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495-Article Text-907-1-10-20200812
495-Article Text-907-1-10-20200812
1, 85-105
1
Muhammad Naveed Riaz
University of Sargodha
The present study was sought to examine the role of maternal and
paternal parenting styles on the prediction of emotional regulation
among adolescents. Parental Authority Questionnaire (Babree,
1997) and Early Adolescents Temperament Questionnaire (Ellis &
Rothbart, 2001) were used to collect the information from the
participants. Sample of the current research consisted of
adolescents (N = 194) belonging to 7th, 8th, and 9th classes.
Multiple Regression analysis was applied to test the hypotheses.
The results indicated that maternal authoritative parenting style
had significant positive effect on emotion regulation. Maternal
permissive parenting style had significant negative effect on
emotion regulation. Similarly authoritative paternal parenting style
had significant positive effect on emotional regulation whereas
paternal permissive parenting style had significant negative effect
on emotion regulation. However, results on the maternal and
paternal authoritarian parenting style were non-significant. Current
study is pretty insightful in understanding the role of parenting
styles in emotion regulation.
Hypotheses
Method
Participants
Measures
The scale comprised of 60 items and two parts. Both parts comprise of
30 items and three subscales measuring paternal and maternal
authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting style
respectively. Thus Part-I measures perceived attitude of mothers
towards child whereas Part-II measures perceived attitude of fathers
towards. There were no cut off scores therefore the scores are
interpreted in terms of high and low scores on a subscale. The scale
was based on 5-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 (almost always
untrue) to 5 (almost always true). The scores on a subscale were
computed as 10 as minimum scores whereas 50 as maximum scores.
Reliability coefficient for scales were .80 for mother authoritativeness,
.81 for mother authoritarianism, .82 for mother permissiveness
whereas it was .79 for father authoritativeness, .76 for father
authoritarianism, and .80 for father permissiveness (Buri, 1991). For
the present sample reliability coefficient value for the PAQ subscales
were .86 for mother authoritativeness, .70 for mother authoritarianism,
and .74 for mother permissiveness; whereas, it is .79 for father
authoritativeness, .73 father authoritarianism, and .70 for father
permissiveness. Thus the scales have satisfactory internal consistency
to use in the present study.
Procedure
Results
Table 1
Descriptive Statistics, Alpha Reliability Coefficients, and Zero-Order
Correlation among Study Variables
Variables M SD α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1. Authoritativea 41.7 5.41 .80 - -.10 .21** .46** -.12 .25** .11*
2. Authoritariana 38.7 5.52 .76 - .05 .03 .63** -.05 .02
3. Permissivea 26.7 5.19 .74 - .24** -.01 .63** -.24**
4. Authoritativeb 40.6 6.09 .79 - -.09 .30** .21**
5. Authoritarianb 37.8 6.43 .73 - -.21** .011
6. Permissiveb 27.9 6.05 .70 - -.15*
7. ER 88.1 16.2 .74 -
Note. Read a as Maternal Parenting Style; b as Paternal Parenting Style; ER = Emotion
Regulation.
*p < .05. **p < .01.
Table 2
Summary of Standard Multiple Regression analysis for the Effect of
Maternal and Paternal Parenting Styles on Emotion Regulation
Scales β t ∆R² F Tolerance VIF
Maternal Parenting Styles
Authoritative Style .18 2.4** .051 4.48** .83 1.20
Authoritarian Style .03 0.49 .97 1.03
Permissive Style -.26 3.4*** .85 1.18
Paternal parenting styles
Authoritative Style .28 3.9*** .081 6.66*** .91 1.10
Authoritarian Style -.03 0.51 .96 1.05
Permissive Style -.24 3.2*** .87 1.15
**p < .01. ***p < .001.
Table 3
Mean and Standard Deviation of Perceived Parenting Styles on the
Parental Authority Questionnaire
Girls Boys
Mothers Fathers Mothers Fathers
PAQ M(SD) M(SD) M(SD) M(SD)
Authoritative 43.01(4.62) 41.06(6.33) 40.50(5.35) 40.09(5.88)
Authoritarian 38.02(5.74) 36.20(6.78) 39.93(5.47) 39.23(5.64)
Permissive 26.32(5.23) 27.32(5.48) 26.24(6.22) 26.98(6.74)
Discussion
Despite the fact that earlier research has noted sex differences in
parenting and differential treatment of sons versus daughters,
differences in overall parenting styles have been overlooked until
recently researchers had investigated differential parenting style of
mother and father for their son and daughters (Conrade & Ho, 2001;
Mckinney & Renk, 2008). The findings of present study showed
significant results for mother’s authoritative, authoritarian and father’s
authoritarian parenting style. Mothers and fathers may adopt different
parenting styles on the basis of the sex of their children and
adolescents. Research has shown that mothers tend to engage in more
98 JABEEN, HAQUE AND RIAZ
frequent interactions with their children and are more responsive than
fathers (Baumrind, 1991; Lewis & Lamb, 2003). The hypothesis that
girls will perceive their mother to be more authoritative as compared
to boys is consistent with previous findings, which showed that girls
perceived mothers as being more likely to use an authoritative style
(Conrade & Ho, 2001). The hypotheses regarding the boys and girls
perception of their mother and father to be more authoritarian were
consistent with previous research. Baumrind (1991) found that
authoritarian style was more likely to be used when parenting boys.
Research by Conrade and Ho (2001) had shown that boys perceived
fathers to be more likely to use authoritarian style.
Nonsignificant gender differences were found on mother and
father’s permissive parenting style, and father’s authoritative
parenting style. The hypothesis that boys will perceive their mother to
be more permissive as compared to girls was not consistent with
previous research. Conrade and Ho (2001) found that boys viewed
mothers being more likely to use permissive style. Although Russell et
al. (1998) findings were contradictory suggesting fathers as compared
to mothers tend to overlook misbehavior. The hypothesis that girls
will perceive their father to be more authoritative as compared to boys
is not supported by data. Berndt, Cheung, Lau, Hau, and Lew (1993)
found that girls perceived their fathers as warmer as and less
controlling than boys. However, nonsignificant gender differences
were also found by other researchers on authoritative subscale
(Conrade & Ho, 2001; Mckinney & Renk, 2008). Hypothesis
regarding the girls’ perception of their father’s permissive parenting
style was not supported by data. Some researches had also found
nonsignificant gender differences on father’s permissive parenting
style (Conrade & Ho, 2001; Dwairy, 2004). Shek (1998) had reported
nonsignificant gender differences regarding the fathers parenting style.
Implications
Conclusion
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