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Clay mineralogy of the Bara Formation exposed at Ranikot, Lakhra and in the
subsurface of Thar coalfield, Sindh, Pakistan.

Article · December 2014

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Int. j. econ. environ. geol. Vol:5(2) 32-38, 2014 Available online at www.econ-environ-geol.org

Clay mineralogy of the Bara Formation exposed at Ranikot, Lakhra and in

the subsurface of Thar coalfield, Sindh, Pakistan
Asghar Ali Alias Daahar Hakro1, Muhammad Atique Ahmed Baig1, Syed Rafiq ul Hasan Baqri2
Qamaruddin Khokhar1*
1
Centre for Pure and Applied Geology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
2
Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan

*Email: khokhar.qamar@usindh.edu.pk

Abstract. The present study is carried out for the identification of clay minerals of the Bara Formation exposed at
Ranikot section, Lakhra section and in subsurface core samples of SB-14 and ST-24 bore holes drilled in the Thar
Coalfield. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques reveal that the mineral kaolinite
exists as spheroidal, stacks, thin idiomorphic plates and fragments. Additionally, chlorite (Mg-rich, Fe-rich), illite
and smectite were identified under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD investigation showed the
presence of kaolinite, chlorite, random mixed clay layer, illite-montmorillonite, potassium feldspars, quartz, calcite
and gypsum. The presence of identified clay minerals indicate that the Bara Formation was deposited under the
fluvio-deltaic depositional conditions and their source rocks were potentially the eroding igneous and metamorphic
rocks.

Keywords: Clay Mineralogy, SEM, XRD, Bara Formation, Ranikot, Lakhra.

Introduction

The Bara Formation (Fig. 1) is an important horizon
in the stratigraphy of Southern Indus Basin. It
contains coal deposit with commercial quantities that
are being mined at Lakhra area and it has an
estimated coal reserve of 175 billion tons in the
subsurface at Thar coal field Ghaznavi (2002). It is
dominantly composed of sandstone and shale and is
well exposed in Laki Range, Lower Indus Basin.
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminum (Mg, Fe)
layered silicates belonging to the Phyllosilicates
group of minerals. Their size ranges from (< 2µ) to
(0.002mm).

Fig. 1 Location map of the studied sections and boreholes.

32 © SEGMITE
Int. j. econ. environ. geol. Vol:5(2) 32-38, 2014
The study of clay minerals is useful for the
provenance and interpretation of the depositional
environment of sediments. Present study of clay
minerals of Bara Formation from Ranikot, Lakhra
and Thar coalfield provides important information
regarding the depositional environment and the
origin of its sediments. Previously, Abdallah et. al
(1997), Baig & Muneeb (2007), Baqri (1978), Baqri
(1980), Baqri (1983), Baqri (1984), Baqri (1997) and
Baqri (2001) have contributed in the studies of clay
minerals of southern Indus Basin, Pakistan. Abdallah
et al. (1997) published research findings on the
mineralogy of the bulk-rock and clay fraction
samples of the Bara Formation sediments from STP-
11 and STP-13 boreholes of Thar coalfield. Baig
(2007) recognized the types of kaolin and other clay
minerals in the sediments of Bara Formation from
Thar coalfield. Baqri (1984) described the
distribution of minerals in the coals of Bara
Formation at Lakhra anticline. Baqri (1997)
discussed the dispersion of sulphur in Paleocene coal
(Bara Formation) of Sindh, province of Pakistan.
Materials and Methods
Seventy five sediment samples of Bara Formation
were collected from the Ranikot and Lakhra
anticlines and twenty core samples of SB-14 and ST-
24 bore holes were obtained from the core library of
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta. Thirty four
(34) selected samples were used for clay mineral
studies. Twenty six samples were studied under the
scanning electron microscope, a representative
portion of each sample was gold coated and observed
under Scanning Electron Microscope. The clay
minerals in the current study were identified by the
Atlas of petrology complied by Welton (1984) which
illustrates the morphological diagnostic characters of
all clay minerals. The eight samples of Lakhra
anticline were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction
following the procedures of sample preparation of
clay fraction described by Brindley and Brown
(I980), Klug and Alexander (1974), Cosgrove
(1973), Baig (1982), Baig & Mujeeb (2007) and
Baqri (1980& 1992).
Results and Discussion
Kaolinite (spheroidal, stack, thin idiomorphic plates,
fragmented), Chlorite (Mg-rich, Fe-rich, Al-rich),
illite and smectite are present in all the samples of
Bara Formation from Ranikot, Lakhra and SB-14 &
ST-24 boreholes of Thar Coalfield. The results of the
SEM studies are tabulated in Table 1 and the SEM
33
Available online at www.econ-environ-geol.org
images of identified clay minerals are displayed in
Fig. 2. Besides, X-ray diffraction results (Table 2)
show the occurrence of kaolinite, quartz, chlorite,
illite-montmorillonite, illite-montmorillonite (1:2),
Random mixed layer clay mineral (regular
interstratified illite/ smectite 55% illite 45%
smectite), mica-montmorillonite (1:2) and K-
feldspar. The abundances of clay minerals are
calculated and shown in Table 3.
The XRD analysis indicates the presence of
kaolinite in all the samples and it varies from 18.8%
to 86.35%, with XRD peaks at 12.40°, 2θ (7.14Å),
20.36, 2θ (4.36 Å) & 24.88, 2θ (3.56 Å).The
Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) study also
confirmed the presence of kaolinite. Kaolinite may
concentrate under the fluvial or near-beach
depositional environment (Grim, 1968) and it may
dominantly accumulate in fluviatile depositional
environments (Weaver, 1956). Abdallah et.al, (1997)
reported the presence of kaolinite and chlorite in the
sediments of Bara Formation from STP-11 borehole
of Thar Coalfield and suggested the igneous and
metamorphic provenance of the studied sediments.
The high percentage of kaolinite in the Bara
Formation from Ranikot, Lakhra and Thar coalfield
areas indicate tropical and humid climate and their
association with quartz suggests the sediments were
supplied from the granitic source rocks. Additionally
its high concentration suggests the deposition of
sediments in fluvial or near-shore depositional
environment.
The chlorite is present in all the samples of Bara
Formation and it varies from 6.75% to 48.25%, it is
recognized by XRD peaks at 30.00, 2Ө (2.97Ǻ) and
(6.17o, 2Ө) (14.31 Å). Its presence is also indicated
by Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM). Chlorite
is detrital in nature and most likely was transported
form metamorphic rocks. Weaver (1989) mentioned
that the chlorites are essential parts of igneous and
metamorphic rocks. Grim (1968) and Bradley (1945)
investigated the transformation of kaolinite in the
recent sediments of Gulf of California and the
sediments of Pacific Ocean; they concluded that
kaolinite gradually disappears in the marine
sediments and probably it alters to illite and chlorite.
The chlorite usually is derived from the minerals
which contain rich amounts of iron, magnesium and
calcium; these minerals occur in the basic igneous or
metamorphic rocks (Millot, 1970; Weaver and
Pollard, 1973). Abdallah et al. (1997) reported the
presence of chlorite and kaolinite in the sediments of
Bara Formation from STP-11 borehole of Thar
coalfield and suggested their igneous and
metamorphic provenance.
Int. j. econ. environ. geol. Vol:5(2) 32-38, 2014 Available online at www.econ-environ-geol.org

K Q Q
K
K F F
Q K
K K K
K
K

A B C

K K
C C C
K Q
C
K C

D E F

I S S
I
I S

S S
I
G H I

Fig. 2. Selected SEM images of Bara Formation samples from Ranikot, Lakhra and SB-14 and ST-24 boreholes.

The smectite is present in five samples of the

Note: Labels on the figures stand for the minerals
listed below:
Q=Quartz, K=Kaolinite, C=Chlorite, S=Smectite, I =Illite
a Kaolinite (Spheroidal)
b Kaolinite (stack) &
potash feldspar
c Quartz & Fragments of
Kaolinite (thin
idiomorphic plates)
d Fragments of Kaolinite
e Chlorite Mg-Rich
f Chlorite Fe-rich,
g Illite
h Smectite/Montmorilloni =
te,
i Montmorillonite
(Hectorite)
Bara Formation at Lakhra area, it ranges from 2.46%
to 22.5%, and is identified by its diagnostic XRD
peak at 15.82°, 2θ (5.58Å). Through SEM
investigation four samples of studied sediments show
the occurence of smectite (montmorillonite). It is
= Sample 6 Ra (E) formed with volcano-clastic sandstone which is
= Sample 21 Ra leached by groundwater. The increasing solubility of
(E) volcanic material permits the groundwater to quickly
transfer to stability field of montmorillonite (Weaver,
= Sample 13La(E)
1989). According to Grim (1968) the term „smectite‟
is used for the group name of montmorillonite and
other aluminous members, agreeing with the original
= S-12 La(E) suggestion of Hofmann et al. (1933). Maegdefrau
= Sample 9Ra (E) and Hofmann (1937). Marshall (1935) and Hendricks
(1942) which suggested the structural revision of
= Sample 21 Ra smectite. This concept of structure suggests that
(E) smectite comprises of two silica tetrahedral sheets
= Sample ST-1 with a middle alumina octahedral; these layers are
Sample 29 Ra stacked in a random manner. Smectite is recognized
(E) by their layers which contract and expand on heating
under glycol treatment. Smectite of Lakhra sediments
= Sample-10 have shown positive correlation with random mixed
La(E) layer clay mineral (illite–montmorillonite) indicating
that the origin of smectite is authigenic in the studied
sediments.

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Int. j. econ. environ. geol. Vol:5(2) 32-38, 2014 Available online at www.econ-environ-geol.org

Table 1. The clay minerals of Bara Formation from Ranikot, Lakhra, SB-14 & ST-24 boreholes of Thar coalfield.

Ranikot
Sample Mineral which has been found in SEM
S-6Ra(E) Kaolinite (Spheroidal)
S-9Ra(E) Chlorite (Mg rich), Kaolinite
S-14Ra(E) Quartz & Kaolinite (Spheroidal)
S-18Ra(E) Quartz, Kaolinite (Spheroidal) & Chlorite (Mg-rich/Illite)
S-21Ra(E) Kaolinite(stack), potash feldspar & Chlorite (Fe-rich)
S-22Ra(E) Quartz, Kaolinite
S-23Ra(E) Quartz, Kaolinite & Chlorite,
S-29Ra(E) Quartz, Kaolinite (Spheroidal), & Smectite/ Montmorillonite
S-35Ra(E) Chlorite (Fe-rich), Kaolinite (stack),Quartz, kaolinite (stack) and Chlorite (Fe-rich)
S-40Ra(E) Quartz, Kaolinite, Kaolinite (thin idiomorphic plates), Quartz, Kaolinite (Spheroidal)
S-46Ra(E) Quartz, Kaolinite, Quartz Kaolinite (Spheroidal)
Lakhra
Sample Mineral Identified
S-8La(E) Quartz
S-10La(E) Montmorillonite
S-12La(E) Fragments of Kaolinite
S-13La(E) Quartz, Fragments of Kaolinite (thin idiomorphic plates)
S-10La(W) Kaolinite (Spheroidal), Montmorrillonite
Thar Coalfield
Sample Mineral Identified
SB-1 Kaolinite , Chlorite (Fe rich,) & Chlorite (Mg rich)
SB-3 Chlorite (Fe- rich,)&Kaolinite
SB-5 Kaolinite & Chlorite (Fe &Al-rich)
SB-7 Kaolinite & Chlorite (Fe- rich)
SB-10 Kaolinite
ST-1 Chlorite (Fe rich), kaolinite (thin idiomorphic platelets) & Illite (platy)
ST-3 Chlorite (Fe rich), Kaolinite
ST-5 Chlorite, Montmorillonite, Kaolinite
ST-7 Chlorite (Fe rich ), Chlorite (Fe-Al rich) (vermiform), Kaolinite
ST-10 Chlorite (Fe rich), Kaolinite

Illite is present in all the studied samples of Bara
Formation under SEM study, Weaver (1989)
described that illite is micaceous mineral, which
contains smectite layers (0 to 20%). Illite is formed
by the continental weathering of feldspar, micas, and
possibly volcano clastic materials; it may also be
formed directly from the solution at both low (neo-
formation) and high (hydrothermal) temperatures,
and by the conversion of smectite to I/S during burial
(Weaver, 1989). The studied samples of Ranikot and
Lakhra areas show medium to high crystallinity of
illite, whereas; samples from Thar coalfield exhibited
medium to poor crystallinity of illite. The illite
present in studied samples is detrital in nature and
was transported along with the weathered material
from the pre-existing sedimentary rocks.

Table 2. Calculated abundances of clay minerals of samples from Lakhra.

Sample Mineral Name D-value & 2Ɵ Intensity count % Formula Figure Total amount in sample
1la(E) Illite-Montmorillonite 5.58-15.82 3027 1 3027 16.34%
Smectite 5.11-17.33 740 1 740 3.99%
Kaolinite 24.99-3.56 6418 2 12836 69.31%
Anatase 37.63-2.38 954 1 954 5.15%
Factor = 100/18298 = 0.0054 Total 18298 94.79%
4La (E) Kaolinite 11.91-7.42 579 2 1158 71.79%
Chlorite 30.19-2.95 450 1 450 27.9%
Factor = 100/1608 = 0.062 Total 1029 99.79%
8La (E) Kaolinite 12.50 - 7.07 238 2 476 42.84%
Smectite 17.86 - 4.96 250 1 250 22.5%
Random mixed layer 24.67-3.60 373 1 373 33.57%
(Illite-montmorillonite)
Factor = 100/1099 = 0.090 Total 1099 98.98%

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Int. j. econ. environ. geol. Vol:5(2) 32-38, 2014 Available online at www.econ-environ-geol.org

13La(E) Kaolinite 12.50 - 7.07 376 2 752 18.8%

Illite-Montmorillonite 26.46-3.36 1298 1 1298 32.45%
Chlorite 30.00 - 2.97 1930 1 1930 48.25%
Factor = 100/3980 = 0.025 Total 3980 99.5%
1La(W) Kaolinite 12.50 - 7.07 7996 2 15992 86.35%
I-M 20.00-4.43 1041 1 1041 5.62%
Anatase 37.63-2.38 1311 1 1311 7.07%
Factor = 100/ 18344 = 0.0054 Total 18344 99.04%
4La(W) Kaolinite 11.93-7.11 2060 2 4120 61.8%
Mixed Layer 27.51-3.24 529 1 529 7.93%
Chlorite 29.5-3.02 450 1 450 6.75%
Smectite 17.43-5.08 337 1 337 5.05%
Factor = 100/6639 =0.015 Total 6639 95.57%
8La(W) Chlorite 6.01-14.67 3252 1 3252 21.13%
Kaolinite 12.50-7.07 5801 2 11602 75.41%
Smectite 17.43-5.08 379 1 379 2.46%
Factor = 100/ 15233 = 0.0065 Total 15233 99%
10La(W) Kaolinite 12.50-7.07 315 2 630 34.65%
Smectite 18.00-4.92 265 1 265 14.57%
Random mixed layer 24.21-3.67 271 1 271 14.90%
(Illite-montmorillonite) 26.57-3.35 655 1 655 36.02%
Factor = 100/ 1821 = 0.055 Total 1821 100%

Table 3. Correlation between clay minerals of Bara Formation from studied areas.
Correlation Correlation
Clay Minerals Clay Minerals
coefficient coefficient
Random mixed layer (I-M)VS Kaolinite +1 Kaolinite VS Chlorite -0.55
Random mixed layer (I-M)VS Chlorite -1 Kaolinite VS Smectite -0.75
Random mixed layer (I-M)VS smectite +1 Kaolinite VS Random mixed layer (I-M) +1
Random mixed layer (I-M)VS ML NA Kaolinite VSM-L -0.80
Smectite VSML NA Chlorite VS Kaolinite -0.55
Smectite VS Random mixed layer (I-M) +1 Chlorite VS Smectite -1
Smectite VS Chlorite -1 Chlorite VS M-L +1
Smectite VS Kaolinite -0.75 Chlorite VS Random mixed layer (I-M) -1

Mixed-layer clay mineral (illite-montmorillonite) Conclusion

was identified by their XRD reflections at12.50. 2°,
2θ (7.07Å) and 26.58°, 2θ. (3.35Å), and showed a
range of 5.62%-36.02% in eight samples of Bara
Formation from Lakhra area. Mixed layer clay
minerals are originated from degradation or
aggradations of pre-existing clay mineral (Weaver,
1956). Clay minerals change systematically through
diagenesis with depth in the subsurface samples
(Burst, 1959, 1969). Dunoyer- de- Segonzac (1970)
explained that the regularly stratified mixed-layer
clay minerals in deep diagenesis are similar to
allevardite or rectorite. They take up sodium during
the geochemical cycle before the development of
sodic feldspars. Irregular mixed-layer clay minerals
are intermediate in the transformation process with
suitable chemical composition. Baqri (1978)
mentioned that increase or decrease in the supply of
Illite, chlorite and kaolinite, respectively, in the clays
from Sindh, Pakistan was due to sedimentation and
diagenesis.
The mixed layer clay mineral is a random
mixture of the illite-montmorillonite. It varies from
14.90% to 33.57% in the Bara sediments of Lakhra
area. The mixed clay mineral showed its reflections
as a long tail of the illite (001) reflection. It partly
contracted on heating and partly showed its
expansion on glycolation. The mixed layer clay
minerals were most likely originated due to
degradation of illite in comparatively fresh to
brackish water environments
1. The clay minerals of Bara Formation, kaolinite
(spheroidal, stack, thin idiomorphic plates and
fragments of kaolinite), chlorite (Mg-rich,Fe-Al
rich), illite and smectite were identified through
SEM. Besides, XRD analysis helped in
recognition of kaolinite, quartz, chlorite, illite-
montmorillonite, illite-montmorillonite (1:2),
Random mixed layer clay mineral (regular
interstratified illite/smectite 55% illite 45%
smectite), mica-montmorillonite (1:2) and K-
feldspar clay minerals.
2. The kaolinite mineral is present in both forms
(Neo-formed and detrital) in origin. The
spheroidal forms of kaolinite shown in SEM
images exhibited their detrital origin. The positive
correlation of kaolinite with smectite indicated
the origin of kaolinite as neo-formation.
3. The chlorite is detrital in origin. The mixed-layer
minerals may be the alteration product of illite;
this alteration might have occurred during the
transportation and sedimentation of sediments.
The widespread presence of kaolinite in almost all
the samples of Bara Formation suggests that it
was deposited under fluvio-delta conditions.
4. The provenance of the studied sediments most
probably was in the acidic igneous/basic igneous
and metamorphic rocks belonging to the Nagar
parker Igneous and Metamorphic Complex,
which is exposed in the south-eastern side of the
studied areas.

36
 Int. j. econ. environ. geol. Vol:5(2) 32-38, 2014
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to the scientific officer, Mr.
Kamalludin Shaikh, PCSIR laboratory Karachi and
Mr. Yousuf of General Centralized Laboratory
(GCL), University of Karachi, for the permission of
using the XRD Lab facilities. Dr. Raza Ali Shah,
Director and In-charge, Core Library, GSP, Quetta, is
thanked for his permission to use core samples.
Authors are also thankful to the Prof. Dr. Imdadullah
Siddiqui, Director, Centre for Pure and Applied
Geology, University of Sindh for his moral support.
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