a satire written by Rizal in defense of
his Noli against the attack of the Spanish curate.
It depicts the conversation between St. Augustine and Fr. Rodriguez,
where the former was commissioned to inform the latter of his
stupidity and inform him of his penance, that his continuous act of
stupidity is something people to laugh at.
Rizal during the Paris
Universal Exposition in 1889
Kidlat Club - a social society of temporary nature founded by Rizal
during the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition with the aim of bringing
the Filipinos in the French capital. Members were the Luna Brothers,
Gregorio Aguilera, Fernando Canon, Lauro Dimayuga, Julio Llorente
and Baldomero Roxas
During the Exposition, Rizal and the members of the Kidlat Club were
amazed to see the Buffalo Bull, which featured the Red-skinned
American Indians proudly riding their sturdy ponies, elegantly dressed
in their native costumes.
Rizal then was enchanted by their proud bearing of the Indian,
hence he implored not to be ashamed of being called “Indio” by the
Spaniards, and let the Spanish enemies change the conception of the
term.
Rizal during the Paris Universal
Exposition in 1889
Indios Bravos- a new society was born to replace the Kidlat Club. Its
members then pledged to excel in intellectual and physical prowess
inorder to gain the admiration of the foreigners, particularly the
Spaniards. They engaged in the use of sword, pistol, practiced Judo, an
Asian self defense learned by Rizal while in Japan.
Sociedad R. D. L. M( RDLM Society) – a secret society formed by Rizal,
patterned after FreeMasonry, with the aim of “propagating the useful
scientific, artistic and literary knowledge in the Philippines. The
pseudonym RDLM stands for Redencion de Los Malayos(redemption
of the Malay Race)
Rizal as a Historian
Filipinas Dentro de Cien Anos( The Philippines Within A Century) –
published in La Solidoridad in four issues on Sept 30, Oct 31 Dec 15,
1889 and Feb 15, 1890.
- In this article, Rizal expressed his views on the Spanish colonization in
the Phils., the glorious pre-colonial past of the Filipinos and their
unhappiness and the economic stagnation under Spanish rule, and
predicted with accuracy the tragic end of Spanish sovereignty in Asia.
- Rizal also mentioned that with the end of the Spanish rule and the
independence of the Philippines, it would not be England, Germany nor
Netherland, but the American Republic, whose interest in the Pacific,
would be the next colonial masters of the Filipinos.
Rizal as a Historian
Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos( The Indolence
of the Filipinos)- it is a historical essay as a defense
of the alleged indolence of the Filipinos.
Rizal made a critical study of the causes why the
Filipinos did not work hard during the Spanish
regime. His main thesis was Filipinos, by nature, are
not lazy.
It is true that Filipinos are easy going and do not
work hard because they are wise enough to adjust
themselves under the warm, tropical climate.
“ An hour of work under the burning sun is equal
to a day’s work in the temperate climate”.
Rizal as a Historian

Por Telepono - another satire written by Rizal under pen name Dimas-
Alang in defense of his Noli against the slanderous of Fr. Salvador
Font, who suggested the banning of the novel in the Phils.
It demonstrates in comedy the telephone conversation between Fr.
Font in Madrid and the father provincial of the San Agustin convent in
Intramuros.
It also shows Rizal’s prophetic insights on the overseas telephone
service between Spain and the Philippines. Twelve years later, Marconi
sent the first radio telegraph service in the Atlantic.
Rizal in Paris
Rizal’s Plan to establish Filipino College in
HK
While in Paris, Rizal also conceived
the idea of opening a modern college for
Filipinos in Hongkong with the aim ” to train
and educate men of good family and
financial means in accordance with the
demands of modern times and
circumstances.
Mariano Cunanan, a rich Filipino
resident in Paris from Mexico, Pampanga
promised to help Rizal raise P40,000 as the
initial capital of the college. However this
project did not materialize. Years later,
during his exile in Dapitan, he succeeded in
establishing a school for boys as a
realization of his dream.
Rizal In Brussels
Una Profanation( A Profanation) - a bitter attack written by Rizal
(published in La Soli on July 3, 1889) against the Spanish Friars for
denying Christian burial to his brother in law Mariano Herbosa, who
died of cholera in Calamba on May 23, 1889.
Rizal also received about the bad news back home.
- Calamba agrarian unrest worsened as the Dominican friars
continuously raised the rent among the tenants, including the
Mercados.
-Don Francisco refused to pay that the Dominicans filed a suit for
ejection.
Rizal In Brussels
While in Brussels, Rizal also criticized
the Filipinos in Madrid for engaging
too much in gambling.
He said “instead of being worthy of
liberty, we are worthy of slavery…
because we are serving the schemes
of the friars”.
He thus reminded them to work for
the liberty and dignity of his race.
The gambling Filipinos were angered
by Rizal’s moralizing hence calling
him “ Papa(Pope)” instead of Pepe.
Rizal In Brussels
Suzzane Jacoby- niece of Rizal’s
landlady in Brussels, who became
his romantic friend.
 Rizal’s Misfortunes
in Madrid
1. Paciano’s letter stating they lost the case on the agrarian case
against the Dominicans prompted Rizal to go to Madrid to appeal the
case before the Spanish Supreme Court.
Rizal asked MH Del Pilar for his services as lawyer on the said case.
But he failed to get justice for his family and the oppressed tenants of
Calamba.
According to El Resumen( a newspaper that supported to Filipino
cause in Spain), “ To cover the ears, to open the purse, and fold the
arms – that is the Spanish Colonial Policy”.
2. Rizal’s brother Paciano, brother-in-laws Antonio Lopez(husband of
Narcisa) and Silvestre Ubaldo (husband of Olimpia) were deported to
Mindoro. Manuel Hidalgo(husband of Saturnina) was banished for the
second time in Bohol.
Rizal’s Misfortunes in
Madrid
3. Wenceslao Retana - the press agent of
the Spanish friars in Madrid, who was
Rizal’s bitter enemy of the pen.
In his article in La Epoca ,the anti-Filipino
newspaper in Madrid, Retana wrote about the
ejection of the Mercados from the Dominican
estates in Calamba for failure to pay the rent.
He was challenged by Rizal in a duel that only
blood or apology could vindicate the
Mercados.
Years later, Retana wrote Rizal’s biography,
whose talents he recognized and whose
martyrdom he glorified.
Rizal’s Misfortunes in
Madrid
4. Infidelity of Leonor Rivera, who got married to an Englishman( who
was chosen by her mother).
5. Rivalry between Rizal and M.H Del Pilar resulted to the former’s
departure from Madrid
Rizal in French Riviera
To find solace for his disappointment in
Madrid, Rizal went to Biarritz, a resort in
French Riviera, and he became the guest
of the Boustead Family in Villa Eliada for a
month.
On an emotional rebounce, Rizal having
lost his beloved Leonor Rivera, came to
entertain Nellie Boustead, the prettier and
younger daughter of his host family.
Rizal find Nellie a be “a real Filipina, highly
intelligent, vivacious in temperament and
morally upright”, that he almost thought
of proposing marriage to her.
Rizal was teased by M.H del Pilar to
change the title Noli to Nellie.
Biarritz, French Riviera
Rizal in French Riviera
• Their romance did not end a fairy
tale finale because the Bousteads
were Protestants and Rizal refused to
convert to Protestantism, he being a
loyal Catholic. Also, Nellie’s mother
had no wish to entrust her daughter
to “ a man who was poor in material
things, a physician without any
clientele, a writer who earned
nothing from his pen, and a reformer
who was persecuted by the friars and
the government officials in his own
country.
El Fili Published in Ghent
The writing of El Fili
Rizal started writing his second novel
while practicing medicine in Calamba in
1887.
In London he made changes in the plot
and made changes on the chapters
already written.
He wrote more chapters in Paris and
Madrid and finished the manuscript in
Biarritz on March 29, 1891.
It took 3 years for Rizal to finish his
second novel.
El Fili Published in Ghent
The Printing of EL Fili
F. Meyer Van-Loo Press - the printing shop who
accepted El Fili’s production on instalment basis.
The printing was almost half finished when it was
suspended due to shortage of funds.
Valentin Ventura - the savior of El Fili. From
Paris, he sent financial aid for the resumption of
El Fili’s printing until it came out of the press on
Sept 18, 1891.
The original manuscript of the novel was given
to Ventura for generously offering the amount to
cover the printing cost.
The novel was dedicated to Frs. Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, the
martyrs of the 1872.