- IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT BECAUSE OF

GLOBALIZATION, THE WORLD IS REDUCED TO A

WHERE TIME AND SPACE
SEEM TO BECOME INCREASINGLY IRRELEVANT.

- THE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONTEMPORARY

WORLD CREATE AND IMAGERY THAT THE WORLD IS
 Global Village
GLOBAL VILLAGE - the whole world considered as
being closely connected by modern
telecommunications and as being interdependent
economically, socially and politically.

- the world considered as a single community in which

telecommunications link the inhabitants together.
 The World is Shrinking
- THE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONTEMPORARY
WORLD CREATE AND IMAGERY THAT THE WORLD IS
“SHRINKING”.

- Technology advancements bring people together

like never before, making the world smaller and
more accessible.
 Globalization
- DISTANCE WAS ONCE A HINDRANCE, BUT WITH
INNOVATION IN TECHNOLOGY, COMMUNICATION
BECOMES A LOT EASIER, FASTER AND CHEAPER.

ADVANCE TO COMMUNICATION - IN TERMS OF

IMPACT, GLOBALIZATION PRESENTS BOTH
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES.
-HOLDS THAT GLOBALIZATION MAY NOT BE ENTIRELY
NEW, BUT WHAT IS NEW IS HOW IT HAS
DENATIONALIZED HUMAN AFFAIRS. ( ex: Burma and
Dominican Republic)

-THE NATION-STATE WILL BE REPLACED BY INSTITUTIONS

OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE THUS WEAKENING THE
POWER OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS .
- THE ARGUE THAT THE DRIVING
FORCES OF GLOBALIZATION DEMOCRACY, CAPITALISM
(FREE TRADE/FREE MARKET ECONOMY) AND
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

* the view that open markets and free trade and

investment across global markets allow more and
more people to share in the prosperity of a growing
world economy.
- FREE TRADE AND ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
WILL MAKE THE WORLD BORDERLESS.

- THE SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY WILL WEAKEN

THE POWER OF THE STATE STRENGTHENING
GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS LIKE THE UN, IMF, WTO,
ASEAN, WB, APEC AND EU.
 SKEPTICAL VIEW
- SKEPTICS ARGUE THAT NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ARE
ESSENTIAL TO THE REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND THE CONTINUED
LIBERALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY CAN ONLY BE MADE
POSSIBLE BY THE POWER OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS.

- GLOBALIZATION IS MADE POSSIBLE THROUGH THE

ACQUIESCENCE AND SUPPORT OF NATIONAL
GOVERNMENTS (EX: ASEAN, EU AND CHINA)
- THIS ATTEMPTS TO FIND A MIDDLE GROUND BETWEEN
THE HYPERGLOBALIST AND SKEPTICAL CLAIMS.

- THE DIRECTION OF CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION IS

EITHER INTEGRATION OR FRAGMENTATION.

- GLOBALIZATION IS A LONG-TERM CONTINUOUS

PROCESS THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY
UNCERTAINTIES, CRISIS, AND CONTRADICTIONS
WHICH MAKES IT IMPOSSIBLE TO PREDICT.
* GLOBALIZATION CAN BE SAID TO HAVE EXISTED
VERY LONG TIME AGO. AMARTYA SEN (2002),
ARGUES THAT GLOBALIZATION IS AT LEAST A FEW
THOUSAND YEARS OLD.
* IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT THE
DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGES IN THE VARIOUS
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION DO NOT OCCUR
SIMULTANEOUSLY AND UNIFORMLY.
 PRE - WORLD WAR1 (BEFORE 1914)
CENTURIES BEFORE WORLD WAR I (1914-1918), MANY PARTS OF
THE WORLD HAD ALREADY BEEN IN CONTACT WITH EACH
OTHER

FEATURES OF THIS PERIOD

1. EUROPEAN TRADE AND TERRITORIAL
EXPANSION (SPICE, SILK, AND SLAVE TRADE)
2. USE OF THE GOLD STANDARD AS THE
MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE (MERCANTILISM)
 PRE - WORLD WAR1 (BEFORE 1914)
3. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
(18TH-19TH CENTURIES)
PERIOD OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGES THAT LED TO GLOBAL TRADE
EXPANSION WITH BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND
GERMANY AS THE LEADING NATIONS
(IMPERIALISM)
Imperialism
– a policy of extending the rule or authority
of a nation over foreign countries or
acquiring colonies and dependencies.
 PRE - WORLD WAR1 (BEFORE 1914)
4. TREATY OF WESTPHALIA (GERMANY)-
RECOGNIZED THE PRINCIPLES OF SOVEREIGNTY
(POWER OF STATES TO RULE THEMSELVES W/OUT
INTERFERENCE FROM OTHER STATES).

* NATION-STATES BECAME THE DOMINANT ACTORS

IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
 PRE - WORLD WAR1 (BEFORE 1914)
THE CONCERT OF EUROPE- THE WORLD’S FIRST
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION. IT WAS ORGANIZED IN
ORDER FOR EUROPEAN STATES TO PREVENT AND RESOLVE
CONFLICT. THIS MARKED AN IMPORTANT STEP IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS AND
DIPLOMACY.

* DURING THIS TIME COLONIALISM SHAPED POLITICAL

GLOBALIZATION AS EMPIRE STATES WERE IN SEARCH FOR
RESOURCES AND MARKETS.
 THE INTERWAR PERIOD (1919 -1939)
* STATES ADOPTED A NEW INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
SYSTEM CALLED THE GOLD EXCHANGE STANDARD

* COUNTRIES FIXED THE VALUE OF THEIR CURRENCIES IN

TERMS OF A FIXED AMOUNT OF ANOTHER CURRENCY THAT
WAS CONVERTIBLE TO GOLD. IT FACILITATED
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND WORKED WELL UNTIL WORLD
WAR II

* THE INTERWAR PERIOD SAW IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS

IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 THE INTERWAR PERIOD (1919 -1939)

* TRAUMA OF WORLD WAR II INDUCED

GOVERNMENTS TO PURSUE PEACE AT WHATEVER
COST AND THIS OVERWHELMING DESIRE OF STATES
FOR COLLECTIVE SECURITY AND THE PREVENTION
OF FUTURE WARS FINDS FULFILLMENT IN THE
FOUNDING OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS- THE
FORERUNNER OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
POST WORLD WAR II AND THE COLD WAR
(1945 - 1991)
*THE PERIOD AFTER WORLD WAR II SAW A
TREND TO INCREASING GLOBALIZATION

*THE BRETTON WOODS CONFERENCE IN NEW

HAMPSHIRE, USA (1944) PAVED THE WAY FOR
GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS THAT WOULD GOVERN
GLOBAL FINANCE AND TRADE UP TO THE
PRESENT (GATT, IMF, WB, WTO)
 POST WORLD WAR II AND THE
COLD WAR (1945 - 1991)
* THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1945 TO
PICK UP WHAT THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FAILED TO
ACHIEVE: LASTING PEACE BASED ON JUSTICE.

* ASIDE FROM MAINTAINING PEACE AND SECURITY, THE UN

IS ALSO MANDATED TO ACHIEVE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT.

* THROUGH THE UN, MEMBER STATES HAVE ADOPTED BOTH

BINDING AND NON-BINDING CONVENTIONS, TREATIES, AND
DECLARATIONS
POST WORLD WAR II AND THE COLD WAR
(1945 - 1991)
* THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN RIVAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
CAPITALISM AND MARXIST SOCIALISM LED TO THE COLD
WAR BETWEEN ITS MAIN PROPONENTS, THE US FOR
CAPITALISM AND THE SOVIET UNION FOR MARXIST
SOCIALISM

* THE COLD WAR IS A NON-CONFRONTATIONAL LOW-

INTENSITY WARFARE BETWEEN THE SUPERPOWERS
CHARACTERIZED BY INTENSE PROPAGANDA, ESPIONAGE,
ARMS RACE AND THE USE OF PROXIES AND ALLIES TO
FIGHT ONE’S WAR
POST WORLD WAR II AND THE COLD WAR
(1945 - 1991)
* THIS PERIOD SAW THE INCREASED ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS PARTICULARLY IN POOR COUNTRIES.

* UPSURGE IN INTEREST FOR NON-TRADITIONAL SECURITY ISSUES

LIKE ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND CIVIL WARS

* EXPANDING ROLES OF NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS IN

ADDRESSING GLOBAL PROBLEMS LIKE HUNGER, HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND GENDER EQUALITY
 POST COLD WAR PERIOD
(1992-PRESENT)
* CHARACTERIZED BY CONTINUITY OF THE PAST IN MANY
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

* EVER INCREASING DIMENSION OF TRADE AND INVESTMENT THE

WORLD HAS NEVER SEEN UNDER A FREE MARKET SYSTEM

* iNFORMATION TECHNOLOGY EXPLOSION THROUGH THE INTERNET

* SECURITY PROBLEMS LIKE TERRORISM AND DRUGS