Clements

ments ofor Mechanical

Mechanical t
X, can be calculated by using eq. 4.27.

2
h+Cp,up-sah
If x is initial dryness fraction of steam
Water droplet in the steam sample
(l-x)\m, t m,)kg =

Water droplet removed by separating calorimeter

=
(1-x m, +m,,) kg
. Water droplet
passed through throttling calorimeter
:. Water
=
(l-x, )m, kg
droplet in the steam sample
water droplet removed by
separating calorimeter
+water droplet passed through
throttling calorimeter.
1-x)(m, + m,) (l-x)m, + m,) =

+(l-xz )m,
1-x = (1-xm
(1-x,)+2 ),
m,tmW
m
Since, X S

m. t n .

.I-x=]-XtX -*2 **2

X 2
. (4.29)

Solved Numerical Problems

Problent 4.1 Find the enthalpy ofl ky of
(ii) steam ts 22% wet and, (iui) steam at 12 bar when (i) steam is dry saturated
superhcated to 250" C.
specific heat of the superheated steam as 2.1 kJ/kg K. Use the steam table. Assume the
Solution: Given data
m=I
kg,p = 12 bar =12x10 N/m
Steam is 22 % wet, hence wetness fraction =0.22
Dryness fraction, x = | - 0.22 0.78

sup250°C Enthalpy of steamm, / = ?

 am
roDerties o f S t e a n

the steam tables at 12 123

From bar, the following value are noted.
T 188°C,
=

hh 798.4 43 kJ/kg, f 1984.3 kJ/kg

Ehthalpy of Dry saturated steam:
h =h +h fe =
798.43+ 1984.3 =
2782.73 kJ/kg
Ans
Enthalpy of wet steam
()
h=h + xhfg = 798.43 +0.78 x 1984.3 =2346.18 kJ/kg
Ans
(11) Enthalpy of superheated steam
h=h8 +hg +Cpssup-Tsa
Ans
= 798.43+ 1984.3 +2.1 (250 -188)2912.93 kJ/kg =

the
150 kJIkg same
Problem 4.2 A steam at 10 bar and dryness fraction 0.98 receives
at

2.I kJI
pressure. What is the final state of the steam ? Take s of superheated stam as

kg K.
Solution: Given data addition = 150 kJ/kg
P= 10 bar, x 0.98, = Enthalpy of heat

p 2.1 kJ/kg K, Final state =? are noted.

values
the following
From the steam tables, at 10 bar,
2013.6 kJ/kg
h, =
762.61 kJ/kg. hfe =

T =179.9°C,
kJ/kg
Enthalpy of wet steam + 0 . 9 8 x 2013.6
kJ/kg =
2735.9

762.61 will
inereases

h=h t xhfe
=
its enthalpy
constant
pressure
added at
heat is
When 150kJ of afier heat
addition

Enthalpy of steam 2885.9 kJ/kg

2 7 3 5 . 9 + 150 = steam
saturated
of dry
TO bar the
enthalpy
2776.2ki/kg
2013.6 =
of
At enthalpy
762.61
+ than the
greater
=
is
thje
superhealed
addition The
" of steam
after
heat
steam
is
superheated.

enthalpy the
c e the pressure,

same

at the
dry saturated
acd
ste stcam
found as
follows.

steam is
emperature of the
-1,t
sup t+ Cpssup sut
t 2 . 1 ( 7 1 7 9 . 9 ° )
124
Elements of Mechanical Enginee
Tsun= 232.14°C ngineering
Probleh 4.3 petermine the specific volume and enthalpy of 1 kg of steam at 0.8 AR
O.8 MP at
yp
(i) when thettryness fraction is O0.9 and (i) when the steam is
superheated to a temperas
of 280° C. Assume the specific heat of superheated steam is 2.1 kJ/kg K. ratur
Solution Given data
p = 0.8 MPa = 8 bar, V= ?,r = 0.9, sup 280° C, VsuP

Cps 2.l kJ/kg K, h =?, sup = ?

From the steam tables at 8 bar, the following values are noted
h = 720.94 kJ/kg
T =170.4°C

, =0.2403m3/kg hfe 2046.5 kJ/kg

V0.001115m°/kg hhg 2767.5 kJ/kg

Specific volume of wet steam
y = v = 0.9 x0.2403 = 2.627 m /kg
Ans
Specific volume of superheated steam
T (280+ 273)
supg = 0.2403-
Ts (170.4+273)
0.2996 m /kg Ans
Enthalpy of wet steam
h =h t xhfe 720.94 +0.9x 2046.5
2562.8 kJ/kg AS
Enthalpy of superheated steam

sup + Cps (7supT,)

Aus
2767.5 +2.1 (280- 170.4) 2997.66
=

Problem 4.4 A splherical vessel 0.5 m kJ/kg =

diameter contains a mixture off saturatedwae

and saturated steam at sattr vol
320 C. The saturated water occupiesn e fourth
one of its
fourtIt oy
and the remaining saturated
steam. Calculate their masses
iont
the mixture, Also and thhe dryiess nren

find the enthalpy of the minture.

the mixture into Determine he'al reqlue
dry saturaled steam at the same
Solution: Given data pressure.
Diameter of vessel d= 0.5
m, r =
0.25 m
T 320°c
 Properties of Stearm
Basic Mechanical Engineering(GTU-FY-Common) 4-12
= 2229.16 kJ/kg Ans.
0.18 V
..Ans.
*v0.19430=0.9264
(ii) Enthalpy and internal energy when x =1
when p 10 bar, t 200°C
(i) Quality of steam
= =

From steam tables at 12 bar

From steam tables, at p = 10 bar, , = 179.9 °C

h,=2782.7kJ/kg
Heret,< t, hence the steam is superheated. Internal energy of dry steam

is given in terms of
The quality of superheated steam
h , -100 pv,
degree of superheat. 2782.7 100 x 12 x 0.16321

200 179.9 = 20.1°C

of superheat =
sup-4 ..Ans.
-

Degree = 2586.85 kJ/kg

..Ans.
280°C
Cii) Enthalpy and internal energy when t =

(ii) Quality of steam when p = 25 bar, h = 2750 kJ/kg 12 bar, t, = i188.0°C

From steam tables, at

From steam tables, atp = 25 bar, h, = 2801.1 kJ/kg steam.

Enthalpy of superheated
Here h < h, hence the steam is wet.
huph + Cp u -
hwet h+x htg Where, C 2.1 kJ/kg
At 25 bar, h = 961.9 kJ/kg and h= 1839.1 kJ/kg
hgu 2782.7+2.1 x (280- 188.0)
. 2750 = 961.9+xx 1839. = 2975.9 kJkg Ans.

Ans. steam
0.9723 Specific volume of superheated

UExample 4.11.2 GTU -Dec.13,May 10. June 13 sup

Similarto Dec.08, Dec. 19,May 13 Where Tsup and T, are in K
Determine enthalpy and internal energy of 1 kg of steam at a

steam is
pressure of 12 bar
when (i) the dryness fraction of sup
(280273)
0.16321 x (188.0+273)
is dry and saturated (ii) steam superheated
is
0.8 (i) steam
to 280°C. Take C = 2.1 kJ/kg K. = 0.16321 x 0.1958 m'kg

Solution: Internal energy of superheated steam

0.8
and internal energy when
r =

Enthalpy
sup hup100pX sup
? =?
bar, x =0.8, h u
=
P 12 = 2975.9- 100x 12 x0.1958

tables at p at 12 bar,
From steam Ans.
2740.94 kJ/kg
h, = 798.4 kJ/kg.
UExample 4.11.3
h 1984.3 kJ/kg
(GTU May 12. Similar to May 15.Dec. 10. May 16)
V 0.16321 m/kg 4 water at 20°C
of
How much heat is needed to coavert kg
of superheated stea
Enthalpy of wet steam, into steam at 8 bar and 200°C. Take C,
1984.3 4.187 kJ/kg K.
he h, + x hi,= 798.4 + 0.8 x
as 2.1 kJ/kg K and specific heat of water as
= 2385.84 kJ/kg
Ans.
Solution:
Intemal energy of wet steam,
m =
4kg. = 20° C, p =8 bar, t = 200° C

h - 100px V,
C=2.1kJ/kg K, Cp4.187kJ/kg K, H=?
wet
2385.84- 100 x 12 x0.8 x
0. 16321
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