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6
H A P T E R
Other than removing loose dirt with After surface preparation and cleaning,
nonabrasive techniques and cleaning with any residues of cleaning agents, including
a simple solvent wipe, a nondestructive water, must be removed. The part and
testing inspector is unqualified to perform discontinuity surfaces must be not only
most cleaning operations. However, clean but also dry.
the inspector needs to know (1) what
contaminants and surface conditions
adversely affect the liquid penetrant test,
(2) the cleaning techniques or other Surface Conditions
processes required to eliminate the Interfering with Liquid
adverse conditions and (3) the
consequences of using those techniques Penetrant Testing
and processes. Knowledge of these Test material surface conditions that may
conditions and techniques enables the interfere with the application of liquid
inspector to request the proper operations penetrants or their entry into surface
and be assured that the surface is properly connected discontinuities may be
prepared for liquid penetrant testing. classified into two groups:
The mesh numbers used in this chapter (1) contaminants on the surface or within
to express the coarseness of grit used in discontinuities that prevent surface
mechanical processing correspond to wetting and capillary flow of the liquid
particle diameters, as explained in this penetrants; (2) contaminants or surface
volume’s discussion of measurement conditions that physically block the
units. entrances to discontinuities so that liquid
penetrants cannot enter.
Similarly, surface conditions or
contaminants that trap liquid penetrant
Test Object Preparation for or tracer liquids to produce false
Liquid Penetrant Testing indications or inhibit or prevent
extraction of liquid penetrant retained in
The first step of the liquid penetrant test leaks or discontinuities during
process is the preparation and cleaning of development, can be classified into two
the test surface and any surface connected groups: (1) porous, adherent coatings or
discontinuities. Surface preparation aids contaminants providing interstices that
wetting and flow of the liquid penetrant. retain liquid penetrants on test object
Surface conditions, e.g., soil surfaces or impede their entry into
contamination or surface irregularities, underlying discontinuities or leaks; and
can reduce the effectiveness of the test (2) coatings on interior surfaces of
process by interfering with (1) wetting of discontinuities or leaks that have high
the test surface by the liquid penetrant, surface energies and resist extraction of
(2) entry of the liquid penetrant into the liquid penetrant from the
discontinuities and (3) subsequent discontinuities into the developer coating.
bleedout of liquid penetrant to form
discontinuity indications.
Such interfering surface conditions
must be eliminated by surface preparation Types of Surface
before application of liquid penetrant.
The surface preparation technique Contamination Found on
selected must effectively remove the Test Objects
potential sources of interference without Surface contamination and contamination
damaging the parts being processed. within leaks or surface connected
Reliable liquid penetrant testing cannot discontinuities can be of many types,
be expected unless the parts to be tested including (1) preservative, forming,
are free from contamination. Foreign machining or lubricating oils and other
material adhering to the surface or liquids containing organic constituents;
contained within the discontinuities or (2) carbon, varnish and other tightly held
leak passageways, as well as the surface soil; (3) scale, rust, oxides, corrosion
effects cited above, can produce erroneous products and weld metal and weld flux
test indications or prevent indications residues; (4) paint and organic protective
from forming. coatings; (5) water, hydrates or other
TABLE 1. Contaminants that are on the test object surface or contained in voids or discontinuities and that interfere
with liquid penetrant action during processing, with removal procedures or corrective treatments.
3. Scale, rust, oxides and Surface soils tend to adsorb or absorb penetrant, 1. alkaline or acid type removal procedures
corrosion resulting in background color or fluorescence. 2. wire brushingb
These contaminants may also obstruct 3. vapor or sand blastingb
penetration into defects, impede wetting 4. electrocleaning
action or bridge discontinuities.
4. Paint coatings Paint coatings impede wetting. 1. solvent type paint removers
Paint coatings may also obscure or bridge surface 2. alkaline type paint removers
discontinuity openings. 3. abrasive removal proceduresb
4. burning
5. Water Water impedes wetting and penetration. 1. air dry
2. force dry with dry air
3. oven dry at elevated temperature
6. Strong acids or alkalines Strong acids or alkalines impede wetting and 1. rinse with fresh water
penetration. 2. use neutralizing rinse, fresh water rinse and
These contaminants may also also may react with dry
penetrant to decompose or degrade dyes or
other constituents.
a. Agitation such as used in ultrasonic cleaning may be beneficial with this surface treatment.
b. Mechanical processes that peen or smear surface material may act to close openings into discontinuities so that liquid penetrant indications cannot form.
Such abrasive cleaning techniques are often prohibited or require a subsequent acid etching treatment to reopen the discontinuity to the part surface so that
penetrant can enter.
FIGURE 1. Flowsheet for cleaning processes used with liquid penetrant testing.
Incoming parts
Preclean
Mechanical Paint stripper Ultrasonic
Dry
Etch
Inspect
(optional)
Inspect
Postclean
Dry
Outgoing parts
Removal of Fingerprints
from Test Surfaces
Most cleaning techniques will remove
fingerprint contamination on test objects.
However, in critical applications, it may
be necessary to use special procedures
such as electrocleaning or special
fingerprint removal products. The
mandatory use of cotton gloves for
handling test parts may be justified where
contamination from fingerprints, during
test handling or operations, is suspected
of causing trouble.
FIGURE 2. Effect of honing or lapping on liquid penetrant indications in cracked aluminum test specimens: (a) original crack
pattern of standard quench cracked block; (b) crack pattern after removal of 0.06 mm (0.0025 in.) of material using 30 grit
wheel with coolant and controlled feed and speed; (c) crack pattern after removal of 25 µm (0.001 in.) by simulated cylinder
honing operation; (d) crack pattern after removal of 0.008 mm (0.0003 in.) per side by standard preanodic etch method;
(e) crack pattern after removal of 0.06 mm (0.0025 in.) by milling.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
(d) (e)
FIGURE 4. Effect of hand sanding using 240 grit on liquid penetrant indications in cracked
aluminum alloy test block: (a) original crack pattern of standard quench cracked block;
(b) crack pattern after removal of 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) material by hand sanding using 240
aluminum oxide grit paper; (c) crack pattern after removal of 0.008 mm (0.0003 in.) per side
by standard preanodic etch method; (d) crack pattern after removal of 0.06 mm (0.0025 in.)
material by milling. Note that crack obscuring effect of 240 grit is noticeably more than that
indicated by use of coarser 180 grit.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
FIGURE 5. Effect on liquid penetrant indications from combination of hand sanding of cracked
aluminum alloy test block with 80 grit paper and finish grind using motor driven 240 grit
quill: (a) original crack pattern of standard quench cracked block; (b) crack pattern after finish
grind; (c) crack pattern after removal of 0.008 mm (0.0003 in.) material per side by standard
preanodic etch; (d) crack pattern after removal of 0.06 mm (0.0025 in.) material by milling.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
FIGURE 6. Effect of hand scraping using carbide tip scraper on liquid penetrant indications in cracked aluminum alloy test
block: (a) original crack pattern of quench cracked block; (b) crack pattern after removal of 0.12 mm (0.005 in.) by hand
scraping entire surface; (c) crack pattern after removal of 0.008 mm (0.0003 in.) per side by preanodic etch. Note that some
streaking and slight loss of crack pattern is evidenced in Fig. 5b due to variations in scraping technique.
FIGURE 7. Effect of standard shot peen process on liquid penetrant indications in cracked aluminum alloy test block:
(a) original crack pattern of standard quench cracked block; (b) crack pattern after shot peen; (c) crack pattern after removal
of 0.008 mm (0.0003 in.) material per side by standard preanodic etch process; (d) crack pattern after removal of 0.12 mm
(0.005 in.) material by milling; (e) crack pattern after removal of an additional 0.12 mm (0.005 in.) by milling.
(d) (e)
(a) (a)
(b) (b)
(c) (c)
(d) (d)
FIGURE 10. Effect of grit blasting using 150 alum oxide grit on liquid penetrant indications in cracked
aluminum alloy test block: (a) original crack pattern of quench cracked block; (b) crack pattern after grit blast;
(c) crack pattern after 0.008 mm (0.0003 in.) per side was removed by standard preanodic etch. Note that
textured surface of block in Fig 5c definitely affected spread of liquid penetrant during development period.
Because liquid penetrant pattern was returned in its entirety, no further work was done with this example.
FIGURE 11. Effect of chromic anodic anodize treatment on liquid penetrant indications in cracked aluminum
alloy test block: (a) original crack pattern as developed in 7075-T6 block by quench crack method;
(b) chromic acid bleed back stain after anodizing; (c) crack pattern as developed by liquid penetrant process
after anodizing. Note that here, as in grit blasted specimen, surface texture promoted increased spreading of
liquid penetrant during development.
TABLE 4. Amount of surface material to be removed by etching to restore liquid penetrant indications.
Surface Material to Be Removed
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
No. 120 aluminum oxide grit blasting 7.5 300 1.8 70 0.8 30 ___ ___
No. 50 aluminum oxide grit blasting 100.0 4000 1.5 60 0.5 20 ___ ___
Liquid honing 2.5 100 1.8 70 0.8a 30 ___ ___
Shot penning 100.0 4000 4.5 180 2.5 100 ___ ___
Tumble deburring 2.5 100 1.5 60 1.0a 40 5 (200)
Sanding, 100 grit no effect 1.5a 60 no effect 5 (200)
Sanding, 180 grit 2.5 100 1.8a 70 no effect 5 (200)
Finish sanding of O-ring grooves ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 1.3 (30)
Conventional machining ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 5 (200)
Etch with
nitric-chromic-hydrofluoric Liquid penetrant test
Etch with proprietary
acid etch (1 L nitric acid,
alkaline etch cleaner
0.1 L hydrofluoric acid and
0.5 kg chromic acid) Etch for 10 min with nitric-chromic-hydrofluoric
acid etch (1 L nitric acid, 0.1 L hydrofluoric acid
and 0.5 kg chromic acid to remove 5 µm or
0.0002 in.) of material
30 s etch 10 min 20 min
60 s etch 120 s etch 5 min etch
(remove etch etch
(remove (remove (remove
1.3 µm or (Remove (remove
2.5 µm or 5 µm or 2.5 µm or Etch with proprietary alkaline
0.00005 5 µm or 7.5 µm or
0.0001 in.) 0.0002 in.) 0.0001 in.) 0.0002 in.) etchant for 15 s to remove
in.) 0.0003 in.)
0.6 µm (0.000025 in.) of
material
(b)
(b)
(c)
Recommended Metal
Removal by Etching of
Sanded Aluminum Parts
These results indicate that aluminum
parts subjected to (1) a sanding operation
with 180 grit butterfly type sanding units
or (2) a sanding operation with 100 grit
emery cloth sanding disks or (3) tumble
End
FIGURE 19. Typical grinding crack pattern in carburized AISI 1018 steel.
TABLE 6. Summary of mechanical processing effects on liquid penetrant indications. Blank boxes indicate that tests were
not performed under those conditions.a
1018 and Titanium
Operation Aluminum 4340 Steel 300M Steel 4130 Steel (6AI-4V)
Grit blasting, 120 grit aluminum oxide not performeda masked someb masked someb not performeda masked mostc
Grit blasting, 50 grit aluminum oxide not performeda masked someb masked someb not performeda masked mostc
Liquid honing not performeda masked someb reduced strengthd masked mostc masked someb
Shot peening not performeda masked mostc masked mostc not performeda masked mostc
Tumble deburring masked someb masked someb reduced strengthd not performeda masked someb
Sanding, 100 grit masked someb reduced strengthd no effecte not performeda no effecte
Sanding, 180 grit masked someb reduced strengthd no effecte not performeda masked someb
Finish sanding O-ring grooves masked mostc not performeda not performeda not performeda not performeda
FIGURE 21. Effect of liquid honing on liquid penetrant indications in 300 M steel (water
washable liquid penetrant without developer): (a) before liquid honing; (b) after liquid
honing.
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 22. Effect of shot peening on liquid penetrant indications in 300M steel: (a) as
cracked; (b) after shot peening; (c) after etching.
(a)
(b)
(c)
FIGURE 23. Effect of grit blasting on liquid penetrant indications in 300M steel: (a) as cracked;
(b) after grit blasting; (c) after etching.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
Effects of Mechanical
Processing of Titanium on
Liquid Penetrant
Indications
The effect of mechanical processing on
titanium can be seen in Table 6. The effect Recommended Metal
on the liquid penetrant indications varied
depending on the mechanical process. For
Removal by Etching to
example, grit blasting and shot peening Restore Indications in
resulted in a total loss of liquid penetrant Titanium
indications (see Fig. 24) and were the
most detrimental processes. Consequently, The amount of etching required to restore
it can be seen that if liquid penetrant masked liquid penetrant indications also
testing of titanium is performed varied depending on the mechanical
immediately after grit blasting or shot process and the material (see Table 4). The
peening without etching, the test would average required amount of etching for
be highly ineffective. The effectiveness of Ti-6Al-4V alloy varied from 2.5 to 100 µm
the liquid penetrant testing was reduced (0.0001 to 0.004 in.).
to a lesser degree by liquid honing,
tumble deburring and 180 grit sanding
(see Fig. 25). For those processes, finer
indications were lost but the larger
indications remained. Finally, 100 grit
sanding had no observable effect on
either the number of liquid penetrant
indications or their strength.