New Discovery of Rock Geochemistry Weathering System The Mutant DOS Model For The Enrichment of aluminaREENi in Regolith

Sasami-18 MGEI:
New discovery of rock geochemistry weathering

system: The mutant DOS model for the
enrichment of alumina/REE/Ni in regolith
Presented via webinar

by Godang, S.
July 01, 2020
Presentation Outline:
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
2. What is the regolith?
3. Review the existing ternary weathering models and the
reconstruction of new mutant DOS diagram.
4. Apple to apple between UMIA and DOS for ultramafic
weathering.
Session-II:
5. Introduction of REE.
6. Regolith-hosted REE deposits (ion-adsorption deposits).
7. Case study for granitic profiles.
8. a. Case study for mafic/basaltic profiles (apple to apple
between laterite S-Laos and laterite W-Sulawesi)
b. Introducing Redox DOS model.
9. The Problems and challenge for regolith-hosted REE deposits.
10. Conclusions.
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Chemical weathering:
the process by which rocks are broken down by
Simple illustration of rock weathering

chemical reactions.
In general, the chemical weathering involves 4
processes:
a. Hydrolysis: the chemical breakdown of a
substance due to reaction with water.
K-felspar + H2O → clay minerals + Si + K
2KAlSi3O8 + 2H+1(aq) + 9H2O →
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + H4SiO4(aq) + 2K+1(aq)
b. Oxidation: the reaction of a substance with

oxygen.
olivine → hematite
2Fe2SiO4 + O2 + 4H2O → 2Fe2O3 + 2H4SiO4(aq)
c. Hydration: the process of causing something

to absorb water.
hematite + H2O → goethite
Fe2O3 + H2O → 2(FeO(OH))
d. Dissolution: some compounds dissolve in

water by dissociation of ions that go
into solution.
(A). SiO2 + 2H2O → H4SiO4(aq) {silicic acid}
(B). albite dissolution by acid and formation of
kaolinite.
2NaAlSi3O8 + 2H+1(aq) + H2O →
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2Na+1(aq) + 4SiO2
* gases: oxygen,
Scott and Pain (2009) carbon dioxide.
Tingkat keasaman (pH) Air Hujan (versi BMKG):

*>7 : pH basa,
* 6.1 - 7 : Air hujan sangat baik, cenderung
neutral (air permukaan),
* 5.6 - 6 : pH air hujan ideal,
* 4.1 - 5.5 : Hujan asam,
*3-4 : Hujan asam (tinggi),
*<3 : Hujan asam (ekstrem).
*** pH for sea water is between 7.5 and 8.5

(depending on the local conditions).
The major elements in rocks (in major oxides)
Unstable in atmosphere:
* Olivine,
* Ca-plagioclase,
* Apatite,
more soluble
* Pyroxene,
(K) components
* Amphibole,
(four base
* Biotite,
weathering elements):
* Na-plagioclase,
Mg, Ca, Na and K.
(Mg, K) * Analcite,
(K) * K-feldspar/leucite,
* Muscovite.
(Mg, Ca,
Na)
(Na) Stable in the atmosphere as residual soil:

* Quartz(*),
(Mg, Ca, * Trace elements (Mn, Ni, Zr/REE/Th),
Na) * Clay,
* Iron oxide (Fe2O3t),
* Ti-oxide (TiO2),
(Mg) * Aluminum oxide (Al2O3).
(Ca)
--- Hamblin and Christiansen (2003) ---
Quartz(*):
(Na, K)
pseudoleucite Silica (SiO2) is slowly leached element
(slowly weathering element)
→ be careful when using SiO2 in the rock
weathering diagram.
(Na) → Silica stands on both sides.
Silica menginjak 2 perahu! (in Bahasa)
(Ca)
Carroll (1970)
Stable in the
atmosphere
Slow
weathering
Rapid
weathering
in Scott and Pain (2009), p.65

residual soil:
* Al2O3,
* Fe2O3(t) + TiO2
Dar (2012)
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Lutgens and Tarbuck (2012)
© Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc
O horizon (part of topsoil)

Loose and partly decayed organic matter
Pedolith
A horizon (Topsoil)
Mineral matter mixed with some humus
Solum / Soil
additional
Degree of chemical weathering

E horizon (Eluvial horizon; Transition)
Regolith
(increasing of DOS)
(Upper saprolite zone)
Zone of eluviation and leaching
Saprolith
Monroe & Wicander (2009)
B horizon (illuvial horizon; Subsoil; wholly weathered)
(Lower saprolite zone)
Accumulation of clay, iron+Ti and aluminum from above
C horizon (sub-weathered; weakly weathered)

(Saprock)
Partially altered parent material
Bedrock
Remarks:
* Eluvial horizon: leaching zone R horizon (Basement rock; Solid rock)
* illuvial horizon: deposition zone Unweathered parent material
(accumulation zone)
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Zudong muscovite-K-feldspar granite, Jiangxi, China (Wu et al., 1990)
Code# SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K2O TREY DOS CIA MIA(o)
#1 66.49 0.07 21.17 1.23 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.00 1.91 159.01 89.34 90.31 89.30
#2 68.42 0.05 20.09 1.22 0.16 0.16 0.07 0.10 1.32 146.38 90.83 92.11 90.80
#3 75.16 0.03 15.82 0.93 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.01 2.01 445.91 86.41 87.21 86.38
#4 74.94 0.06 15.25 0.73 0.68 0.00 0.11 0.27 3.48 568.85 78.66 77.56 78.58
#5 72.46 0.03 15.98 0.55 1.00 0.03 0.11 0.71 5.35 541.57 70.24 69.06 70.20
#6 76.90 0.14 12.39 0.44 0.78 0.08 0.04 3.76 4.43 54.35 52.85 54.02
#7 76.14 0.03 12.97 0.09 1.07 0.03 0.62 4.25 4.52 227.30 51.37 49.92 51.30
Anorogenic alkaline rock, Western Sulawesi (Godang et al., 2019)

Code# Rock_laterite Depth_m SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3(t) MgO CaO Na2O K2O TREY DOS CIA MIA(o) IOL (modif)
T01 Top soil 1m 26.90 3.66 26.81 25.04 0.240 0.010 0.020 0.340 1,860.63 97.88 98.46 97.66 65.84
T02 Laterite 2m 29.45 3.61 26.53 24.26 0.390 0.100 0.080 0.450 2,406.20 96.31 97.07 95.92 63.30
T03 Laterite (negative Ce-anomaly) 3m 32.38 3.28 24.52 23.56 0.390 0.020 0.030 0.670 2,786.96 96.05 96.80 95.65 59.76
Weakly weathered
T06 6m 43.29 2.20 18.16 13.33 4.300 6.490 0.320 1.040 2,042.65 54.79 57.45 52.30 42.11
(Precipitation of REEs)
T07 Weakly weathered 7m 43.04 2.27 18.23 15.34 3.880 5.540 0.670 1.040 1,472.12 58.30 59.71 55.89 43.82
T08
Parent trachytic rock 8m 49.67 1.56 13.07 10.10 4.622 7.252 5.645 1.006 944.43 37.91 35.69 35.65 31.82
(avg11)
Ni-laterite deposits of New Caledonia (Ulrich et al., 2018)

Code# SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3(t) MgO Ni (%) UMIA DOS MIA(o) IOL (modif) The glossary for ternary weathering diagrams:
#01 2.30 5.29 79.20 0.34 0.53 92.14 98.49 98.48 97.35 CIA = Chemical Index of Alteration (Nesbitt
#02 2.04 5.69 65.92 1.79 1.47 85.68 90.80 90.77 97.23 and Young, 1984)
#03 4.03 3.55 72.85 0.72 1.16 85.26 96.47 96.46 94.99
MIA(o)= Mafic Index of Alteration
(oxidized)(Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992;
#04 13.95 4.09 64.41 1.52 1.12 62.17 92.16 92.13 83.08
modified by Babechuk et al., 2014)
#05 38.39 2.58 41.76 2.77 1.19 28.84 80.25 80.20 53.60
IOL = Index of Laterization (Schellmann,
#06 31.06 3.32 44.32 5.84 1.27 31.91 67.97 67.89 60.54 1986)
#07 47.25 1.44 16.25 18.37 2.62 8.53 20.16 20.07 27.24 UMIA = Ultramafic Index of Alteration (after
#08 43.12 1.38 14.82 22.80 2.24 7.65 15.60 15.56 27.31 Aiglsperger et al. 2016)
#09 46.44 0.90 9.71 26.28 2.96 4.66 9.68 9.64 18.60
DOS = Degree of Saprolitization (Godang et al.
2019)
#10 40.81 0.54 7.13 40.63 0.24 2.88 4.69 4.69 15.82
Weathering Ternary Diagram CIA–A–CN–K (after Nesbitt and Young, 1984)
[Ternary : Al2O3–(CaO*+Na2O)–K2O (in molar)]
Reconstruction for mutant DOS model
Ternary Degree Of Saprolitization (DOS) diagram (Godang et al., 2019) replaced by
Ternary Saprolitization Diagram of "Alumina – (Fe-Ti)" (MgO+CaO*+Na2O+K2O),
[Ternary plots: Al2O3–(Fe2O3(t)+TiO2)–(MgO+Feldspars), (in molar)] (in molar)
after Nesbitt and Young, 1984 (weathering of CIA–A–CN–K),
after Schellmann, 1986 (Index of Lateritization (IOL)),
after Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992 (MIA(o))
The mutant ternary DOS diagram for

→ Ultramafic – Mafic – Intermediate – Felsic rocks.
→ Orogenic and anorogenic.
→ “Made in INDONESIA” (DIAGRAM SATU PINTU)
Origin ternary Index of Lateritization (IOL), additional of TiO2

(Schellmann, 1986) to anticipate
the anorogenic.
→ I don’t like this diagram
(‘coz it uses SiO2 as a weathering parameter)
MIA(o) IOL & Aleva (1994)
be careful when using SiO2 in the

rock weathering diagram.
X
CIA
DOS “The mutant DOS diagram”
DOS has the same modeling characteristics DOS is a new
as the CIA and MIA(o), and can be used
simultaneously for orogenic, anorogenic version of IOL
and whole igneous rocks (ultramafic ---
felsic) which cannot be performed by the
CIA or MIA(o).
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Ni-laterite deposits of New Caledonia (Ulrich et al., 2018)
Ternary UMIA (Ultramafic Index of Alteration, after Aiglsperger et al. 2016) be careful when using SiO2
[Ternary plots: Al2O3–Fe2O3(t)–(SiO2+MgO), (in molar)] in the rock weathering
diagram.
Harzburgite :
#10 (Fresh rock)
#09
Code# SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3(t) MgO Ni (%) UMIA DOS Sc_ppm Fresh Harzburgite:
#08, #07
SiO2 = 40.81%
#01 2.30 5.29 79.20 0.34 0.53 92.14 98.49 54.50
MgO = 40.63%
#02 2.04 5.69 65.92 1.79 1.47 85.68 90.80 59.70 Al2O3 = 0.54%
#03 4.03 3.55 72.85 0.72 1.16 85.26 96.47 66.90
------------------------------
Unweathered or
#04 13.95 4.09 64.41 1.52 1.12 62.17 92.16 51.10 moderate weathering?
#05 38.39 2.58 41.76 2.77 1.19 28.84 80.25 37.70 → No boundary for
#06 31.06 3.32 44.32 5.84 1.27 31.91 67.97 41.10 #05 weathered and
unweathered.
#07 47.25 1.44 16.25 18.37 2.62 8.53 20.16 17.50 #06 #05: SiO2 = 38.39%
#08 43.12 1.38 14.82 22.80 2.24 7.65 15.60 15.80 MgO = 2.77%
#09 46.44 0.90 9.71 26.28 2.96 4.66 9.68 12.60
Al2O3 = 2.58%
#10 40.81 0.54 7.13 40.63 0.24 2.88 4.69 10.30 #06: SiO2 = 31.06%
MgO = 5.84%
Al2O3 = 3.32%
#04
#03
#02
#01
cut-off grade
Sc > 50 ppm?
Harzburgite :
#10 (Fresh rock)
Code# SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3(t) MgO Ni (%) UMIA DOS Sc_ppm
#09
#01 2.30 5.29 79.20 0.34 0.53 92.14 98.49 54.50
#07, #08, #09
#02 2.04 5.69 65.92 1.79 1.47 85.68 90.80 59.70 #08 (Rocky saprolite)
#03 4.03 3.55 72.85 0.72 1.16 85.26 96.47 66.90 high-grade (Ni 2.2% up)
#04 13.95 4.09 64.41 1.52 1.12 62.17 92.16 51.10 #07
#05 38.39 2.58 41.76 2.77 1.19 28.84 80.25 37.70
#06 31.06 3.32 44.32 5.84 1.27 31.91 67.97 41.10

#07 47.25 1.44 16.25 18.37 2.62 8.53 20.16 17.50
Fresh Harzburgite:
#08 43.12 1.38 14.82 22.80 2.24 7.65 15.60 15.80
SiO2 = 40.81%
#09 46.44 0.90 9.71 26.28 2.96 4.66 9.68 12.60 MgO = 40.63%
#10 40.81 0.54 7.13 40.63 0.24 2.88 4.69 10.30
Al2O3 = 0.54%
------------------------------
Moderate weathering
#05: SiO2 = 38.39%
MgO = 2.77%
Al2O3 = 2.58%
#06: SiO2 = 31.06%

MgO = 5.84%
Al2O3 = 3.32%
#06
#05
#02
#04
#03
#01
Harzburgite (Fresh rock):
#10, Ni (0.24%), Sc (10.3 ppm)
Targeting for high grade (Ni 2.2% up)

in Saprock (C-horizon)
#09. Ni (2.96%), Sc (12.6)
Question:
#08. Ni (2.24%), Sc (15.8) What about high-grade
Ni-oxide in Indonesia?
→ low DOS <= 20?
#07. Ni (2.62%), Sc (17.5)
The targeting of Sc
deposit for the existing
mining:
→ DOS > 85
(strongly weathered)
→ Limonite/goethite
(#01, #02, #03, #04)
→ Sc ion-adsorption on
goethite/limonite.
→ Sc = 51 - 67 ppm
Earthy Saprolite
#06. Ni (1.27%), Sc (41.1)
#05. Ni (1.19%), Sc (37.7)

Harzburgite (Fresh rock):
#10, Sc (10.3 ppm)
#09. Sc (12.6)
The targeting of Sc deposit for

#08. Sc (15.8) the existing mining:
→ DOS > 85%
(strongly weathered)
→ Limonite/goethite
#07. Sc (17.5)
(#01, #02, #03, #04)
→ Sc ion-adsorption on
goethite/limonite.
→ Sc = 51 - 67 ppm
Sc substitutes for Fe3+ and Al3+

in regolith materials.
(radii = 0.75 versus 0.55
and 0.54 Å).
Scott and Pain (2009), p.443
Conclusion:
-----------------
The enrichment of Sc is not
related to the enrichment
of nickel (Ni), but closely
#06. Sc (41.1) related to saprolitization
of Fe-oxides (high DOS >
85%).
#05. Sc (37.7)
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Illustration of weathering REE deposits
Transported placers (placer deposit).

(A) * quartz grains (granitic host),
* titanite, rutile, Ti-hematite, magnetite,
* zircon.
→ crystalline REE minerals:
allanite/monazite/xenotime.
chemical
Basaltic, weathering
granitic rock
In situ residual soil: A-horizon
* quartz grains (granitic host),
Mineral compositions: * clay minerals or ferruginous clay,
* free quartz (granitic), * Ti-hematite / magnetite / limonite,
* olivine (basalt),
* pyroxene,
* biotite / muscovite,
(B) Regolith-hosted REE deposits.
→ non-crystalline REE minerals
* hornblende, REE ion-adsorption on clay:
* plagioclase/K-feldspar/nepheline/ (*) clay-(REE2+/3+/4+)
leucite/pseudoleucite, or
* titaniferous, titanite, rutile, (*) ferruginous clay-(REE2+/3+/4+)
magnetite iron ore,
* apatite,
* allanite/monazite/xenotime,
* zircon.
Material in solution:
* silica,
* Mg2+,
(C) * Ca2+,
* Na+,
Godang (2020) * K+,
This Sasami-18 MGEI * REE2+/3+/4+ (REEs leached out; C-horizon
REEs which is not absorbed
by the clay)
Tantalus (Madagascar) Laterite Profile deposit.
Fresh rock: Weakly to moderately Strongly weathering profiles.

K-feldspar rich granite. weathering profiles. * DOS > (85% up),
* DOS < 55%, * DOS > (55-70%), * CIA > (85% up).
* CIA < 55%. * CIA > (55-70%).
Hampel (2012)
Madagascar granites (Berger, 2014):
Shoshonitic alkaline-calcic I-type granites. Chemical reaction between clay and REE-ion:
* A/(CNK) < 1.0 (Shand, 1927);
* Shoshonitic alkaline-calcic refers to Trapezoid model
(clay)- + (REE)2+/3+/4+ → clay-(REE)
(Godang et al., 2016) (Moldoveanu and Papangelakis, 2014)
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Granitic weathering profile
Zudong muscovite-K-feldspar granite, Longnan area, Jiangxi China (Wu et al., 1990)
illustration only
Paper: REE Geochemistry in the Weathered Crust of Granites, Longnan area, Jiangxi Province (Wu et al., 1990)
Zudong muscovite-K-feldspar granite:
* 0.85 < (NK)/A < 1.0 (Shand, 1927);
* Shoshonitic alkaline (Trapezoid model)
Code# SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K2O TREY DOS
#1 66.49 0.07 21.17 1.23 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.00 1.91 159.01 89.34
#2 68.42 0.05 20.09 1.22 0.16 0.16 0.07 0.10 1.32 146.38 90.83
#3 75.16 0.03 15.82 0.93 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.01 2.01 445.91 86.41
#4 74.94 0.06 15.25 0.73 0.68 0.00 0.11 0.27 3.48 568.85 78.66
#5 72.46 0.03 15.98 0.55 1.00 0.03 0.11 0.71 5.35 541.57 70.24
#6 76.90 0.14 12.39 0.44 0.78 0.08 0.04 3.76 4.43 54.35
#7 76.14 0.03 12.97 0.09 1.07 0.03 0.62 4.25 4.52 227.30 51.37
residual soil four base

Weathering elements
#7
#6
#5
#4
#3
#1
#2
Binary Degree Of Saprolitization (DOS) diagram (Godang et al., 2019)
Saprolitization of Alumina Diagram
[ Logarithmic plots : [(A+B)/(A+B+C), (in molar)] vs Al2O3 (wt%) ]
#7 (TREY = 227.30 ppm)
(TREY = no data) #6
Targeting for saprolite
#5 (TREY = 541.57)
(TREY = 568.85) #4
(TREY = 445.91) #3
#1 Surface soil:
#2 #1 (TREY = 159.01)
#2 (TREY = 146.38)
in saprolith zone (exclude saprock):
* HREE >>
* TREY (avg) = 518.78 ppm,
LREE (avg) = 120.77 ppm,
HREE (avg) = 398.00 ppm.
* LREE (23.28%), HREE (76.72%)
#3
#4
#5
#7
#1
#2
Normalized to Primitive Mantle of Rare Earth Elements. The incompatibility sequence refers to Zhang (2014). The description
of depleted-weakly-moderately-strongly mantle metasomatism is only used for the determination of metasomatism of
mafic/basaltic rocks which based on TREY (modified from Godang et al. 2016)
Schematic model of REEs saprolite zone in regolith profile
Pedolith
#1,#2
(90%)
A horizon (Topsoil)
DOS
(< -0.5 m)
152.70 ppm
Solum / Soil
Targeting for in situ extraction
(REE ion-adsorption type)
Regolith
→ Strong HREE.
(increasing of DOS)
#3 (-3 m)
(70.2 – 86.4%)
E horizon (Eluvial horizon; Transition) 445.91 ppm
Saprolith
(Upper saprolite zone) #4 (-9 m)
DOS
568.85 ppm
and
#5 (-16 m)
B horizon (Subsoil; wholly weathered) 541.57 ppm
(Lower saprolite zone)
(54.35%)
C horizon (sub-weathered) #6 (-30 m)
DOS
TREY = no
(Saprock) data.
Bedrock
R horizon (Basement rock)
(51.3%)
#7 (-40 m)
DOS
Zudong muscovite-K-feldspar granite 227.3 ppm

(Longnan, Jiangxi, China)
* 0.85 < (NK)/A < 1.0 (Shand, 1927);
* Shoshonitic alkaline (Trapezoid model)
Godang et al. (2019); Lutgens and Tarbuck (2012)

Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Regolith S-Laos
Basalts and REE-rich laterite from Bolaven Plateau, Southern Laos (Sanematsu et al., 2011)
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
Outcrop laterite
#5 (Nephelinite),
mantle plume.
From paper: Mobility of Rare Earth Elements in Basalt-Derived Laterite at the Bolaven Plateau, Southern Laos (Sanematsu et al., 2011)
Geochemical data (major (%), TREY (ppm), DOS, IOL) of basalt and REE-rich laterite in the Bolaven Plateau, Laos
Code# Rock_laterite Sample_No# Depth_m SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3(t) MgO CaO Na2O K2O TREY dEu dCe DOS IOL (modif)
#13 Laterite (high-Al) 1705A 0m 0.66 5.50 39.05 29.86 0.280 0.010 0.005 0.010 521.06 1.096 0.970 98.87 99.05
#14 Laterite (high-Fe-Ti) 1705B 0.5 m 0.55 7.15 31.97 37.28 0.240 0.030 0.020 0.080 1,348.40 1.099 0.947 98.81 99.21
#15 Laterite (high-Fe-Ti) 1705C 1m 0.37 7.40 31.66 38.90 0.240 0.030 0.010 0.030 1,349.68 1.093 0.954 98.93 99.48
#16 Laterite (high-Fe-Ti) 1705D 1.5 m 0.50 7.58 27.59 43.06 0.270 0.020 0.005 0.005 1,256.74 1.061 1.010 98.88 99.30
#17 Laterite (high-Fe-Ti) 1705E 2m 0.34 7.10 33.62 36.83 0.330 0.030 0.030 0.020 1,537.44 1.107 0.934 98.57 99.52
#18 Laterite (high-Fe-Ti) 1705F 2.5 m 0.49 6.26 31.66 36.17 0.310 0.030 0.020 0.005 1,039.90 1.083 0.997 98.62 99.28
#19 Laterite (high-Fe-Ti) 1705G 3m 0.48 7.77 29.25 42.16 0.250 0.040 0.050 0.090 1,370.91 1.034 0.941 98.68 99.33
#2 Within-plate (Basaltic andesite) 1616 52.34 1.63 15.12 11.53 6.350 8.500 3.020 0.600 82.03 1.066 0.941 39.81 33.74
#8 Within-plate (Basaltic andesite) 1712E 52.35 1.92 14.05 10.94 6.190 8.060 2.910 0.860 104.54 1.059 0.965 39.46 32.31
#10 Within-plate (Basaltic andesite) 1807D 52.31 1.70 14.34 12.10 7.470 8.210 3.060 0.880 93.17 1.080 0.946 37.84 33.58
#1 Within-plate (Tholeiitic basalt) 1614 51.38 1.65 14.48 12.19 6.860 8.670 2.890 0.640 77.96 1.038 0.949 38.72 34.17
#7 Within-plate (Tholeiitic basalt) 1710A 49.75 1.65 14.37 11.86 6.650 8.470 2.630 0.330 86.00 1.085 0.958 39.45 34.52
#12 Within-plate (Tholeiitic basalt) 1815 49.56 1.66 14.61 12.81 7.730 8.600 2.960 0.820 69.83 1.079 0.950 37.82 35.62
#3 Within-plate (Alkali basalt) 1619E 49.85 1.87 13.41 11.16 6.900 8.260 2.970 0.860 113.71 1.069 0.960 37.45 33.02
#4 Within-plate (Alkali basalt) 1619F 49.83 1.91 13.37 11.30 7.020 8.380 2.980 0.870 112.84 1.066 0.964 37.22 33.12
#6 Within-plate (Alkali basalt) 1707 50.92 1.57 14.04 11.35 6.720 7.990 3.030 1.010 102.82 1.044 0.958 38.25 33.27
#9 Within-plate (Alkali basalt) 1806G 51.85 1.64 13.85 11.53 6.600 7.890 2.930 0.830 93.72 1.074 0.944 38.80 32.87
#11 Within-plate (Alkali basalt) 1811 48.80 1.64 14.04 12.66 7.190 8.290 3.250 1.030 138.00 1.034 0.956 37.88 35.37
#5 Mantle plume (Nephelinite) 1705H 4m 39.16 3.18 10.46 17.45 8.290 12.380 3.770 2.340 403.92 1.079 0.946 32.95 41.62
* Laterite (high Fe-Ti), TREY = 1317.18 ppm (avg)

* Enrichment of REE in laterite (oxidation) = 1317.18 / 403.92
= 3.26 times
* Enrichment of REE in laterite (reduction) = 521.06 / 403.92
= 1.29 times
Ternary Laterization of Mafic/Basaltic Rocks
(rectified after Schellmann (1986) and Aleva (1994))
[Ternary: Al2O3–Fe2O3(t)–SiO2 (in wt%)]
Other
rocks
#5 (1705H)
#14 - #19
#13
Redox (reduction and
oxidation) condition
#5 (1705H)
Other
rocks
#14 - #19
reduction
#13
Redox DOS diagram (mathematically converted from ternary DOS)
“Unpublished diagram”
#14-#19 (high-Fe)
TREY = 1317.18 ppm (avg)
Fe2O3(t) = 36.17% – 43.06%
reduction
#13 (surface soil)

high-alumina (relative low Fe)
TREY = 521.06 ppm
Fe2O3(t) = 29.86%
High Fe-Ti laterites (6 samples) in
saprolith zone :
* LREE >>
* TREY (avg) = 1317.17 ppm,
no Ce anomaly
* LREE (85.27%), HREE (14.73%)
no Eu anomaly
Mantle plume (WAM)

Basanite (C.kale)
(Aldanmaz et al. 2006)
Message from Sanematsu et al. (2011):

* REE-rich weathered rocks are not necessarily
associated with ion-adsorption type deposit,
because there has a difficulty in REE extraction.
Lateritic Western Sulawesi
Exploration drilling consultant
PT. Erde Ressourcen
Dr. rer nat. Arifudin Idrus;
Fadlin, ST., M.Eng;
Okki Verdiansyah, ST., M.T
Regolith W-Sulawesi
Anorogenic alkaline rock and REE-rich laterite from W-Sulawesi (Godang et al., 2019)
Laterite W-Sulawesi
Code# Rock_laterite Depth_m SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3(t) MgO CaO Na2O K2O TREY dEu dCe DOS IOL (modif)
T01 Top soil 1m 26.90 3.66 26.81 25.04 0.240 0.010 0.020 0.340 1,860.63 0.532 1.890 97.88 65.84
T02 Laterite 2m 29.45 3.61 26.53 24.26 0.390 0.100 0.080 0.450 2,406.20 0.562 1.280 96.31 63.30
Laterite (negative Ce-

T03 3m 32.38 3.28 24.52 23.56 0.390 0.020 0.030 0.670 2,786.96 0.576 0.693 96.05 59.76
anomaly)
T04 4m 34.57 3.41 25.02 21.99 0.420 0.005 0.040 0.750 2,929.56 0.584 0.664 95.70 57.63
anomaly)
T05 5m 36.01 2.85 23.29 21.75 0.800 0.080 0.030 0.860 2,195.79 0.576 0.799 92.84 55.57
anomaly)
Weakly weathered
T06 6m 43.29 2.20 18.16 13.33 4.300 6.490 0.320 1.040 2,042.65 0.554 0.867 54.79 42.11
(Precipitation of REEs)
T07 Weakly weathered 7m 43.04 2.27 18.23 15.34 3.880 5.540 0.670 1.040 1,472.12 0.601 1.123 58.30 43.82
T08 (avg11) Parent trachytic rock 8m 49.67 1.56 13.07 10.10 4.622 7.252 5.645 1.006 944.43 0.611 1.100 37.91 31.82
* Enrichment of REE in saprolite zone (upper and lower saprolite, T02 – T05), TREY = 2579.62 ppm (avg)
= 2579.62 / 944.43
= 2.73 times
From paper: Saprolitization’s Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in Volcanic Regolith on Drill Core #65 in Western
Sulawesi, Indonesia (Godang et al., 2019)
laterite
lateritic-ferruginous clay
Binary Degree Of Saprolitization (DOS) diagram (Godang et al., 2019)
Saprolitization of Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
Logarithmic plots: [(A+B)/(A+B+C), (in molar)] vs Al2O3 (wt%)
It's just a coincidence, where the trend

is so smooth.
→ “KEBETULAN SAJA”
Enrichment of REE in saprolite zone (T02 – T05),
exclude Saprock (T06 – T07):
* LREE >>
* TREY (avg) = 2579.62 ppm,
* LREE (81.73%), HREE (18.27%)
Schematic model of REEs saprolite zone in regolith profile
SiO2 = 26.90%
O horizon (part of topsoil) TiO2 = 3.66%
Loose and partly decayed organic matter Al2O3= 26.81%
Pedolith
Fe2O3(t) 25.04%
MgO = 0.24%
CaO = 0.01%
A horizon (Topsoil)
(97.9%)
Na2O = 0.02%
The immobility elements : Al, Fe, Ti,

T01 (-1 m)
DOS
Humus + soil rich REEs K2O = 0.34%
1,860 ppm LOI = 15.10%
Mineral matter mixed with some humus
Solum / Soil
Avg E,B-horizon :
E horizon (Eluviated horizon; Transition) SiO2 = 33.10%
and LOI
TiO2 = 3.29%
(Upper saprolite zone) Al2O3= 24.84%
Regolith
(96.3%)
Enrichment zone of REEs ion-adsorption T02 (-2 m)
DOS
Fe2O3(t) 22.89%
(increasing of DOS)
on clay in residual soil 2,406 ppm MgO = 0.50%
CaO = 0.05%
Zone of eluviation and leaching Na2O = 0.04%
Saprolith
T03 (-3 m) K2O = 0.68%
B horizon (Subsoil; wholly weathered)
(92.8 – 96.0%)
LOI = 12.25%
2,787 ppm
(Lower saprolite zone) DOS T04 (-4 m)
Enrichment zone of REEs ion-adsorption SiO2 = 43.16%
2,929 ppm
on clay in residual soil TiO2 = 2.23%
T05 (-5 m) Al2O3= 18.20%
Accumulation of clay, iron+Ti and 2,196 ppm Fe2O3(t) 14.33%
aluminum from above
The order of relative mobility :

MgO = 4.09%
CaO = 6.01%
T06 (-6 m)
(54.8 – 58.3%)
Na > Ca > Mg > K > Si

C horizon (sub-weathered; weakly weathered) Na2O = 0.50%
2,042 ppm K2O = 1.0x%
(Saprock)
DOS
LOI = 8.05%
Enrichment REEs by precipitation SiO2 = 49.67%
at upper sub-weathered (T06) T07 (-7 m) TiO2 = 1.56%
Al2O3= 13.07%
Bedrock
Partially altered parent material 1,472 ppm
Fe2O3(t) 10.10%
MgO = 4.62%
CaO = 7.25%
Na2O = 5.64%
K2O = 1.01%
R horizon (Basement rock; Solid rock) LOI = 5.45%
(37.9%)
T08 (-8 m)
DOS
Parent trachytic rock

944 ppm
Unweathered parent material
Godang et al. (2019)

Characteristic of saprolitization REEs LREE & HREE
A-horizon
minimum (LREE = 91.06% & HREE = 8.94%)
A-horizon
(97.9%)
uptake by
------- High ability of the ion-adsorption on clay -------
T01 (-1 m): 1,860 ppm

DOS
plants, and dCe = 1.88
minor
lessivage
E-horizon
factor.
(LREE = 88.28% & HREE = 11.72%)

E-horizon
(96.3%)
T02 (-2 m): 2,406 ppm

DOS
---
(increasing of DOS)
dCe = 1.28
B-horizon
T03 (-3 m): 2,787 ppm (LREE = 79.73% & HREE = 20.27%)
lessivage and
(92.8 – 96.0%)
dCe = 0.69
B-horizon
carrying out
of some Ce- T04 (-4 m): 2,929 ppm
DOS
ion by dCe = 0.66

groundwater T05 (-5 m): 2,196 ppm
flow
C-horizon
dCe = 0.80
(T06: LREE = 84.74% & HREE = 15.26%)
T06 : lessivage (T07: LREE = 86.75% & HREE = 13.25%)
(54.8 – 58.3%)
and carrying T06 (-6 m): 2,042 ppm

C-horizon
out of some dCe = 0.86

Ce-ion by
DOS
groundwater
flow T07 (-7 m): 1,472 ppm
+ precipitation dCe = 1.12
of REEs.
R-horizon
Mafic trachytic parent rock :
(LREE = 87.42% & HREE = 12.58%)
R-horizon
Unweathered
(37.9%)
T08 (-8 m): 944 ppm

DOS
rock
dCe = 1.10

Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
The Problems for regolith-hosted REE deposits of granitic and
mafic weathering:
1. Low-grade REE (TREY = 0.05% – 0.20%; 500 – 2000 ppm).
2. Low percentage of HREE.
3. The difficulty of REE extraction from granitic weathering
profiles is, there is no guarantee that an ion-adsorption REE
deposit can be extracted.
4. The difficulty of REE extraction from mafic weathering
profiles is; the problem may lie in the ferruginous clay which
also binds the REE-ions, making it difficult to extract.
Challenge：
The challenge for metallurgists to conduct the research for an
extraction of REE ion-absorption is by using another chemical
reagent (or a combination) or perhaps with the addition of a
catalyst.
Session-I:
1. Introduction.
weathering.
Session-II:
10. Conclusions.
Conclusions:
01. Ternary DOS is the rock geochemistry weathering diagram. It

is a new version of IOL, which has a strong relationship to
ternary laterite-bauxite-ferrite (after Aleva, 1994)
02. The splitting of the alumina and Fe-Ti in ternary weathering
diagram is better for recognizing the trend of saprolitization
in residual soil.
03. The ternary DOS diagram is successfully applied on the
geochemistry weathering of ultramafic, mafic, intermediate,
and felsic rocks; furthermore, it can also be applied to
orogenic and anorogenic protoliths.
04. The derivative of ternary DOS, in the form of a “binary Redox
DOS diagram” successfully is used to find out the Redox
condition in ferruginization process.
05. The ternary DOS diagram and derived binary diagrams are
great for modeling on targeting either REE ion-adsorption
deposits in granitic/mafic weathering, Ni/Sc deposits in
ultramafic weathering, or bauxite deposits in mafic/basaltic
weathering.
References:
Aide, M.T., and Aide, C., 2012, Rare earth elements: Their importance in understanding soil genesis: International Scholarly
Research Network, ISRN Soil Science 2012, Article ID 783876, 11 p.
Allaby Michael, 2008 (3rd Ed). A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. Oxford University Press, 663 p.
Aleva, G.J.J., 1994. Laterites: Concepts, Geology, Morphology and Chemistry. Wageningen, the Netherlands: ISIRC, ISBN:
90.6672.053.0., 169 p.
Aiglsperger, T., Proenza, J.A., Zaccarini, F., Labrador, M., Svojtka, M., Rojas-Purón, A., Longo, F., Ďurišová, J., 2016. Critical
metals (REE, Sc, PGE) in Ni laterites from Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Ore Geology Reviews 73, 127–147
Aspandiar, Mehrooz F. Regolith Geochemistry & Mineralogy. CRC LEME, Curtin University of Technology.
Babechuk, M.G., Widdowsonc, M., Kamber, B.S., 2014. Quantifying chemical weathering intensity and trace element release
from two contrasting basalt profiles, Deccan Traps, India. Elsevier, Chemical Geology, vol. 363, p. 56–75.
Carroll Dorothy, 1970. Rock Weathering.
Chakhmouradian, A.R. and Wall, F., 2012. Rare Earth Elements: Minerals, Mines, Magnets (and More). Elements, vol. 8, No.
5, p.333–340
China Mineral Reserves Committee, 1986. Handbook of industrial minerals product requirement and references. China
Geological Publishing House, p. 178-190
Cocker, Mark D., 2012. Lateritic, supergene rare earth element (REE) deposits, in 48th Annual Forum on the Geology of
Industrial Minerals (Scottsdale, Arizona Proceedings, April 30 - May 4, 2012)
Cluzel, D., Adams, C.J., Meffre, S., Campbell, H., Maurizot, P., 2010. Discovery of Early Cretaceous rocks in New Caledonia;
new geochemical and U-Pb zircon age constraints on the transition from subduction to marginal breakup in the
Southwest Pacific. The Journal of Geology 118, 4 (2010) 381-397
Dar Imran Ahmad, 2012. Earth Sciences.
Godang, S., Fadlin, Priadi, B., 2016. Geochemical Signatures of Potassic to Sodic Adang Volcanics, Western Sulawesi:
Implications for Their Tectonic Setting and Origin. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience Vol. 3 No. 3, p. 195-214
Godang, S., Idrus, A., Fadlin, Priadi, B., and Basuki, N.I., 2019. Saprolitization’s Characteristics of Rare Earth Elements in
Volcanic Regolith on Drill Core #65 in Western Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Hamblin and Christiansen, 2003 (10th Ed). Earth's Dynamic Systems.
Hampel Wolfgang, 2012. Discovery of a Major Unconventional Heavy Rare Earths Deposit in Madagascar. African Business
Week.
Henderson, P., 1984. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry. Elsevier, pp.510, p.vi
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78(4): 809-820. ISSN 0001-3765
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Rockforming minerals. © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, 587 p
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THANK YOU
(Matur Nuwun)
Attachment after Thank You
Sometimes a theory is not
always interdependent;
need to be careful
when using this silica Dissolution:
in the rock weathering SiO2 + 2H2O → H4SiO4(aq)
diagram.
Stable in the
atmosphere
Slow
weathering
Question:
Quartz is stable in
the atmosphere
or not?
Rapid
weathering
Goldrich’s stability series (1938)

in Scott and Pain (2009), p.65
in textbook: Geology Applied to Engineering (Terry R. West, 1995), p.156
increasing of Degree of an increasing of alumina
Saprolitization (DOS) is equal to (Al2O3) in saprolite zone.
increasing of Degree of is not always an enrichment of REEs

Saprolitization (DOS) equal reflect to in saprolite zone.
The potential pathways for REEs migration :

1. Plant uptake,
2. Lessivage (eluviation-illuviation of clay with coadsorbed REEs),
→ Lessivage is a kind of leaching from clay particles being
carried down in suspension (‘carried in’ and ‘carried out’).
(“Lessivage adalah sejenis pencucian dari partikel tanah liat yang
dibawa dalam suspensi”)
3. Leaching (‘non-horizontal leaching’).
3.1. ion-adsorption on clay,
3.2. Precipitation (ion REEs and/or crystalline REE minerals).
An illustration of the relationship between DOS and enrichment of REEs by weathering process and
the potential pathways for REEs migration.
Bidgol bauxite deposit, Iran
(Ahmadnejad et al., 2017)
Bidgol bauxite ore composition:
SiO2 = 5.14 – 13.24%,
Al2O3 = 45.48 – 64.28%,
Fe2O3(t) = 7.79 – 24.70%.
Bidgol bauxite ore composition:
SiO2 = 5.14 – 13.24%,
Al2O3 = 45.48 – 64.28%,
Fe2O3(t) = 7.79 – 24.70%.
Zudong muscovite-K-feldspar granite and
Zudong biotite-K-feldspar granite (China)
Zudong muscovite-K-feldspar granite:
#1 66.49 0.07 21.17 1.23 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.00 1.91 159.01 89.34
#2 68.42 0.05 20.09 1.22 0.16 0.16 0.07 0.10 1.32 146.38 90.83
#3 75.16 0.03 15.82 0.93 0.09 0.11 0.07 0.01 2.01 445.91 86.41
#4 74.94 0.06 15.25 0.73 0.68 0.00 0.11 0.27 3.48 568.85 78.66
#5 72.46 0.03 15.98 0.55 1.00 0.03 0.11 0.71 5.35 541.57 70.24
#7 76.14 0.03 12.97 0.09 1.07 0.03 0.62 4.25 4.52 227.30 51.37
Zudong biotite-K-feldspar granite:

A1 71.01 0.53 14.70 5.92 0.23 0.33 0.08 0.00 3.24 862.88 81.14
A2 73.04 0.42 14.42 3.64 0.16 0.29 0.10 0.00 3.49 773.15 78.74
B 73.43 0.26 14.65 2.41 0.16 0.21 0.09 0.03 4.37 885.74 75.24
C1a 72.18 0.33 14.76 2.06 0.55 0.09 0.08 0.41 5.23 383.59 71.57
C1b 71.34 0.03 14.46 1.97 1.53 0.14 0.15 0.53 5.82 335.69 68.35
E 74.59 0.27 12.00 1.57 1.61 0.12 0.45 3.19 5.60 358.97 53.82
Currently existing Redox diagram
McQueen (2006)
Babechuk et al. (2014)
Redox DOS diagram (mathematically converted from ternary DOS)
“Unpublished diagram”
#14-#19 (high-Fe)
TREY = 1317.18 ppm (avg)
Fe2O3(t) = 36.17% – 43.06%
reduction
#13 (surface soil)

high-alumina (relative low Fe)
TREY = 521.06 ppm
Fe2O3(t) = 29.86%
Godang (01 july, 2020)

This Sasami-18 MGEI
Others
Weathering Ternary Diagram CIA–A–CN–K
(after Nesbitt and Young, 1984) Weathering Ternary Diagram of Basaltic
Ternary: Al2O3–(CaO*+Na2O)–K2O (in molar) (origin Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992)
Copied from Recent Chemical Weathering of Basalts (Nesbitt and Wilson, 1992)
Textbook: Comparative Climatology of Terrestrial Planets (Stephen J. Mackwell, 2013, p.446)
Origin Aleva (1994)
Discrimination of Humid and Arid for sandstones (Suttner and Dutta, 1986)
Plots: SiO2 vs (Al2O3+K2O+Na2O), (in wt%)
Copied from Cenozoic arc processes in Indonesia: Identification of the key influences on the
stratigraphic record in active volcanic arcs (Hall and Smyth, 2008, p.49)
Boulder in lateritic profiles
File: J-1290h (Weathering profiles with Boulder).jpg
Other existing weathering model:
------------------------------------------------
WIP (Weathering Index of Parker, 1970)

WIP = 100 x (2xNa2O/0.35 + MgO/0.9 + 2xK2O/0.25 + CaO/0.7)
WPI (Weathering Potential Index)
MWPI (Modified weathering potential index; Reiche, 1943)

MWPI = 100 x (Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO) /
(Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3)
CIW (Chemical index of weathering; Harnois, 1988)

CIW = (100)[Al2O3 / (Al2O3+CaO+Na2O)], (in molar)
PIA (Plagioclase Index of Alteration; Fedo et al. 1995)

PIA = 100 [(Al2O3−K2O) / (Al2O3+CaO+Na2O−K2O)]
CIA (Chemical Index of Alteration; Nesbitt and Young, 1984)

CIA = (100)[Al2O3 / (Al2O3+CaO+Na2O+K2O)] , (in molar)
Size and grade of some productive and potentially productive REE deposits
Ref: Rare Earth Elements (Stephen B. Castor and James B. Hedrick, 2006)
Ref: REE Deposits of Alkaline Igneous Rocks (Dostal, 2017; p2). Resources 2017, 6, 34; doi:10.3390/resources6030034
Table 5. Distribution of rare earth elements in selected REE's deposits.
High Y Low Y
Average Bastnasite Monazite Bulk ore Bulk ore
Bastnasite Xenotime REE REE
upper Mountain Green Cove Bear Strange
Bayan Obo, Lehat, laterite laterite
crustal Pass, Spring, Lodge, Lake,
Rare earth China Malaysia Longnan, Xunwu,
abundance USA USA USA Canada
element (percent) (percent) China China
(percent) (percent) (percent) (percent) (percent)
Hedrick Hedrick (percent) (percent)
Wedepohl Castor Hedrick Castor Castor
(2004) (2004) Hedrick Hedrick
(1995) (2008) (2004) (2008) (2008)
(2004) (2004)
La (Lanthanum) 19.30 33.80 23.00 17.50 1.20 1.80 43.40 30.40 4.60
Ce (Cerium) 39.20 49.60 50.00 43.70 3.10 0.40 2.40 45.50 12.00
Pr (Praseodynium) 3.80 4.10 6.20 5.00 0.50 0.70 9.00 4.70 1.40
Nd (Neodymium) 15.50 11.20 18.50 17.50 1.60 3.00 31.70 15.80 4.30
Sm (Samarium) 2.80 0.90 0.80 4.90 1.10 2.80 3.90 1.80 2.10
Eu (Europium) 0.60 0.10 0.20 0.20 Trace 0.10 0.50 0.40 0.20
Gd (Gadolinium) 1.70 0.20 0.70 6.60 3.50 6.90 3.00 0.70 2.50
Tb (Terbium) 0.30 - 0.10 0.30 0.90 1.30 Trace 0.10 0.30
Dy (Dysprosium) 1.70 - 0.10 0.90 8.30 6.70 Trace 0.20 8.20
Ho (Holmium) 0.40 - Trace 0.10 2.00 1.60 Trace - 1.70
Er (Erbium) 1.30 - Trace Trace 6.40 4.90 Trace - 4.90
Tm (Thulium) 0.20 - Trace Trace 1.10 0.70 Trace <0.01 0.70
Yb (Ytterbium) 0.90 - Trace 0.10 6.80 2.50 0.30 0.50 4.00
Lu (Lutetium) 0.20 Trace Trace Trace 1.00 0.40 0.10 <0.01 0.40
Y (Yttrium) 12.30 0.10 Trace 2.50 61.00 65.00 8.00 <0.01 52.80
Total (%) 100.20 100.00 99.60 99.30 98.50 98.80 102.30 100.10 100.10
Ref: The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global
Perspective. USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220, By Keith R. Long, Bradley S. Van Gosen, Nora K. Foley,
and Daniel Cordier.
The distribution of rare earth elements in various rocks
Alkaline rocks : 210 ppm (~ TREY : 183 ppm)
Granitoid : 250 ppm (~ TREY : 217 ppm)
Intermediate : 130 ppm (~ TREY : 113 ppm)
Mafic Rock : 85 ppm (~ TREY : 74 ppm)
Ultramafic : 4.5 ppm (~ TREY : 3.9 ppm)
Basically obtained from

Sc have similar chemical behavior to the ultramafic rocks.
other rare earths, but it found in
different types of deposits.
Source:
China Mineral Reserves Committee, 1986.
Handbook of industrial minerals product
requirement and references, Geological Publishing
House.
weathering of sphene mineral :
→ REEs ion-adsorption.
→ (titanite)
→ (Zr,Hf,REE,Th)SiO4
weathering of apatite mineral :

→ (Ca2)(Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO4 → REEs ion-adsorption.
→ Bastnasite-(Ce): (Ce,La)(CO3)F
Additional :
* Titanite (sphene; CaTiSiO5) → Y and REE replace Ca.
* Diopside (CaMgSi2O6; clinopyroxene subgroup) → Y and REE replace Ca.
* Plagioclase ((Na, Ca)(Si, Al)4O8) → Y and REE replace Ca and Na.
* K-feldspar (KAlSi3O8) → carry Y + REE.

* Leucite (KAlSi2O6; feldspar-related mineral) → carry Y + REE.
* Garnet (almandine (Fe-rich), pyrope (Mg-rich), spessartine (Mn-rich)) → carry Y + HREE
Ref:
* Mineralogy of the rare earth elements (Andrew M. Clark), in Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (Henderson, 1983, pp. 33-54)
* Rare Earth Elements: Their Importance in Understanding Soil Genesis (Aide and Aide, 2014)
Major REE deposit types in a tectonic context.
additional :
** China Giant Bayan Obo (inner Mongolia) : * REEs in Bauxite Ore deposits (laterite).
→ a. Hydrothermal Iron Ore deposit. * IOCG deposits (Olympic Dam, South Australia).
→ b. Sedimentary Carbonate-Hosted * Pegmatites REEs deposits.
(REE-Fe-Nb are Deposit). * Metamorphic REEs deposits.
→ c. Carbonatite Metasomatism. * REE-bearing coal deposits (J.M. Ekmann, USGS,2012)
→ d. IOCG deposit (IO-REE-Nb). * REEs in deep-sea mud deposits.

New Discovery of Rock Geochemistry Weathering System The Mutant DOS Model For The Enrichment of aluminaREENi in Regolith

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New Discovery of Rock Geochemistry Weathering System The Mutant DOS Model For The Enrichment of aluminaREENi in Regolith

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Sasami-18 MGEI:

New discovery of rock geochemistry weathering

Presented via webinar

Simple illustration of rock weathering

b. Oxidation: the reaction of a substance with

c. Hydration: the process of causing something

d. Dissolution: some compounds dissolve in

Tingkat keasaman (pH) Air Hujan (versi BMKG):

*** pH for sea water is between 7.5 and 8.5

(Na) Stable in the atmosphere as residual soil:

in Scott and Pain (2009), p.65

O horizon (part of topsoil)

Degree of chemical weathering

C horizon (sub-weathered; weakly weathered)

Anorogenic alkaline rock, Western Sulawesi (Godang et al., 2019)

Ni-laterite deposits of New Caledonia (Ulrich et al., 2018)

The mutant ternary DOS diagram for

Origin ternary Index of Lateritization (IOL), additional of TiO2

be careful when using SiO2 in the

#05 38.39 2.58 41.76 2.77 1.19 28.84 80.25 37.70

#06 31.06 3.32 44.32 5.84 1.27 31.91 67.97 41.10

#06: SiO2 = 31.06%

Targeting for high grade (Ni 2.2% up)

#09. Ni (2.96%), Sc (12.6)

#05. Ni (1.19%), Sc (37.7)

The targeting of Sc deposit for

Sc substitutes for Fe3+ and Al3+

Transported placers (placer deposit).

Fresh rock: Weakly to moderately Strongly weathering profiles.

residual soil four base

#7 (TREY = 227.30 ppm)

Targeting for saprolite

O horizon (part of topsoil)

Zudong muscovite-K-feldspar granite 227.3 ppm

Godang et al. (2019); Lutgens and Tarbuck (2012)

* Laterite (high Fe-Ti), TREY = 1317.18 ppm (avg)

#13 (surface soil)

Mantle plume (WAM)

Message from Sanematsu et al. (2011):

Laterite (negative Ce-

It's just a coincidence, where the trend

The immobility elements : Al, Fe, Ti,

Degree of chemical weathering

The order of relative mobility :

Na > Ca > Mg > K > Si

Parent trachytic rock

Godang et al. (2019)

O horizon (part of topsoil)

T01 (-1 m): 1,860 ppm

Degree of chemical weathering

T02 (-2 m): 2,406 ppm

ion by dCe = 0.66

and carrying T06 (-6 m): 2,042 ppm

out of some dCe = 0.86

T08 (-8 m): 944 ppm

Godang et al. (2019)

01. Ternary DOS is the rock geochemistry weathering diagram. It

Goldrich’s stability series (1938)

increasing of Degree of is not always an enrichment of REEs

The potential pathways for REEs migration :

Zudong biotite-K-feldspar granite:

#13 (surface soil)

Godang (01 july, 2020)