CHY 47.

1
Biochemistry Laboratory
Online Class

FACTORS AFFECTING BUFFER CAPACITY

Student Name: ___Campomanes, Elspeth Tamar H. ___ Date: ___2020 October_

DATA SHEET

A. Calculation for the Preparation of Buffers

Table 1. Preparation of Buffers 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6
Volume of Volume of Volume of Volume of
Concentration Volume
Buffer pH 1M sodium 1M acetic 0.1M sodium 0.1M acetic
(M) (mL)
acetate (mL) acid (mL) acetate (mL) acid (mL)
Buffer 1 0.10 4.70 250 11.64 13.36 N/A N/A

Buffer 2 0.05 4.70 100 2.33 2.67 N/A N/A

Buffer 4 0.10 3.76 110 N/A N/A 10 100

Buffer 5 0.10 4.76 110 N/A N/A 55 55

Buffer 6 0.10 5.76 110 N/A N/A 100 10

1. Calculate the concentration ratio ([sodium acetate]/[acetic acid], and the volume of 1.0 M acetic acid and 1.0
M sodium acetate solutions needed to prepare Buffer 1: 250 mL of 0.10 M acetic acid-acetate buffer with pH
of 4.7. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76.

METHOD 1

a. Concentration ratio using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

4.70 = 4.76 + log [acetate]/[acetic acid]

= [acetate]/[acetic acid] = 0.871

This means that there are 0.871 part of [acetate] in 1 part of [acetic acid].

b. Total moles of the desired buffer

= (Concentration of buffer) x (volume buffer)
= (0.10 mol/L) (0.250 L) = 0.025 mol

From concentration ratio: 0.871 part of [acetate] in 1 part of [acetic acid].

 0.871 mole acetate in 1 mole of acetic acid
Total mole of components = 0.871 + 1 = 1.871 moles

c. Mole contribution
= (Total moles of desired buffer) ( mole component)
(Total moles of components)
Mole of acetate = (0.025 mol) (0.871/1.871) = 0.01164 mole
Mole of acetic acid =(0.025 mol) (1/1.871) = 0.01336 mole
d. Volume needed to prepare the buffer
(Concentration original) (Volume original) = Mole of component
volume original = Mole of component__
Concentration original
Volume of 1.0 M sodium acetate= 0.01164 mol______
(1 mol/L) (1L/1000mL)
= 11.64 mL of 1.0 M sodium acetate

Volume of 1.0 M acetic acid = 0.01136 mol______

(1 mol/L) (1L/1000mL)
= 13.36 mL of 1.0 M acetic acid
METHOD 2

a. Concentration ratio using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

4.70 = 4.76 + log [acetate]/[acetic acid]

= [acetate]/[acetic acid] = 0.871

This means that there are 0.871 part of [acetate] in 1 part of [acetic acid].
Total parts = 0.871 part for acetate + 1 part for acetic acid = 1.871 parts

b. Volume needed to prepare the buffer

(Concentration x Volume) original = (Concentration x Volume) desired

Volume original = (Concentration* x Volume) desired

Concentration original

Volume of 1.0 M sodium acetate= [(0.1 mol/L) (0.871/1.871)] x 0.250 L

(1 mol/L)
= 0.01164 L = 11.64 mL of 1.0 M sodium acetate

Volume of 1.0 M acetic acid = [(0.1 mol/L) (1/1.871)] x 0.250 L

(1 mol/L)
= 0.01336 L = 13.36 mL of 1.0 M acetic acid

2. Calculate the concentration ratio ([sodium acetate]/[acetic acid], and the volume of 1.0 M acetic acid and 1.0
M sodium acetate solutions needed to prepare Buffer 2: 100 mL of 0.05 M acetic acid-acetate buffer with
pH of 4.7. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76.

● Same approach as Buffer 1.

● Refer to the summary table for the preparation of buffers (Table 1) for the answers.
● Show the calculation for the concentration ratio ([sodium acetate]/[acetic acid], and the volume of 1.0
M acetic acid and 1.0 M sodium acetate solutions needed to prepare Buffer 2 (Method 2).

i. Concentration ratio using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

𝟒. 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝐥𝐨 𝐠(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅)
(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅) = 𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟕𝟎−𝟒.𝟕𝟔
0.871
= [acetate]/[acetic acid] = ____________
From concentration ratio:
0.871 (acetate) in 1 (acetic acid)
= 0.871 mole acetate in 1 mole of acetic acid
Total mole of components = 0.871 + 1 = 1.871 moles
 ii. Volume of 1.0 M sodium acetate needed to prepare 100 mL of Buffer 2
𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟏
[(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
𝑳 ) (𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟏)](𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑳))
𝑽𝟏 = (
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏 𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐𝟖 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒔𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆

iii. Volume of 1.0 M acetic acid needed to prepare 100 mL of Buffer 2

𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏
[(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 )( )](𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝑳)
𝑽𝟏 = ( 𝑳 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟏 )
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏
𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕𝟐 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅

3. Calculate the concentration ratio ([sodium acetate]/[acetic acid], the amount (number of mole)of acetic acid
and sodium acetate, and the volume of 0.1 M acetic acid and 0.1M sodium acetate solutions needed to
prepare 110 mL each of the following buffer solutions with concentration of 0.1M:

a. Buffer 4, pH 3.76

● Same approach as Buffer 1.

● Refer to the summary table for the preparation of buffers (Table 1) for the answers.
● Show the calculation for the concentration ratio ([sodium acetate]/[acetic acid], and the volume of 0.10
M acetic acid and 0.10M sodium acetate solutions needed to prepare Buffers 4, 5 and 6 (Method 2).

i. Concentration ratio using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = ቆ
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = ቆ
Mole contribution:

𝟑. 𝟕𝟔 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝐥𝐨 𝐠(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅)
(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅) = 𝟏𝟎𝟑.𝟕𝟔−𝟒.𝟕𝟔
𝟎. 𝟏
= [acetate]/[acetic acid] = ____________
(𝟏𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍)(𝟎. 𝟏)

From concentration ratio:

(𝟏𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍)(𝟎. 𝟏)

0.1 (acetate) in 1 (acetic acid)

= 0.1 mole acetate in 1 mole of acetic acid
Total mole of components = 0.1 + 1 = 1.1 moles
𝟏. 𝟏
𝟏. 𝟏

ii. Volume of 0.1 M sodium acetate needed to prepare 110 mL of Buffer 4

𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟎. 𝟏
ቇ

[(𝟎. 𝟏 )( )](𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑳)

𝑽𝟏 = ( 𝑳 𝟏. 𝟏 )
ቇ

𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏 𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝑳 = 𝟏 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒔𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆

iii. Volume of 0.1 M acetic acid needed to prepare 110 mL of Buffer 4

𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏
[(𝟎. 𝟏
𝑳 ) (𝟏. 𝟏)](𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑳)
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏 𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅
 b. Buffer 5, pH 4.76

i. Concentration ratio using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = 𝟓. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = (
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟓. 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = (
Mole contribution:

𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝐥𝐨 𝐠(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅)
(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅) = 𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟕𝟔−𝟒.𝟕𝟔
𝟏
= [acetate]/[acetic acid] = ____________
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍)(𝟏)

From concentration ratio:

(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍)(𝟏)

1 (acetate) in 1 (acetic acid)

𝟐

= 1 mole acetate in 1 mole of acetic acid

Total mole of components = 1 + 1 = 2 moles
𝟐

ii. Volume of 0.1 M sodium acetate needed to prepare 110 mL of Buffer 5

)

𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
)

𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏
[(𝟎. 𝟏
𝑳 ) (𝟐)](𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑳))
𝑽𝟏 = (
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏
𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝑳 = 𝟓. 𝟓 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒔𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆

iii. Volume of 0.1 M acetic acid needed to prepare 110 mL of Buffer 5

𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏
[(𝟎. 𝟏
𝑽𝟏 = ( 𝑳 ) (𝟐)](𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑳))
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏 𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝑳 = 𝟓. 𝟓 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅

c. Buffer 6, pH 5.76

i. Concentration ratio using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅 = (
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆 = (
Mole contribution:

𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝐥𝐨 𝐠(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅)
(𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆⁄𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅) = 𝟏𝟎𝟓.𝟕𝟔−𝟒.𝟕𝟔
𝟏𝟎
= [acetate]/[acetic acid] = ____________
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍)(𝟏𝟎)

From concentration ratio:

(𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍)(𝟏)

10 (acetate) in 1 (acetic acid)

𝟏𝟏

= 10 mole acetate in 1 mole of acetic acid

𝟏𝟏

Total mole of components = 10 + 1 = 11 moles

ii. Volume of 0.1 M sodium acetate needed to prepare 110 mL of Buffer 6

)
)

𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏𝟎
[(𝟎. 𝟏
𝑳 ) (𝟏𝟏)](𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑳))
𝑽𝟏 = (
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏
𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒔𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆

iii. Volume of 0.1 M acetic acid needed to prepare 110 mL of Buffer 6

𝑪𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑽𝟏 = ( )
𝑪𝟏
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏
[(𝟎. 𝟏
𝑳 ) (𝟏𝟏)](𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝑳))
𝑽𝟏 = (
𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏 𝑳
𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝑳 = 𝟏 𝒎𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝟏. 𝟎𝑴 𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒅
 B. Follow-up Questions

1. Show the balanced chemical equation for the acetic acid-acetate buffer equilibrium.
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶− (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟑 𝑶+ (𝒍)

2. Show using a chemical equation how the acetic acid-acetate buffer resists drastic change in pH when a
strong base such as NaOH is added.
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) → 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂(𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)

3. Show using a chemical equation how the acetic acid-acetate buffer resists drastic change in pH when a
strong acid such as HCl is added.
𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂 + 𝐇𝐂𝐥 → 𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 + 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍

4. Table 2 shows the expected pH values when 55 mL of each of the given buffers are added with 2 mL of
0.1 M NaOH. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76. Show the calculation for the theoretical pH after NaOH
addition to the given buffer and the pH change.

Table 2. Effect of effect of buffer concentration on buffer capacity (Theoretical Data)

Buffer Concentration Theoretical pH
System (M)
Before addition of NaOH After addition of NaOH Change in pH (∆pH)
Buffer 1 0.10 4.70 4.76 0.06
Buffer 2 0.05 4.70 4.83 0.13

a. Buffer 1

OH- Acetate- Acetic acid Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 2.560 mmol 2.940 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol +0.2 mmol -0.2 mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
2.760 mmol 2.740 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 2.760 mmol 2.740 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL

pH after addition of NaOH using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝
𝟐.𝟕𝟔𝟎
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟐.𝟕𝟒𝟎 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔
 b. Buffer 2

OH- Acetate- Acetic acid Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 1.280 mmol 1.470 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol +0.2mmol -0.2mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
1.480 mmol 1.270 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 1.480 mmol 1.270 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL

pH after addition of NaOH using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟑 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑
𝟏.𝟒𝟖𝟎
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟏.𝟐𝟕𝟎 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟑

5. Based on the following experimental data (Table 3), what inference can you deduce regarding the effect
of buffer concentration on buffer capacity?
_ The more concentrated the buffer solution is, the greater its buffer capacity. If NaOH is added to solutions containing
different acetic acid / sodium acetate buffer concentrations, the observed change in the buffer’s pH is inversely
proportional to the buffer concentration.

Table 3. Effect of effect of buffer concentration on buffer capacity (Experimental Data)

Buffer Concentration Actual pH Reading
System (M)
Before addition of NaOH After addition of NaOH Change in pH (∆pH)
Buffer 1 0.10 4.54 4.64 0.10
Buffer 2 0.05 4.55 4.70 0.15
Buffer 3 0.005 4.60 10.32 5.72

6. Table 4 shows the expected pH values when 55 mL of each of the given buffers are added with 2 mL of
0.1 M NaOH. Show the calculation for the theoretical pH after NaOH addition to the given buffer and the
pH change.
Table 4. Effect of pH or ratio of the conjugate base to the weak acid, [A-]/[HA], on buffer capacity upon
addition of NaOH (Theoretical Data)
Theoretical pH
Buffer System
Before addition of NaOH After addition of NaOH Change in pH (∆pH)
Buffer 4 (pH 3.76) 3.76 3.92 0.16
Buffer 5 (pH 4.76) 4.76 4.82 0.06
Buffer 6 (pH 5.76) 5.76 6.00 0.24
 a. Buffer 4
Total
OH- Acetate- Acetic acid
Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 0.5 mmol 5.0 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol +0.2mmol -0.2mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
0.7 mmol 4.80 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 0.7 mmol 4.80 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL

pH after addition of NaOH using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 − 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔
𝟎.𝟕𝟎
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟒.𝟖𝟎 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟐

b. Buffer 5
Total
OH- Acetate- Acetic acid
Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 2.75 mmol 2.75 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol +0.2mmol -0.2mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
2.95 mmol 2.55 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 2.95 mmol 2.55 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL

pH after addition of NaOH using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔
𝟐.𝟗𝟓
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟐.𝟓𝟓 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟖𝟐
 c. Buffer 6
Total
OH- Acetate- Acetic acid
Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 5.0 mmol 0.5 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol +0.2mmol -0.2mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
5.2 mmol 0.3 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 5.2 mmol 0.3 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL

pH after addition of NaOH using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝
𝟓.𝟐
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟎.𝟑 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟎

7. Table 5 shows the expected pH values when 55 mL of each of the given buffers are added with 2 mL of
0.1 M HCl. Show the calculation for the theoretical pH after HCl addition to the given buffer and the pH
change.
Table 5. Effect of the pH or ratio of the conjugate base to the weak acid, [A-]/[HA] on buffer capacity upon
addition of HCl (Theoretical Data)
Actual pH Reading
Buffer System
Before addition of HCl After addition of HCl Change in pH (∆pH)
Buffer 4 (pH 3.76) 3.76 3.52 0.24
Buffer 5 (pH 4.76) 4.76 4.70 0.06
Buffer 6 (pH 5.76) 5.76 5.60 0.16

a. Buffer 4
Total
H+ Acetate- Acetic acid
Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 0.5 mmol 5.0 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol -0.2mmol +0.2mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
0.3 mmol 5.2 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 0.3 mmol 5.2 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL
 pH after addition of HCl using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟐 − 𝟑. 𝟕𝟔 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟒
𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝
𝟎.𝟑
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟓.𝟐 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟐

b. Buffer 5
Total
H+ Acetate- Acetic acid
Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 2.75 mmol 2.75 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol -0.2mmol +0.2mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
2.55 mmol 2.95 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 2.55 mmol 2.95 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL

pH after addition of HCl using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( 𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟎 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
𝟐.𝟓𝟓
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟐.𝟗𝟓 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟎

c. Buffer 6
Total
H+ Acetate- Acetic acid
Volume, mL

Initial,
0.2 mmol 5.0 mmol 0.5 mmol
mmole

Change,
-0.2 mmol -0.2mmol +0.2mmol
mmole 𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝑳
+ 𝟐 𝒎𝑳
= 𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝑳
Equilibrium,
4.80 mmol 0.7 mmol
mmole

Equlibrium,M 4.80 mmol 0.7 mmol

(mmol/mL) 57 mL 57 mL
 pH after addition of HCl using Henderson- pH change after the addition of NaOH:
Hasselbalch Equation: ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑯𝒇 − 𝒑𝑯𝒊
𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒑𝑯 = 𝒑𝑲𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) ∆𝒑𝑯 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟎 − 𝟓. 𝟕𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔
𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐝
𝟒.𝟖𝟎
𝟓𝟕
𝒑𝑯 = 𝟒. 𝟕𝟔 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ቆ 𝟎.𝟕 ቇ
𝟓𝟕

𝒑𝑯 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟎

8. Based on the following experimental data (Table 7), what inference can you deduce regarding the effect
of pH or ratio of the conjugate base to the weak acid, [A-]/[HA], on buffer capacity?
__The exact ratio of the conjugate base to the acid for a desired pH can be determined from the Ka value and the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. When the amounts of acid and conjugate base are approximately equal, a buffer is
most effective.

Table 7. Effect of pH or ratio of the conjugate base to the weak acid, [A -]/[HA], on buffer capacity
(Experimental Data)
Actual pH Reading
Buffer System
Before addition of NaOH After addition of NaOH Change in pH (∆pH)
Buffer 4 (pH 3.76) 3.48 3.74 0.26
Buffer 5 (pH 4.76) 4.56 4.69 0.13
Buffer 6 (pH 5.76) 5.66 6.06 0.40

9. Which of the following is/are buffer/s? Encircle the pair of your choice.

a) NH3v-NH4Cl

b) CH3COOH-CH3COOK

c) HNO3-NaNO3

d) H3PO4-Na3PO4