Questions Wooclap

Resting state connectivity

fMRI signal fluctuations that co-vary across brain regions while subjects do not perform an experimental task
A method that quantifies the relative diffusivity of the water molecules in each voxel into directional
components is called
DTI
The optogenetics method uses genetic approaches to transfer ligt-sensitive ion channels selectively into specific
sets of neurons whose activity then can be modulated with light
How positron emission tomography (PET) works
As the unstable isotope decays, the extra proton breaks down into a neutron and an emitted positron. The
emitted positron travels several milimeters on average, untill it collides with an electron.
The collision of an positron with an electron destroys both particles, emitting two gamma rays that travel in
opposite directions from the site of the collision.
Gamma-ray detectors placed around someones head are arranged to register a hit only when two detectors 180*
apart react simultaneously. By reconstructing the density of these collision lines by computer algorithms the
location of the active regions can be imaged.
Repetition Surpression
Rests on the tendency of ares in the brain to respond less to the repeated occurrence of an identical stimulus
than to the first presentation of the stimulus. In fMRI, the version of this approach most commonly used is
known as fMRI adaptation.
What instead of CT?
Today we use MRI instead of CT, although CT is still used in situations, when MRI cannot be used.
Lesions
If one area of the brain is lesioned, other areas of the brain innervated by the damaged area may, from the loss
of input, also cease their normal function. Such effects, known as diaschisis, can lead to wrongly attributing
functionality to the lesioned area rather than the downstream area.
TLDR; when one part is lesioned, neighbouring/related parts of the brain might stop functioning too. This
might result in thinking the lesioned area caused a loss of function, instead of the other parts.
Methods for combining information over multiple studies
Meta-analysis
Change in voltage in axon to the extent that this electrical change transmits information
Action potential
Differences behaviorism and cogntivism
Behaviorism tried to explain behavior using only stimuli and responses avoiding any reference to mental
processes
Cognitivism have sought to explain the information processing that intervenes between stimuli and behavior
Processes that allow humans and many other animals to perceive external stimuli, to extract key
information and hold it in memory, and ultimately to generate thoughts and actions that help reach
desired goals
Cognitive functions
Historical role of Phrenology
The idea of localisation of function
Neuroanatomy
three parts:
Cell body: contains the nucleus and most of the neuron's metabolic machinery
Axon: carries information to the other cells via its synaptic endings
Dendrites: receive inputs from synapses with other nerve cells
Methods and spatial resolution
EEG ; Lobe/Gyrus
Animal Optical Techniques ; Cortical Column
fMRI ; Voxel, Gyrus, Lobe
Single Unit Recording ; Neuron
Path-Clamp Recording; Axon
Schematic overview of difference on black box

What neurobiological condition makes patients unaware of their inability to move

Anosognosia
Basal Ganglia

The caudate and putamen are jointly known as?

Striatum
What brain component is responsible for error correction of movement, ultimately leading to smooth
coordination
Cerebellum
What pathway in de basal ganglia is responsible for movement initiation
Direct pathway
Brain part that modulates activity of cortical neurons through thalamus
Globus Pallidus
Neurodegenerative disease that causes the inhibition of the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia
Huntintons disease
Premotor Cortex
Brain region responsible for selecting motor plans for voluntary movement
Primary motor cortex
Takes inout from premotor-cortex and uses this planning to actually execute the movements
Supplementary motor area
Brain region in charge of self-generation of sequences of movements
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
Output nucleus of the basal ganglia that modulates activity of eye movement enurons via a realy through the
superior sulcus
Substantia Nigra Parts Compacte
Component of the basal ganglia located in the midbrain. It is essential to brain control of motor movement due
it's production and release of dopamine
Reflexes

Appendicular ataxia
Neurological condition that affects the coordination in limb movement
Unconditional Response
Innate reflex that is triggered by a particular stimulus
Conditional Response
Is gradually Elicited by pairing of a novel situation
Unconditional Stimulus
Naturally triggers the innate reflex
Conditional Stimulus
Triggers the response by virtue of a repeated measure
Priming
Facilitated processing of a particular stimulus based on previous encounters with the same or a related stimulus
Semantic memory
Refers to memory for general knowledge about the world
Semantic memory
Refers to the memory for knowledge of language facts and properties
Working memory
Enables completion of a particular task (efficiently searching room for lost object)
Implicit memory
A memory that is expressed through performance
Episodic memory
Refers to memory for personally experienced past events
Learning theory
Proposed in 1940. When presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons fire action potentials together, the strength of the
synaptic connections becomes enhanced.
Repetition suppression
When a previously shown stimuli evokes smaller brain responses than a novel stimuli in functional
neuroimaging.
Inability to recall memories of events before the lesion of brain disorder that caused memory loss
Retrogade amnesia
Inability to recall new memories
Anterogade amnesia
Physical basis of a stored memory
Engram
LTP
Long-term potentiation is a long-lasting enhancement of synaptoc strength as a result of repetitive activity
Confabulation
Generation of false autobiographical events