OTC – drugs can be purchase without prescription Non-competitive antagonist – type of drug that binds to

the site other than the agonist’s receptor and affects

Controlled substances – drugs considered dangerous
the binding of the said drug
because of their potential for human abuse or misuse
Biochemical antagonism – where the enzyme tries to
Prescription drugs/VDO – drugs that can only be
destroy the other drugs
obtained only through a written note by a veterinarian
Ex. Sedative Phenobarbital increase the production of
Extra-Label Drugs – drugs used in a manner not
liver enzymes to reduce the concentration of other
specifically described on FAD-approved label
drugs
Selective toxicity – drug action used to control cancer
Pharmacological antagonism – when two drugs binds to
cells
the same receptor, they compete to the same receptor,
Physiologic – produces an effect that is within the the drug with higher concentration wins
normal function of a tissue or organ
Physiological antagonism – two drugs acting on
Example: When heart-beat is low, you give cardiac different receptors, once they do, they have different
stimulant to return to normal physiological effect

Pharmacokinetics - subdivision of pharmacodynamics Chemical antagonism - when chemical structure of the

responsible in determining the concentration of the drug compete to each other
drug in relation to the route and time of administration
Potentiation – combination of drugs with the other drug
of drug
has zero effect
Time-plasma concentration – graph can be made based
Example: Interaction of Epinephrine and Lidocaine
on the relationship of the route and time factors
Synergism
Drug effect – what drug produces
Example: PenStrep
Drug action – how the effect is produced, and the site
and mechanism of action Additive Effect – both drugs with the same mechanism
of action
Specificity – lock and key concept
Example: Paracetamol and Ibuprofen were combined in
Saturability – finite amount of receptor present in the
an analgesic drugs
body
Another Antagonistic example:
Reversibility – disengaged that’s why effect of drugs
doesn’t last Drug X is four times a potent as drug Y, and both act on
the same receptor. The effect of the combination of
Antagonist – can produce a perceptible effect if
equimolar concentrations of X and Y is ANTAGONISTIC
- It blocks the effect of the endogenous
neurotransmitter
- If it differs from the physiologic effect of the Dose-Response relationship
endogenous neurotransmitter
- A parameter which characterize drug activity in
Properties of Dualist: (can be agonist even without the the body
other drug, but can be antagonist in the presence of
Information that can be derived from the Log-Dose
more potent drug)
Response Curve:
- Affinity
a. Nature of drug action
- Efficacy
b. Potency of the drug
- Specificity
c. Competitive antagonism
d. Non-competitive antagonism
Graded-dose response PHARMACOKINETIC

- Where in an increase in drug activity is directly Absorption Routes/Dosage Forms

correlated to the increase in concentration of Distribution Central/Peripheral
drug compartment/ VD
Biotransformation Bioavailability/
Quantal Dose Lethal synthesis/
- All or none, allows a number of individuals 1st pass effect (oral, IP)/
Enterohepatic cycling
produce an expected effect
Excretion Clearance

Syrup – sweetened solution of medicinal agent intended

for oral administration

Elixirs – sweetened hydroalcoholic

Emulsions – with fats/lipids

Bolus – large preparation of drugs

Caplet – solid dosage mixture of drug and binders

compressed into a capsule like form

Pill – small compressed form

Intramedullary – route used for blood transfusion in

neonates

Note: The faster the injection rate that faster the

absorption (less than 1 minute), cold solution can affect
on IM administration

Trivia Question:

The following can impair absorption of drugs

administered IM, except?

a. Application of tourniquet
b. Application of ice
c. Application of hot pads
d. Consequent administration of epinephrine

ED50 – 50% producing the expected result

LD50 – 50% producing adverse effect or die
Indications of Drug Safety based on ED and LD
Therapeutic Index = LD50/ED50
Therapeutic Ratio = LD25/ED75
Certain Safety Factor = LDmin/EDmax or LD10/ED90
Answer - D
Note: Regarding intraperitoneal absorption, drugs are
absorbed into the hepatic circulation from the
peritoneal cavity
Implants – injectable preparations that are designed to
prolong effective drug concentration in the body
Glucuronidase - enzyme responsible for enterohepatic
cycling and produced by lactobacilli

Glucuronyl transferase – water soluble, lacking in CATS

Sulfokinase – lacking in pigs First Order Kinetics – there is CONSTANT percentage of
the drug remaining in the site of administration which is
Formulation of Dosage Regimen
absorbed with time
a. Bioavailability of drug
b. Drug elimination half life
c. Total clearance Loading Dose – given in large amount to increase the
concentration of drug prior to lower consequent
administration
Note: Knowing a drug’s apparent volume of distribution
FORMULA
would allow one to estimate the dose needed to
achieve a certain plasma concentration Total Dose = Weight of animal x Recommended Dose

concentration

Drug characteristics that favor a low apparent volume of Example:

distribution (Vd):
1. Using a 1% Ivermectin, how many mL should be
a. Extensive plasma protein binding injected to an animal needing 0.6mg/kg, the patient is a
b. High molecular weight 1.5 kg chihuahua.
c. High water solubility
1.56 kg x 0.6 mg/kg / 1%

Remember: 1% = 1g/100ml
Factors that can increase the anesthetic dose
= 1000 mg/100ml
requirement of dog:
= 10mg/ml
a. Time of administration (lesser conc. During
evening) 1.5 kg x 0.6 mg/kg
b. Weight of animal
c. Breed 10 mg/ml

Answer: 0.09 ml

Note: 10 half-lives would pass until drug will have 0.00
mg concentration in the body because most of drug
have average of 8 to 10 half-life
Trivia Question
st
An important clinical implication of 0-order vs 1 -order
pharmacokinetics is that with the former when dose is
changed:
2. What if a dog needs 1ml/5kg pyrantel available in
50mg/50ml, what would be the total dose of 8 kg dog?
Note: you will only need the concentration if the given
recommended dose is in mg also. In this case, we don’t
need the concentration as the RD is in mL
TD = 8 kg x 1ml/5kg - cancel kg then 8 x 1 / 5 = ?
Answer: 1.6 mL

a. Blood concentration of the drug will change UNITS OF CONCENTRATION

proportionately
b. Blood concentration of drug will change Remember:
disproportionately Percent = 100%; X/100
c. The half-life of drug remains constant
d. Apparent volume of distribution changes (Thus, gram = mL and kilogram = Litres)
disproportionately
Ratio = 1 : X (E.g. 1 gram = XmL)
Answer – B
Ppb = X: 1,000,000,000 (1B)
Formula

Actual amount of solution = Concentration

AI : Diluent = X:100 (percent) or

1:X (ration)

1:1,000,000,000 (pbb)

Example:

1. How to make 20% of a 500 ml solution containing

NaCl?

20/100 = 0.2

500 ml x 0.2 = 100 g or

X: 500 = 20 : 100

100X (20x 500) = 10,000

X = 100 g

Answer : X = 100 grams

2. The antiseptic available is 15% iodine solution and

you only need 6%, how many of the former solution
will be needed to prepare the 500 ml solution?

(15/100) x : 500 ml = 6:100

6 x 500 = 3000

100 + 100 = 200

X = 200 ml of 15% iodine mix in 300 distilled water

Thus, making a 500 mL solution