Drug - deleterious effect of

PHARMACOLOGY Toxicity the drug on an

organism or tissue
- the study of biological effects of resulting from
chemicals on drugs. overdose or external
use.

Pharmacopoeias Drug Allergy - immunological

reaction to a drug.
- the total of all authorized drugs
available within the country. NSAIDS
- Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
Medication - substance drug
administered for - Example: Advil, Alaxan,
diagnosis, cure, Celecoxib, Flanax
treatment,
mitigation, or Drug - deleterious effect of
prevention Interaction the drug on an
organism or tissue
Prescription - the written
resulting from
direction for the
overdose or external
preparation and
use.
the administration
of the drug Drug - immunological
Allergy reaction to a drug.

Therapeutic - The primary effect Drug - can occur when

Effect intended that is the Interaction administration of one
reason the drug is drug before or after
prescribed such as alters the effect of one
morphine sulfate is or both drugs.
analgesia.
Drug - improper use of
Side effect - The secondary effect Misuse common medications
of the drug is one in a way that leads to
that is unintended, acute and chronic
usually predictable, toxicity for example,
and may be laxative, antacid, and
harmless. vitamins.

Drug Abuse - it is an appropriate

NOTE: Magnesium sulfate prevents
intake of substance
seizures in pregnant women.
either continuously or
Therapeutic Effect: help decrease BP
periodically.
Side effect: Burning sensation.

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 Drug Dependence
SOURCES OF DRUGS
- it is a person’s reliance and need
to take a drug or substance.
Plant or Plant parts
TYPES OF DEPENDENCE - used during prehistoric times.

Animal Products
Physiological Psychological - insulin, growth hormone, thyroid
Dependence Dependence hormone

Due to biochemical Emotional reliance Inorganic compounds

changes to the body on a drug to - aluminum, fluoride, iron
tissue, these tissues maintain a sense of
come to require well-being. Synthetic sources
substance for - scientists used genetic engineering
normal function. to alter bacteria to chemicals that
are therapeutic and effective like
vaccines.
Drug Habituation (ma control ka)
- denotes a mild form of
psychological dependence. DIFFERENT FORMS OF DRUGS

Illicit drug
- also called “street drug” and is Tablets And Capsules
sold illegally. - enteric & coated
- sustained or extended release
DRUG NAMES - lozenges (Strepsils)

Solutions And Suspensions

Chemical Name - Syrups
- describes the drug’s chemical - Elixirs (One time use)
composition and molecular structure - Sterile solutions and suspension
(Sterile Water)
Generic Name Non-Proprietary Name
- hence given by the United States Skin Patches
Adopted Name Council ex. Ibuprofen
Aerosols (Nasal Sprays)
Trade Name Proprietary Name
Ointments, Creams, Lotions
- The drug has a registered trademark.
Suppositories
Drug - Vaginal
- a chemical that affects the - Rectal
physiological processes of living - Urethral
organisms. - Inserted in Urethra
- also used to diagnose.

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 2. Pharmacokinetics
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
- the study of what the
body does to the drug
Enteral Sublingual molecules.
Admin- - under the tongue
istration Buccal
FOUR PHASES
- placed between the
cheek and the gum
Absorption
Oral
Distribution
- per orem
Metabolism
Rectal
Excretion
- Anus

Parenteral Intravenous 3. Pharmacodynamics

Admin- - veins
istration Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous fats
Intrathecal
- the injection of drug
between the spinal cord
(spinal anesthesia) and
into the sub arachnoid
space
Intra-articular
- drugs used to treat
arthritis
Transdermal
- application of drugs to
the skin for absorption
(ex. patches)
Topical
- apply drugs to the
surface of the body to
produce localized effect
- used to treat disorders
of the skin, eyes, nose,
mouth, vagina
Inhalation
- drugs used to treat
asthma
AREAS OF PHARMACOLOGY
1. Pharmaceutics
- the study of how various
drugs form influence.
- the study of what the
drug does to the body
- the mechanism of drug
actions.
4. Pharmacotherapeutics
- the use of drugs and the
clinical individual for
drugs to prevent and
treat diseases.
5. Pharmacognosy (Natural
Medicines)
- the study of natural
(plant and animal) drug
sources
- formerly called as
materia medica
(medicinal materials) and
is concerned with
botanical or zoologic
origin.
S- Sambong (pee)
A- Ampalaya (anti-diabetic)
N- Nyog- Nyoga
T- Tsaang Gubat
A- Akapulko
L- Lagundi
U- Ulasimang Bato
B- Bawang
B- Bayabas
Y- Yerba Buena

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 - The rate at which drugs are
absorbed determines the onset
PHASES OF DRUG ACTIVITY
of effect.
- In turn, the amount of drug
absorbed determines the
intensity of effects.
- both drug-related & patient
related factors influence drug
absorption

FIRST PASS EFFECT

The metabolism of a drug and its

passage from the liver into the
circulation.

PHASES OF SOLID DRUG - a drug given via the oral route

ABSORPTION may be extensively metabolized
by the liver before reaching the
systemic circulation (high
first-pass effect)
- The same drug- given IV -
bypasses the liver, preventing
the first pass effect from taking
place, and more drugs reach the
circulation.

Factors That Affect The

Absorption Of The Medication
In The Stomach
ADME Process
- Acidity of the Stomach
- The Presence or Absence
Pharmacokinetic Phase of Food or Fluid
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ - Age of the Patient
Absorp- Distri- Meta- Excre- - Presence of Other Types of
tion bution bolism tion Medication

Absorption Absorption
- a drug to produce a
pharmacologic effect, it must be
- drugs administered sublingually
absorbed or transported from its
or in buccal mucosa, they are
site of administration ( GI Tract,
absorbed in the highly
muscle, skin) into the
vascularized (large blood supply)
bloodstream.
tissue like under the tongue

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 - bypassed the liver
- absorbed rapidly in the
bloodstream and delivered in
the site of action

Parental
- is the general term meaning
any route other than the
stomach, most commonly it
refers to injection like
subcutaneous, intradermal
and intramuscular
Metabolism
- advantage of bypassing the
first pass effect
- absorbed at the site of - Biotransformation in the liver
injection - It involves biochemical
- intravenous (delivers drug alteration of the drug to inactive
directly into the bloodstream, metabolite, a more soluble
fastest absorption) compound to a more potent
active metabolite
Topical drugs - Other metabolic tissue: skeletal
- absorbed locally and the muscle, kidney lungs; intestinal
effect is non-systemic. mucosa
- Delayed drug metabolism
Inhaled drugs results in;
- will be transported and - accumulation of drugs
absorbed in the air sacs or - prolonged action of the
alveoli drugs
- Stimulating drug metabolism
causes
Distribution
- diminished
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ pharmacologic effects
Protein Blood Body Lipid
Binding Flow Tissue Solubility Excretion
Affinity
- elimination of drug in the body
- it refers to the transportation of - whether active or inactive, drugs
drug via the bloodstream to its must eventually be removed
site of action from the body
- for a drug to achieve its - kidney (main organ)
therapeutic effect, it must - other organ of excretion: the
proceed to the part of the body bowel and liver
or tissue with which it will react - other routes of excretion:
- At this point some drugs are through sweat and saliva
eliminated in the liver and
kidney.

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 1.
Pharmacodynamic
- the study of the mechanism of
drug actions in living tissue
- what a drug does to the body
-related to the site of drug
action
- The site of drug action is the
specific cell, tissue, or organ
where the drug works.
PRINCIPLES ABOUT DRUG ACTION
Receptor Interaction
- Drug structure is essential
- Involves the selective joining
of drug molecules with a
reactive site on the cell
surface that elicits a
biological effect
- Receptor is the reactive site
on a cell or tissue
- Once the substance binds to
and interacts with the
receptor, a pharmacologic
response is produced.

1. Drugs do not create new RECEPTOR INTERACTION

function or response but modify
or alter existing physiologic
activity within the body
2. Drugs interact with the body in
several different ways. no drug
has a single action.
3. Drug effects are determined by
the drug’s interaction with the
body.

Drugs
- induced alteration to normal
physiologic function
Affinity- used to describe the strength
of the drug’s binding to receptors.
Positive Change ➡ Therapeutic
Effect ➡ Goal Of Therapy
The drug with the best “fit” or
affinity will elicit the best response.
MECHANISM OF ACTION

DRUG ACTION
- Ways in which a drug can
produce a therapeutic effect
- interaction between the drug
- The effects that a particular
and molecular, cellular
drug has depends on a cell or
components (mechanism of
organ targeted by the drug
action)
- Once the drug hits its ‘site of
- Drug action may be:
action’ it can modify the rate at
which a cell or tissue functions. 1. Agonist
- the drug binds to the receptor-
there is a response.

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 2. Antagonist
- drug binds to receptor - no
response prevents binding of
agonists (Alpha and Beta
blockers)
3. Competitive Antagonist
- act with receptor sites to block
normal stimulation producing no
effect
4. Non competitive Antagonist
- prevent reaction of another
chemical with different receptor
sites on that cell.
3. Non-Specific Interaction
- not involving a receptor site
or alteration in enzyme
function
- main site of action is cell
membrane or cellular process
- drugs will physically interfere
or chemically alter cell
process
- final product is altered
causing defect or cell death
- cancer drugs, antibiotics
HALF-LIFE

PARAMETERS OF DRUG ACTION a measure of the time required for

elimination.

Onset of Duration Peak of - is determined by an individual’s

Action Of Action Action ability to metabolize and excrete
a particular drug.
Interval Length of Drug reaches - when the half- life of the drug is
between time the its highest
known, dosages and frequency
time drug is drug exerts blood/ plasma
administered pharma- concentration of administration can be
& first sign of cologic calculated.
its effect. effect

2. Enzyme Interaction
- Enzymes- are substances
that catalyze nearly every
biochemical reaction in a cell.
- drugs can interact with
enzyme systems to alter a
response
- inhibits action of enzymes
-enzyme is “fooled” into
binding to drug instead of
target cell
- protects target cell from
enzymes action (ace
inhibitors)

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