Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sri Rezeki S Hadinegoro
Satgas Imunisasi IDAI
Indoneian Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (ITAGI)
Hotel Shangri‐La Jakarta, 28‐29 Mei 2023
Outline
• Immunization challenges in the Covid‐19 pandemic
• Immunization in the context of Covid‐19 pandemic
• How to catch‐up the immunization activities during “New Normal”
• General Principles for Vaccine Scheduling
• Multiple injections studies in Indonesia
• Take home message
Immunization in the context of COVID‐19 pandemic
Should routine immunization services continue as planned during covid‐19
pandemic?
What are recommendation for continuation of fixed, outreach and mobile
sessions during covid‐19 pandemic?
How should immunization programs prioritize if provision of only limited
immunization service is feasible?
WHO/UNICE
F Should newborn vaccination program be continued as planned during
Q & A covid‐19 pandemic?
Can a person exposed to a covid‐19 case be vaccinated (a contact)
Can a person with covid‐19 (confirmed or suspected) infection be vaccinated
If immunization is suspended or reduced, what should communicated to
concerned parents who are worried about their children missing vaccine doses?
28/05/23 WHO_UNICEF_FAQ COVID19 and Immunization_v02April_FINALprepub
Slide Sri Rezeki
• Orang tua menolak membawa
anaknya ke fasilitas kesehatan
Tantangan Kegiatan untuk imunisasi
Imunisasi saat • Anak‐anak akan kehilangan
kesempatan untuk mendapat
Pandemi Covid‐19 imunisasi yang telah terjadwal
• Cakupan imunisasi akan menurun
sehingga menyebabkan kejadian
luar biasa (KLB) dari penyakit yang
dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi
(PD3I)
Slide Sri Rezeki
28/05/23
Quick Survey*
Immunization services in Health Facility during Covid‐19
Pandemic Indonesia MOH – UNICEF, 20‐29 April 2020
Survei n=5.329 %
Aktifitas imunisasi menurun Fasilitas kesehatan 83,86
Posyandu 35,67
Puskesmas 8,62
Gangguan pelayanan Posyandu 64,03
kesehatan Puskesmas 32,02
Petugas merasa khawatir Ya 59,0
terhadap pandemi Tidak 41,0
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Challenges in Low
of immunization
COVID‐19 pandemic coverage
Decreased of Uncompleted
immunization immunization
coverage schedule
Outbreak of
VPD
Covid-19 pandemic
• Stay at home
• Social / physical distancing
• Parent refused visit to clinic
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Catch‐up Immunization
(Imunisasi kejar)
Imunisasi kejar merupakan
kegiatan pemberian imunisasi Imunisasi kejar juga dapat
kepada bayi dan baduta (bawah diberikan dalam kondisi tertentu,
dua tahun) yang belum dengan mempertimbangkan
mendapat dosis vaksin sesuai rentang usia yang sesuai dan
usia yang ditentukan pada berdasarkan kajian epidemiologis
jadwal imunisasi nasional
Slide Sri Rezeki
Imunisasi Kejar sebagai Upaya
Meningkatkan Cakupan Imunisasi
Perlu
dilakukan
imunisasi
Cakupan Data:1,92 juta
kejar (catch-
imunisasi bayi belum
up
PD3I yang mendapatkan
immunzation)
menurun dan IDL selama
untuk
cenderung tahun 2019-
melengkapi
terjadi KLB 2021
status
imunisasi
Dit. Pengelola Imunisasi, Ditjen P2P, Kemenkes RI 2022
anak
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Buku
Pedoman
WHO Guiding & Kementrian
Principles Petunjuk Kesehatan RI
Tehnis
Panduan
Seminar,
Ikatan Dokter Anak talk show, Global
Indonesia social
media &
Nasional
Review, ITAGI
Rekomendasi
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
General Principles for Vaccine Scheduling
• Optimal response to a vaccine depends on multiple factors
• Type of vaccine
• Age of the recipient
• Immune status of the recipient
• Recommendation of age at which vaccine are administered are influenced
• Age‐specific risks for disease
• Age‐specific risks for complications
• Age‐specific response to vaccination
• Potential interference with the immune response by maternal
antibodies
Vaccine doses should not be administered at
intervals less than these minimum interval or at
an age that is younger than the minimum age
Doses administered too close together or at too young an
age can lead to a suboptimal immune response
28/05/23
Ref. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/index.html. Slide Sri Rezeki
“Grace
period”
1st dose in a series is
Vaccine doses
given ≥5 days before
administered ≤4 days
the recommended
before the minimum
minimum age, the
interval or age are
dose should be
considered valid
repeated (invalid dose)
Ref. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/index.html.
Slide Sri Rezeki
28/05/23
Recommended minimal ages & interval
between vaccine doses
Vaccine & dose Recommended Minimum age for Recommended Minimum interval
age for this dose this dose interval to next dose to next dose
HB-1 Birth Birth 4weeks-4 months 4 weeks
HB-2 1-2 months 4 weeks 8weeks-17months 8 weeks
HB-3 6-18 months 24 weeks - -
DTP-1 2 months 6 weeks 8 weeks 4 weeks
DTP-2 4 months 10 weeks 8 weeks 4 weeks
DTP-3 6 months 14 weeks 6-12 months 6 months
DTP-4 15-18 months 15 months 3 years 6 months
DTP-5 4-6 years 4 years - -
MR/MMR-1 12-15 months 12 months 3-5 years 4 weeks
MR/MMR-2 4-6 years 13 months - -
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Pelaksanaan BIAN
Pemberian 1 dosis imunisasi
tambahan campak‐rubela tanpa Imunisasi kejar untuk melengkapi
memandang status imunisasi status imunisasi anak (selain
sebelumnya, diberikan pada semua campak dan rubela)
provinsi kecuali Bali dan DIY
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Imunisasi Kejar
pada Program Imunisasi Nasional
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Backlog Fighting
Kegiatan backlog fighting (BLF) merupakan kegiatan melengkapi
status imunisasi pada anak usia 3 (tiga) tahun yang belum
mendapat imunisasi dasar maupun imunisasi lanjutan
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Catch‐up Immunization
High coverage Achieved the herd immunity
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Educate the parents/caregivers
• Before administering a vaccine dose, need to verify that all
previous doses were administered after the minimum age
and in accordance with minimum intervals
• To reach the missing vaccination, asked parents to receive
❖combined vaccine for their children
❖multiple injection (imunisasi/suntikan ganda) for simplified
the schedule
28/05/23
Ref. www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/index.html. Slide Sri Rezeki
Pemberian dua atau lebih
vaksin dalam kemasan yang
berbeda, dalam waktu yang
bersamaan
Diberikan pada
tempat yang sama, Definisi Diberikan pada
diberi jarak sekitar tempat yang
2,5 cm (1 inch) Imunisasi ganda berbeda
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Advantages of multiple injections
• Protecting children
• Immunizing children as soon as possible provides
protection during vulnerable early months of their lives
• Fewer vaccination visits
• Parents and caregivers do not need to make many
vaccination visits
• Increasing efficiency
• Health care provider are able to more efficiently provide &
deliver other health services
Slide Sri Rezeki
28/05/23
National Immunization Schedule
Age Immunization New Vaccine Introduction
<24 hours Hepatitis B-O
1 month BCG, OPV1
2 month DPT/HB-Hib 1, OPV 2 DPT/HB-Hib 1, OPV 2 + PCV 1 *
3 month DPT/HB-Hib 2, OPV 3 DPT/HB-Hib 2, OPV 3 + PCV 2 *
4 month DPT/HB-Hib 3, OPV 4 & IPV * Sudah dilaksanakan
9 month MR + IPV 2 *
10 month JE
12 month PCV 3
18 month DPT/HB-Hib 4, MR 2 * *Multiple injection
=
School based Program
suntikan/imunisasi
Grade 1 DT, MR ganda
Grade 2 Td
Grade 5 Td + HPV1 Slide Sri Rezeki
28/05/23
Grade 6 HPV2
Apakah anak akan merasa lebih sakit
pada pemberian imunisasi ganda?
Imunisasi ganda
Apakah vaksin yang diberikan
Pertanyaan yang sering bersamaan mempunyai khasiat yang
ditanyakan sama dibandingkan jika diberikan
oleh orang tua kepada terpisah?
petugas kesehatan
Apakah imunisasi ganda
mengakibatkan efek samping yang
lebih besar dibandingkan jika
diberikan terpisah?
09/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Physical interventions and injection techniques for reducing injection pain
during routine childhood immunizations: systematic review of randomized
controlled trials and quasi-randomized controlled trials
Taddio A, Ilersich AL, Ipp M, Kikuta A, Shah V, HELPinKIDS
J Clinthera 2009; Supl 2:S48-76.
Method
Systematic review: 19 RCTs, 2814 infants and children (0‐18 years of age)
Result
• Sitting children up or having parents hold infants appeared to cause less pain than the supine position
(4 studies, n=481)
• Stroking the skin close to the injection site before and during injection reduced pain (p<0.05)
• DPTaP‐Hib and pneumococcus were injected sequentially during the same office visit, observer and
parent reported pain scores were lower when DPTaP‐Hib was injected first (p<0.03)
• Comparing rapid intramuscular injection without aspiration and slow intramuscular injection with
aspiration, the rapid injection without aspiration was associated with less pain (p<0.05)
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Systemic Adverse Events
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Imunisasi ganda vaksin Campak dan JE (Filipina)
• Kelompok 1 diberikan vaksin JE diikuti vaksin campak
• Kelompok 2 vaksin JE dan campak diberikan bersamaan
(imunisasi ganda)
• Kelompok 3 diberikan vaksin campak diikuti vaksin JE
Hasil
• Kadar antibodi baik campak maupun JE pada ketiga
kelompok tidak berbeda
• Keamanan vaksin baik lokal maupun sistemik pada ketiga
kelompok tidak berbeda
Vaccine 2008; 26: 2234‐41
09/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Pengalaman India memberikan Imunisasi ganda
OPV, RV, IPV, PCV, VitA, MR, PCV,
Penta OPV, RV, IPV, PCV, JE
Penta
Pemberian imunisasi ganda DTP‐Hib‐HB, IPV, PCV pada umur 6 minggu dan 14 minggu, cakupan terbukti
tidak berkurang demikian pula pada PCV & MCV/MR/MMR pada umur 9 bulan tetap tinggi pada tahun
2019 dan 2020
09/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Rekomendasi jumlah suntikan pada satu kali kunjungan
imunisasi pada bayi & anak 0‐2 tahun
Regional Asia Tenggara
09/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Mengurangi rasa sakit untuk imunisasi ganda
• Tanyakan pada anak posisi apa yang
diinginkan: duduk sendiri atau dipangku
• Usap (dengan halus) lalu tekan daerah
dekat tempat penyuntikan pada
melakukan suntikan
• Vaksin yang tidak menimbulkan rasa sakit
disuntikkan terlebih dulu
• Suntik intramuskular secara cepat tanpa
melakukan aspirasi (aspirasi
menyebabkan rasa sakit)
09/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Lokasi penyuntikan untuk imunisasi rutin pada
imunisasi ganda
Imunisasi Indikasi Vaksinasi 1 & lokasi Vaksinasi 2 & lokasi
ganda umur
Vaksin 1 lokasi Vaksin 2 Lokasi
DPT-HB-Hib 1 + PCV 2 bulan DPT-HB-Hib 1 Paha kanan (im) PCV 1 Paha kiri (im)
1
DPT-HB-Hib 2 + PCV 3 bulan DPT-HB-Hib 2 Paha kanan (im) PCV 2 Paha kiri (im)
2
DPT-HB-Hib 3 + IPV 1 4 bulan DPT-HB-Hib 3 Paha kanan (im) IPV 1 Paha kiri (im)
09/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Vaksin DTP whole cell Vaksin DTP acellular Vaksin Campak Vaksin Polio
Vaksin Rubela
09/05/23
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Take Home Message
• To catch up the missed immunization during pandemic, some factors
should be concerned
❖Multiple injections could be a choice
❖Vaccine doses should not be administered at intervals less than minimum
interval or younger than the minimum age to avoid suboptimal immune
response
❖Health care providers play important role in parent/caregiver acceptance
❖Keep touch the infection control policy at all health facilities
28/05/23 Slide Sri Rezeki
Terim a kasih
5/26/23 Slide Sri Rezeki 38