RvZxq Avq I Gi cwigvc BDwbU

(National Income and its Measurement) 7

f~wgKv
RvZxq Avq Aa¨qb A_©bxwZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| †Kvb †`‡ki cÖe„w× RvZxq Av‡qi gva¨‡g wePvi Kiv nq|
†Kvb †`‡ki Drcv`b, wb‡qvM, `vg¯Íi BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡j RvZxq Avq I Zvi mv‡_ mswkøó aviYv¸‡jv
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| GKwU †`‡ki †gvU Drcbœ `ªe¨ I †mev m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vK‡j RvZxq Av‡qi aviYvwU eyS‡Z
mnR n‡e| Av‡jvP¨ BDwb‡U RvZxq Drcv`b, RvZxq Avq Ges RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvc c×wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡jv|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡ev©”P mgq 6 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 7.1: RvZxq Drcv`b I RvZxq Avq
cvV 7.2: RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ
cvV 7.3: evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ
 A_©bxwZ

cvV 7.1 RvZxq Drcv`b I RvZxq Avq

(National Product and National Income)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 RvZxq Av‡qi aviYvmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvZxq Drcv`b I RvZxq Av‡qi cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wK wK welq RvZxq Avq cwigv‡c AšÍf³©~ Kiv nq bv Zvi m¤ú‡K© avibv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

RvZxq Avq
GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK A_©eQ‡i GKwU †`‡k †gvU †h cwigvY PzovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcvw`Z nq Zvi
evRvi g~j¨‡K Ges we‡`k †_‡K bxU Avw_©K AR©‡bi mgwó‡K RvZxq Avq e‡j| Avevi ejv hvq †h, GKwU †`‡ki
mKj RbMY m¤ú`, kÖg I g~jab e¨envi K‡i †gvU †h cwigvY PzovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b K‡i Zvi evRvi g~j¨‡K
RvZxq Avq ejv nq|

wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` RvZxq Av‡qi wewfbœ msÁv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡jv wb¤œiƒc:
Aa¨vcK gvk©vj e‡jb, Ò†Kvb †`‡ki kªg I g~jab Zvi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q cÖwZ eQi †gvU †h
cwigvY e¯‘MZ I A-e¯‘MZ `ªe¨mvgMxª I †mevKg© m„wó K‡i Zvi evRvi g~j¨‡K RvZxq Avq e‡j|Ó
Aa¨vcK wc¸ e‡jb, ÒRvZxq Avq nj GKwU †`‡ki we‡`k n‡Z cÖvß Avqmn mgv‡Ri ˆelwqK Av‡qi †mB Ask
hv A‡_©i gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv hvq|Ó

†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP): GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki RbMY †h cwigvY e¯‘MZ I
Ae¯‘MZ P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b K‡i Zvi mgwó‡K †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) e‡j| GKwU †`‡ki RbMY
†`‡ki †fZ‡i I †`‡ki evwn‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Drcv`b KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †`kxq
bvMwiK‡`i AwR©Z Avq GNP-†Z AšÍf³ ©~ nq| †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mev we‡`‡k weµq Zv nj ißvbx
Avi we‡`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨ I †mev †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i weµq Zv nj Avg`vwb| G ißvwb I Avg`vwbi e¨eavb‡K bxU
ißvwb Avq e‡j| AZGe GKwU †`‡ki me bvMwiK‡`i †gvU †fvM e¨q, †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q, †gvU miKvwi e¨q Ges
bxU ißvwb Av‡qi mgwó‡K †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) ejv nq|

†gvU Af¨šÍixY (†`kR) Drcv`b (GDP)

GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z †gvU `ªe¨ I †mevmg~‡ni mgwó‡K †gvU
Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b ev †gvU †`kR Drcv`b e‡j| †gvU †`kR Drcv`b‡K ms‡ÿ‡c wRwWwc (GDP) ejv nq|
wRwWwc wnmve Kivi mgq †`‡ki g‡a¨ Ae¯’vbiZ we‡`kx‡`i Øviv Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mevmn †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK
mxgvbvi g‡a¨ Drcvw`Z †gvU `ªe¨ I †mev mg~‡ni mgwô‡K eySvq| wKš‘ we‡`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ †`‡ki RbMY KZ…©K
Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mev wRwWwcÕi g‡a¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv| A_©vr wRwWwcÕi †ÿ‡Î †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I
†mevi mgwó‡KB eySvq| myZivs †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK A_©eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Z_v †fŠ‡MvwjK

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-83

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ †m me `ªe¨ I †mev Drcvw`Z nq Zvi mgwó‡K †gvU Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b ev †gvU †`kR Drcv`b
(Gross Domestic Product-GDP) ejv nq|

bxU RvZxq Drcv`b (Net National Product) t †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b n‡Z hš¿cvwZ, KjKâv, KviLvbv, evwoNi
BZ¨vw`i ÿq-ÿwZi e¨q ev` w`‡q †hUzKz Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K bxU RvZxq Drcv`b e‡j| Drcv`b Kv‡R hš¿cvwZ,
KjKâv, evwoNi cÖf…wZ e¨envi Kivi d‡j Zv‡`i ÿq-ÿwZ nq| G Rb¨ Zv‡`i ms¯‹vi I †givg‡Zi cÖ‡qvRb
nq| Avevi mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ G mg¯Í hš¿cvwZ, evwoNi BZ¨vw` m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A‡K‡Rv ev weKj n‡q c‡o| AZGe,
hš¿cvwZ, evwoN‡ii ms¯‹vi Ges G‡`i †givgZ eve` †gvU †h cwigvY A_© e¨q nq Zv‡KB Ôÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨qÕ
(Capital Consumption Allowance-CCA) e‡j| †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b n‡Z g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q
ev` w`‡j hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv nj ÕbxU RvZxq Drcv`bÕ (Net National Product-NNP)|

bxU †`kR Drcv`b (NDP): GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK A_©eQ‡i †Kvb †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨
†h mg¯Í P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevmg~n Drcvw`Z nq Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨ n‡Z g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q ev` w`‡j hv
Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K ÔbxU †`kR Drcv`bÕ (NDP) e‡j| Avevi ejv hvq †h, †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (GDP) n‡Z
g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q ev` w`‡j bxU †`kR Drcv`b (NDP) cvIqv hvq| myZivs-
NDP=GDP-CCA
GLv‡b, CCA =g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR

CCA RvZxq Av‡qi †Kvb wnmv‡ei mgq ev` †`Iqv nq?

†gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) I RvZxq Avq (NI) Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

mvaviYfv‡e Avgiv GNP I NI aviYv `ywU‡K GKB A‡_© ey‡S _vwK| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e GNP I NI aviYv `ywUi g‡a¨
†ek cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| G cv_©K¨¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc t
1| msÁvMZ cv_©K¨: GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GK A_©eQ‡i †Kvb †`‡ki RbMY †`‡k I we‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡i
†h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev mg~n Drcv`b K‡i Zvi †gvU Avw_©K g~j¨‡K †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) e‡j|
Ab¨w`‡K †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b n‡Z g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q ev` w`‡j hv Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K bxU RvZxq
Drcv`b (NNP) e‡j| Gi ci bxU RvZxq Drcv`b †_‡K c‡ivÿ Ki,n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv, miKv‡ii DØ„Ë gybvdv we‡qvM
K‡i I miKvi cÖ`Ë fZz©wK †hvM K‡i RvZxq Avq (NI) cvIqv hvq|

2| m~ÎwfwËK cv_©K¨: GNP m~ÎvKv‡i wjL‡j cvIqv hvq t GNP = C + I + G + (X-M);

GLv‡b, C = †fvM e¨q, I = wewb‡qvM e¨q, G= miKvwi e¨q, X-M = bxU ißvwb Avq|
Ab¨w`‡K NI m~ÎvKv‡i wjL‡j cvIqv hvq t NI= GNP-CCA-(Ti+Tr+Sg ) +Sb
ev, NI=NNP- Ti-Tr-Sg +Sb
GLv‡b CCA= g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q, Ti = c‡ivÿ Ki, Tr = n¯ÍvšÍi
cvIbv, Sg = miKv‡ii DØ„Ë gybvdv, Sb = miKvi cª`Ë fZz©wK|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-84

 A_©bxwZ

3| cwiwawfwËK cv_©K¨: †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b GKwU e„nËi aviYv| †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi Zzjbvq RvZxq Avq
GKwU ÿz`ªZi aviYv, RvZxq Avq †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi GKwU Ask Ges †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi g‡a¨ RvZxq Avq
AšÍf³
©~ _v‡K| GRb¨ RvZxq Av‡qi Zzjbvq †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi cwigvY mvaviYZ †ewk n‡q _v‡K|

4| D`vniYwfwËK cv_©K¨: g‡b Kwi, GKwU †`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b Gi cwigvY nj 8,000 †KvwU UvKv|
AviI g‡b Kwi, g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q (CCA) nj 600 †KvwU UvKv; c‡ivÿ Ki (Ti), n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv
(Tr) Ges miKv‡ii DØ„Ë gybvdv (Sg) Gi cwigvY nj 800 †KvwU UvKv, miKvi cÖ`Ë fZ©ywKi cwigvY nj 200
†KvwU UvKv|
G‡ÿ‡Î, RvZxq Av‡qi cwigvY nj t 8,000- (600+800)+ 200= 6,800 †KvwU UvKv|
Dc‡ii Z_¨ Abymv‡i,
GNP = 8,000 †KvwU UvKv
Ges
NI = 6,800 †KvwU UvKv|

5| cwigvcwfwËK cv_©K¨: †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b cwigvc Kiv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mnRfv‡e Kiv m¤¢e| Ab¨w`‡K
RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv †ek KwVb| KviY ÿqÿwZ RwbZ e¨q, c‡ivÿ Ki, n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv, fZ©ywK BZ¨vw` wnmve
Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb KvR Ges G¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e wnmve Kiv bv †M‡j RvZxq Avq wnmve Kiv LyeB KwVb n‡q hvq|

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡c †hme welq AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq bv

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î †h mg¯Í welq ev Dcv`vbmg~n AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq bv †h¸wj wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv nj:
1| n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv: Avw_©K myweavi nvZ e`j n‡”Q n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv| PjwZ A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ bv K‡i
A_©bxwZi GKwU †ÿÎ n‡Z Ab¨ †ÿ‡Î A_© ev Av‡qi ¯’vbvšÍi‡K n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv e‡j| G n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv RvZxq
Av‡qi wnmv‡ei g‡a¨ AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq bv| KviY, RvZxq Av‡qi g‡a¨ †Kej †mB mg¯Í AvqB AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq
†h¸‡jv †Kvb bv †Kvb Drcv`bkxj †ÿÎ n‡Z DcvwR©Z nq| Aemi fvZv, †eKvi fvZv, e„wË, Dce„wË, DËviwaKvi
cvIbv cÖf…wZ n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv wnmv‡e aiv nq|
2| g~jabx jvf-‡jvKmvb: MwZkxj GKwU A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ Kvi‡Y g~jab m¤ú‡`i g~‡j¨i cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|
gy‡j¨i cwieZ©b n‡j g~jab m¤ú‡`iI cybtg~j¨vqb Kiv nq Ges G Ae¯’vq jvf ev †jvKmv‡bi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
GB jvf †jvKmv‡bi Kvi‡Y A_©bxwZ‡Z bZzb †Kvb Drcv`b †hvM ev we‡qvM nq bv| ZvB G ai‡Yi jvf ev
†jvKmvb RvZxq Avq MYbvi mgq ev` †`qv nq|
3| †e-AvBbx Kvh©Kjvc: †h †Kvb †e-AvBbx Kvh©Kjvc ej‡Z mvgvwRKfv‡e AMÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges †`‡ki cÖPwjZ
AvBb we‡ivax KvR‡K eySvq| †e-AvBbx Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g AwR©Z Avq RvZxq Av‡q AšÍfz©³ Kiv nq bv| gv`K
e¨emv, Ryqv‡Ljv, Kv‡jvevRvwi, †PvivKvievi cÖf…wZ †e-AvBbx Kvh©Kjvc|
4| AZxZ †jb‡`b ev Drcvw`Z `ªe¨: PjwZ erm‡ii c~‡e© A_©vr AZx‡Z Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ AZx‡ZB GKevi wnmve Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G Rb¨ Zv‡K Avi PjwZ eQ‡ii RvZxq Av‡qi wnmv‡e AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq bv| AZx‡Z Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ PjwZ
mg‡q evRv‡i †jb‡`‡bi †ÿ‡Î Avm‡jI H wnmvewU‡K eZ©gvb RvZxq Av‡q AšÍf©~³ Kiv hvq bv|
5| gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mev: GKwU A_©bxwZ KuvPvgvj, gva¨wgK, I P~ošÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ RvZxq
Avq wnmve Kivi mgq ïaygvÎ P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev AšÍf~©³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| KviY gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mev †_‡KI
P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcvw`Z nq| ZvB gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mev RvZxq Avq wnmv‡e AšÍf³ ~© Ki‡j ˆØZ MYbv mgm¨v
n‡e| G Rb¨ gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mev‡K RvZxq Av‡q AšÍf³ ~© Kiv hvq bv|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-85

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR
†gvU Af¨šÍixb Drcv`b wnmve Kivi mgq †Kvb `ªe¨ I †mev Ges welq AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq bv Gi GKwU ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
 GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i Drcvw`Z †gvU `ªe¨ I †mev
mg~‡ni Avw_©K g~‡j¨i mgwô‡K †gvU Af¨šÍixY Drcv`b ev †gvU †`kR Drcv`b e‡j|
 GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i GKwU †`‡k †gvU †h cwigvY PzovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev
Drcvw`Z nq Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨ Ges we‡`k †_‡K bxU Avw_©K AR©‡bi mgwô‡K RvZxq Avq e‡j| Avevi
ejv hvq †h, GKwU †`‡ki mKj RbMY m¤ú`, kÖg I g~jab e¨envi K‡i †gvU †h cwigvY PzovšÍ `ªe¨ I
†mev Drcv`b K‡i Zvi evRvi g~‡j¨‡K RvZxq Avq ejv nq|
 GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q mvaviYZ GKwU Avw_©K eQ‡i GKwU †`‡ki RbMY †h cwigvY e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ
P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b K‡i Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨‡K †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) e‡j|
 †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b n‡Z hš¿cvwZ, KjKâv, KviLvbv evwoNi BZ¨vw`i ÿq-ÿwZi e¨q ev` w`‡q †hUzKz
Aewkó _v‡K Zv‡K bxU RvZxq Drcv`b e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. RvZxq Avq wnmve Kiv nq wb‡Pi †KvbwU a‡i?
K. gv`K e¨emv †_‡K Avq L. AZxZ †jb‡`b ev Drcvw`Z `‡e¨i Avq
M. P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ N. n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv †_‡K
2. †gvU †`kR Drcv`b ej‡Z †evSvq-
K. P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨
L. gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mevi Avw_©K g~j¨
M. †e-AvBbx Kvh©Kjvc Øviv AwR©Z Avq
N. AZx‡Z Drcvw`Z †jb‡`b ev Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i Avw_©K g~j¨|
3. bxU RvZxq Drcv`b wnmve Kivi mgq - CCA
i. †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ †hvM Kiv nq|
ii. †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ we‡qvM Kiv nq
iii. †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ we‡qvM Kiv nq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4. GNP Gi Drcv`b nj-
i. †fvM e¨q ii. wewb‡qvM e¨q iii. bxU ißvwb Avq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
Kwig Zvi Rwg‡Z Miæi jvOj w`‡q avb Pvl K‡i Ges †m weNv cÖwZ 15 gY avb cvq| Zvi eÜz iwn‡gi
civg‡k© †m GK eQi Uªv±i I WªvgwmWvi e¨envi K‡i avb Pvl K‡i weNvcÖwZ 25 gY avb †c‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-86

 A_©bxwZ

5. Kwig Zvi avb Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ †KvbwU e¨envi K‡i‡Q ?

i. cÖhyw³ ii. g~jab iii. KxUbvkK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
6. G av‡bi Drcv`b e„w×i d‡j -
i. GNP e„w× cvq ii. NI e„w× cvq iii. NDP n«vm cvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-87

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 7.2 RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ

(Method of Measuring National Income)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci c×wZmg~n e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Z cvi‡e|

g~jcvV-

RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci wewfbœ c×wZ

GKwU †`‡ki mKj RbMY m¤ú`, kÖg I g~jab e¨envi K‡i †gvU †h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevmg~n Drcv`b K‡i
Zvi evRvi g~j¨‡K RvZxq Avq e‡j| RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ wZbwU c×wZ e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
1| Drcv`b c×wZ
2| Avq c×wZ
3| e¨q c×wZ
1| Drcv`b c×wZ: Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g GKwU wbw`ó mg‡q mvavibZ GK eQi GKwU †`‡ki mKj RbMY
Øviv †h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mev Drcvw`Z nq Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨ wnmve K‡i †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP) wbY©q
Kiv nq|
e× A_©bxwZ‡Z GNP = GDP nq| Avevi gy³ A_©bxwZi GDP Gi mv‡_ bxU ißvwb Avq (X-M) hy³ nq|
A_v©r GNP= GDP+(X-M)| GNP n‡Z g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZRwbZ e¨q (CCA) we‡qvM Ki‡j NNP
cvIqv hvq, A_v©r NNP= GNP- CCA|
GLv‡b, CCA g~jabx `ª‡e¨i ÿq-ÿwZ RwbZ e¨q|
GLb bxU RvZxq Drcv`b n‡Z c‡ivÿ Ki (Ti), n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv (Tr) Ges miKv‡ii DØ„Ë gybvdv (Sg) we‡qvM
K‡i Ges miKvwi fZz©wK (Sb) †hvM Ki‡j RvZxq Avq (Y) cvIqv hvq| A_©vr,
Y= NNP- (Ti+Tr+Sg)+Sb
ev, Y=NNP-Ti-Tr-Sg+Sb

2| Avq c×wZ: Avq c×wZ Abymv‡i Drcv`‡bi mKj DcKi‡Yi Avq †hvM Ki‡j RvZxq Avq cvIqv hvq|
Drcv`‡bi PviwU DcKiYÑ f~wg, kÖg, g~jab I msMV‡bi wbR wbR Avq mg~n n‡”Q h_vµ‡g LvRbv, gRywi, my` I
gybvdv| RvZxq Avq n‡”Q G Pvi ai‡Yi Av‡qi †hvMdj| Ab¨w`‡K, e¨w³MZ Av‡qi g‡a¨ hw` n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv
AšÍf³~© _v‡K Zvn‡j †mwU we‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv RvZxq Av‡q AšÍf³
©~ nq bv|
RvZxq Avq= LvRbv+ gRywi+my`+ gybvdv- n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv|

3| e¨q c×wZ: e¨q c×wZ‡Z GKwU †`‡k GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZ GK A_©eQ‡i) †gvU †fvM e¨q I wewb‡qvM
e¨q †hvM Ki‡j RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv hvq| GK eQ‡i Drcv`b Kv‡h©i d‡j †h †gvU Avq nq Zvi GKwU Ask
†fv‡Mi Rb¨ e¨q nq Ges evwK Ask mÂq nq| Avi G mÂq c~Yivq Drcv`b Kv‡R e¨q nq †hUv‡K Avgiv
wewb‡qvM e‡j _vwK| Avi G wewb‡qvM‡K wewb‡qvM e¨q ejv nq| AZGe ejv hvq †h, GKwU A_©eQ‡i †`‡k †h
†fvM e¨q nq Ges g~jab m¤ú` e„w×i Rb¨ †h wewb‡qvM nq Zv‡`i mgwóB nj RvZxq Avq|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-88

 A_©bxwZ

A_v©r RvZxq Avq= †gvU †fvM e¨q+ †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q

ev, Y= C+I
Ab¨w`‡K gy³ A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvwi LvZ Ges Avg`vwb-ißvwb we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| ZvB G LvZ¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡j
e¨q c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq n‡e, †gvU †fvM e¨q (C), †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q (I), †gvU miKvwi e¨q (G) Ges bxU
ißvwb Avq (X-M) Gi †hvMdj| A_v©r Y= C+I+G+(X-M)

wkÿv_©xi KvR
RvZxq Avq wnmv‡e wK wK c×wZ e¨envi nq Zvi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci c×wZ
i. Drcv`b c×wZ
ii. Avq c×wZ
iii. e¨q c×wZ

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.2
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci c×wZ KZ cÖKvi?
K. wZb L. Pvi M. `yB N. cuvP
2. e× A_©bxwZ Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z -
K. GNP=GDP L. GNP > GDP M. GNP < GDP N. GNP = GDP-CCA
3. Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z bxU RvZxq Drcv`b Gi mv‡_--
i. n¯ÍvšÍi cvIbv †hvM Kiv nq|
ii. miKv‡ii DØ„Ë gybvdv we‡qvM Kiv nq|
iii. miKvwi fZ©~wK †hvM Kiv nq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4. GNP e¨q c×wZ‡Z RvZxq cwigvc Kiv nq-
i. †gvU †fvM e¨q + wewb‡qvM e¨q
ii. †gvU †fvM e¨q + †gvU wewb‡qvM e¨q
iii. †gvU †fvM e¨q + †gvU wewb‡hvM e¨vq + †gvU miKvwi e¨q + bxU ißvwb e¨q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

mwid GKRb PvKzixRxex| PvKzix K‡i Rgv‡bv UvKv w`‡q GKwU wewìs ˆZwi K‡i iwng bvgK GK eÜzi Kv‡Q
fvov w`j| iwng D³ wewìs-G GKwU Mv‡g©›Um KviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i †cvkvK Drcv`b Kij| iwng D³ Mv‡g©›Um
KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kivq miKvi †_‡K wKQz fZ©~wK †cj|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-89

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

5. Avq c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei Rb¨-

i. mwi‡di gvwmK †eZb †hvM n‡e
ii. wewìs fvov eve` Avq †hvM n‡e
iii. miKv‡ii fZ~©wK †hvM n‡e|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
6. Drcv`b c×wZ‡Z RvZxq Avq wnmv‡ei Rb¨ -
i. Mv‡g©›Um Gi †gwkb¸‡jvi ÿqÿwZRwbZ wewb‡qvM n‡e
ii. miKvi fZ~©wK †hvM n‡e
iii. KviLvbvi fvov †hvM n‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-90

 A_©bxwZ

cvV 7.3 evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ

(Method of Measuring National Income in Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-
 evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-

evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci c×wZ

c„w_exi †h †Kvb †`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi mwVK I wbf~©jfv‡e wnmve Kiv GKwU KwVb KvR| mvaviYZ wZbwU c×wZ‡Z
RvZxq Av‡qi wnmve Kiv nq- K) Drcv`b c×wZ, L) Avq c×wZ Ges M) e¨q c×wZ|
evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci Rb¨ cÖavbZ Drcv`b c×wZ I Avq c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| e¨emv-
evwYR¨, PvKzwi cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î Avq c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K, K…wl, wkí, LwbR m¤ú` I Ab¨vb¨
†ÿ‡Î Avq cwigv‡ci D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`b c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| PvKzwi I e¨emv evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ
e¨w³i Avq †hvM K‡i RvZxq Avq wnmve Kiv nq| Avi K…wl, wkí, LwbR m¤ú` cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î †gvU Drcv`‡bi
Avw_©K g~j¨ †hvM K‡i RvZxq Avq wnmve Kiv n‡q _v‡K| e„n`vqZb wkí I Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvbmg~n wb‡RivB Zv‡`i
Av‡qi wnmve evwl©K wi‡cv‡U© cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| ÿz`ªvqZY I KzwUi wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î H cÖwZôv‡bi wewb‡qv‡Mi
cwigv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i †gvU Drcv`‡bi cwigvY cwigvc Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K K…wl‡ÿ‡Î Avq cwigv‡ci
D‡Ï‡k¨ K…wl kygvwi †_‡K Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Avq c×wZ Ges †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î
Drcv`b c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Avevi, †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î e¨q c×wZ e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e wewfbœ
†ÿ‡Î mwVK I wbf©yj Z‡_¨i Afv‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k RvZxq Avq mwVKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv LyeB KwVb KvR n‡q c‡o|
G Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z wnmve K‡i Zv‡`i MocoZv †h msL¨v `uvovq Zv‡KB mwVK wnmve e‡j aiv n‡q _v‡K|
ZvB ejv hvq †h wbf©yj Z_¨ I cwimsL¨v‡bi e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ myôz mgš^q Ki‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k
RvZxq Avq mwVKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|

evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq cwigvc c×wZ

evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq MYbvi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K miKvwi cÖwZôvb evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv| GB cÖwZôvb cÖ‡Z¨K
eQi PjwZ evRvi g~‡j¨ I w¯’i g~‡j¨ `ªe¨ I †mevi g~j¨ cwigvc K‡i _v‡K| G wnmve Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k
cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i|

evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv GDP I GNI MYbv Kivi Rb¨ Drcv`b I e¨q c×wZ e¨envi K‡i| Drcv`b
c×wZ‡Z GDP cwigv‡ci Rb¨ A_©bxwZ‡K †gvU 15wU cÖavb Lv‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| LvZmg~n n‡”Q:
1. K…wl I ebR m¤ú`: K…wl †`kR Drcv`‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg LvZ| GDP MYbv Ki‡Z GB LvZ‡K wZbwU
DcLv‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
K. km¨ I kvKmewR: G Lv‡Z †`kR Drcv`‡bi cwigvY PjwZ cvBKvwi evRvi g~‡j¨ †cÖwÿ‡Z wnmve Kiv
n‡q _v‡K|
L. cÖvwY m¤ú`: PjwZ evRvi g~‡j¨ G Lv‡Zi †`kR Drcv`‡bi cwigvY wnmve Kiv nq|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-91

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

M. ebR m¤ú`: G Lv‡Zi DcKi‡Yi Z‡_¨i Afv‡e †gvU Drcv`b n‡Z 3% g~j¨ ev` w`‡q hv _v‡K Zv‡K
g~j¨ mshyw³ wnmv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i GDP wnmve Kiv nq|
2. grm¨ m¤ú`:t Af¨šÍixY I mvgyw`ªK Drm †_‡K †gvU grm¨ Avni‡Yi cwigvY †_‡K GDP Ask wnmve nq|
3. LwbR I Lbb: GB LvZ `ywU DcLv‡Z wef³ -
(K) cÖvK…wZK M¨vm I Acwi‡kvwaZ †Zj (L) Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤ú`| G Lv‡Z PjwZ evRvi g~‡j¨ wnmve K‡i
Avq cwigvc Kiv nq|
4. wkí: wk‡í Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i PjwZ evRvi g~‡j¨ wnmve K‡i wRwWwc MYbv Kiv nq| GB LvZ `yB fv‡M wef³-
(K) e„nr I gvSvwi wkí (L) ÿz`ªvqZb wkí|
5. we`y¨vr M¨vm I cvwb: G LvZ GKwU †mev LvZ| G †mev Lv‡Zi †mev mieivn g~‡j¨i †cÖwÿ‡Z wRwWwcÕi Ask
wnmve Kiv nq|
6. wbg©vY: wbg©vY Lv‡Zi wnmve Kiv nq miKvwi †eu‡a †`Iqv g~‡j¨i †cÖwÿ‡Z|
7. cvBKvwi I LyPiv evwYR¨: G Lv‡Z c‡Y¨i cvBKvwi g~‡j¨i wnmv‡e wRwWwc MYbv Kiv nq|
8. †nv‡Uj I †i‡¯Íviv: G Lv‡Z `ªe¨ Drcv`b I †mevi wnmve weµqg~‡j¨i Øviv Kiv nq|
9. cwienY, msiÿY I †hvMv‡hvM: G LvZwU 5wU DcLv‡Z wef³| (K) ¯’j c_ cwienY (L) cvwb c_ cwienY
(M) AvKvk c_ cwienY (N) mn‡hvMx cwienY †mev (O) WvK I Zvi †hvMv‡hvM|
10. Avw_©K cÖwZôvwbK †mev: G Lv‡Zi wnmve Kiv nq †mev †_‡K cÖvß g~‡j¨I wfwˇZ| G LvZ wZbwU DcLv‡Z
wef³ (K) e¨vsK, (L) exgv I (M) Ab¨vb¨|
11. wi‡qj G‡÷U I Ab¨vb¨: G LvZ †_‡K wRwWwc cwigvY wnmve Kiv nq †mev †_‡K cÖvß Av‡qi cwigv‡ci
Dci|
12. †jvK cÖkvmb I cÖwZiÿv: G Lv‡Zi wnmve Kiv nq e¨‡qi w`K w`‡q|
13. wkÿv: G LvZwU evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© LvZ| G Lv‡Zi wnmve nq e¨q Gi w`K †_‡K|
14. ¯^v¯’¨ I mvgvwRK †mev: G Lv‡Zi wRwWwc wnmve nq e¨q wnmve Øviv|
15. KwgDwbwU, mvgvwRK I e¨vw³MZ †mev: G LvZwU wnmve nq e¨‡qi wnmv‡ei gva¨‡g|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci LvZ¸wji GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ A_©bxwZ‡K 15wU Lv‡Z fvM Kiv nq|
1. K…wl I ebR, 2. grm¨, 3. LwbR I Lbb, 4. wkí, 5. we`y¨r, M¨vm I cvwb, 6. wbg©vY, 7. cvBKvwi I
LyPiv evwYR¨, 8. †nv‡Uj I †i‡¯Íviv, 9. cwienY, msiÿY I †hvMv‡hvM, 10. Avw_©K I cªvwZôvwbK †mev,
11. wi‡qj G‡÷U, fvov I Ab¨vb¨ e¨emv, 12. †jvK cÖkvmb I cÖwZiÿv, 13. wkÿv, 14. ¯^v¯’¨ I mvgvwRK
†mev Ges 15. KwgDwbwU mvgwRK I e¨vw³MZ †mev|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.3
eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`‡ki GDP cwigv‡ci Rb¨ A_©bxwZ‡K †gvU KqwU cÖavb Lv‡Z fvM Kiv nq?
K. 15 L. 16 M. 14 N. 17

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-92

 A_©bxwZ

2. K…wl I ebR m¤c` KqwU DcLv‡Z wef³? -

K. 4 L. 5 M. 3 N. 06
3. cwienY, msiÿY I †hvMv‡hvM G Lv‡Z Av‡Q--
i. ¯’j c_ cwienY ii. cvwb c_ cwienY iii. AvKvk c_ cwienY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
4. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq MYbv Kivi mgq evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨b ey¨‡iv wnmve K‡i-
i. PzovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi PjwZ evRvi g~j¨
ii. PzovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevi w¯’i evRvi g~j¨
iii. gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I †mevi w¯’i evRvi g~j¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 5 I 6 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv Bwbw÷wUDU GKwU D”Pdjbkxj av‡bi RvZ K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ webvg~‡j¨ weZiY Kij Ges
†`‡k av‡bi Drcv`b e„w× †cj|
5. GB Drcv`b e„w×--
i. GDP e„w× Ki‡e ii. GDP Kg‡e iii. NI e„w× Ki‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
6. exR webvg~‡j¨ weZi‡Yi d‡j -
i. km¨ I mewRi Drcv`b Avq e„w× Ki‡e
ii. K…wl I ebR m¤ú‡`i Drcv`b Avq e„w× Ki‡e|
iii. cÖvwY m¤ú‡`i Drcv`b Avq e„w× Ki‡e|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1. D¾j Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K GgweG covïbv †kl K‡i XvKvq GKwU †emiKvwi e¨vs‡K `yB eQi PvKzix Kivi
ci hy³iv‡óª Mgb K‡i| †m H iv‡óª cÖvq 5 eQi hver GKwU †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ| cÖwZ gv‡m Zvi wcZv
gvZvi Rb¨ †`‡k UvKv cvVvq| Avevi wmGd ivR d«v‡Ýi bvMwiK| wZwb evsjv‡`‡k grm wefv‡M Kbmvj‡U›U
wnmv‡e cÖvq `yB eQi Kg©iZ Av‡Qb| wm Gd ivR Zvi Avq †_‡K d«v‡Ý UvKv cvVvb|
K. bxU RvZxq Drcv`b wK?
L. Avq c×wZ‡Z wK cÖwµqvq RvZxq Avq cwigvc Kiv nq Zv eywS‡q wjLyb|
M. D¾j †`‡k †h A_© cvVvq Zv Avgv‡`i RvZxq Avq cwigv‡c wKfv‡e mshy³ nq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. wmGd iv‡Ri Avq wK? evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Avq‡K †Kvb fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| †Zvgvi hyw³ w`b|

2. Avwbm Zvi PvPvi evwo kÖxg½‡j †eov‡Z hvq| Zvi PvPvi GKwU gyiwMi Lvgvi Av‡Q| Avwbm Zvi PvPv evwoi
cv‡k jvDQov RvZxq D`¨v‡b †eov‡Z hvq Ges †mLv‡b †m cÖPzi MvQcvjv I RxeRš‘ †`L‡Z cvq| †m Rvb‡Z
cv‡i GwU GKwU we‡kl ai‡Yi AÂj|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-93

Gm.Gm.wm †cÖvMÖvg

K. g~ja‡bi ÿqÿwZRwbZ e¨q (CCA) ej‡Z wK †evSvq?

L. †gvU †`kR Drcv`b ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. Avwbm Zvi PvPv evwoi cv‡k †h RvZxq D`¨vb †`Lj †mwU A_©bxwZi †Kvb Lv‡Zi AšÍf³
~© ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Avwb‡mi PvPvi gyiMx Lvgv‡ii Ae`vb we‡kølY Kiæb|

3. †mv‡nj XvKv B.wc.‡RW G GKwU RyZvi d¨v±wi‡Z KvR K‡i| †mv‡n‡ji RyZvi d¨v±ixi gvwjK Rbve iwng
eLk| iwng eL‡ki †kqvi e¨emv I Av‡Q|
K. miKvi cÖ`Ë fZ~©wK wK?
L. †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. B.wc.‡RW GKwU we‡kl AÂj GwU A_©bxwZi †Kvb Lv‡Zi AšÍf©~³?
N. Rbve iwng eL‡ki RyZvi KviLvbvi Drcvw`Z RyZv evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z Kx Ae`vb ivL‡Q Avcbvi
gZvgZ w`b|

DËigvjv
cvV 7.1: 1| M 2| K 3| M 4| N 5| K 6| K
cvV 7.2: 1| K 2| K 3| M 4| M 5| K 6| K
cvV 7.3: 1| K 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| L 6| K

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-94