SPE 54335
Angsi: Malaysia's 1st. Tight Gas Development
Sri Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, SPE and Razli Shawari, Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd and
Kamal Kassim, SPE, Mohd Naguib Ab Majid, SPE and M Nazri M Nor, SPE, Esso Production Malaysia Inc.
Copyright 1999, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 1999 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas
Conference and Exhibition held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 20–22 April 1999.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of
information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper, as
presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to
correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect any
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Abstract
Angsi Field, the first tight gas development in Malaysia is
being developed for start-up in 2002 to meet gas supply
commitments.
Productivity from hydraulically fractured wells and
recovery from tight sands are major factors in Angsi
development planning. An accurate assessment of the physics
of fluid flow dynamics within this type of porous media is
critical to project success.
A full-field model was constructed using an in-house
reservoir simulation package. The objectives of this study
were to assess the uncertainties surrounding the productivity
of hydraulically fractured wells, expected gas recovery factors
and other factors which could impede productivity and
recoveries.
This paper discusses the reservoir simulation results and the
optimum case that was used as the basis for the field
development planning and describes briefly the pre-drill
hydraulic fracture simulation design.
Introduction
Angsi field is the largest integrated oil and gas development in
the region. It is located 165km off the East Coast of Peninsular
Malaysia (Figure 1.0) in a water depth of 70 m. Angsi field is
to be developed under the terms set forth in the Gas
Production Sharing Contract ("GPSC") between Petronas
Carigali Sdn Bhd ("Carigali"), Esso Production Malaysia
Incorporated ("EPMI") and PETRONAS (Petroliam Nasional
Berhad), the national oil corporation of Malaysia. A dedicated
project management team of personnel from Carigali and
EPMI was formed to oversee the timely and prudent
development of the field.
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Angsi field consists of both oil and gas reservoirs with the
main gas bearing sands in the I-1, I-85, I-100 and the tight K-
group sands (Figure 2.0). The major oil bearing sands are the
1-35 and I-68.
The tight K-sand gas is considered to be "lean", as the
maximum liquid dropout is only 1.5% by volume. However,
the dew point is only about 100 psia below the initial reservoir
pressure hence condensate dropout near the wellbore is
expected to begin almost immediately after commencement of
gas production. Permeability-thickness for the Angsi K-sands
is typically below 200 md-ft and is prone to productivity
impairment. A recent SPE paper1 echoed these findings,
concluding that productivity impairment results in gas
recovery reduction for wells with kh below 1000 md-ft, with
recovery decreasing as the condensate yield increases.
Hydraulic fracturing is proposed to mitigate the above
concerns. This would be the first large scale hydraulic
fracturing job to be conducted offshore Malaysia, with 21
wells to be drilled and fractured.
Exploration and Development Overview
Angsi field was discovered in 1974 by EPMI following the
drilling of Angsi-1 exploration well. In 1995, 3 further
appraisal wells were drilled by EPMI, which included
successful hydraulic fracturing and testing of the Group K
sands. In late 1997, Angsi 5 and 6 were drilled by the Angsi
Project Management Team to prove-up the hydrocarbon
potential and define the structure of the I and J reservoirs.
Non-associated gas reserves in the field occur in the Group I, J
and K reservoirs, while the oil is found in the Group I. The
current total estimated GIIP and STOIIP is 1.9 Tscf and 774
MMstb respectively.
The initial field development plan to recover these reserves
calls for a 52-slot drilling/riser platform (ANDR-A) and a
bridge-connected central processing platform (ANPG-A)
located in the main area of the field (Figure 3.0). A total of
46 wells will be drilled from ANDR-A to develop 1.2 Tscf of
gas as well as 35 MMstb of oil. Drilling will commence in
late 2000 to ensure that sufficient gas wells will be available
by year end 2002 to meet gas market demand. A 32-slot
satellite platform B (ANDP-B), will be installed in the western
part of the field (6 km from ANPG-A) to recover an additional
98 MMstb of oil. Angsi B will be the prime contributor to
2 SRI GANESH GOPAL, RAZLI SHAWARI, KAMAL KASSIM, MOHD NAGUIB AB MAJID, M NAZRI M NOR
Angsi’s oil flowstream.
Geology
Geologically the field is situated south of the Malay Basin. It
is an asymmetrical anticline elongated in the northwest-
southeast direction. Based on the hydrocarbon distribution,
the field has been divided into Main Angsi, West Angsi, South
Angsi and Southwest Angsi (Figure 4.0).
At the K reservoir level, the Main Angsi area can be further
subdivided into four fault blocks (Figure 5.0).
Stratigraphically the field is made up of interbedded sequences
of sandstone, siltstone, shale and occasionally coal deposited
in fluvial, lacustrine and shallow marine environments.
K-Sandstone
This section is approximately 340m thick and is of Lower
Miocene age. The K sandstones consist of two major
sequences, the lower K (K-50 to K-26) and the upper K groups
(K-25 to K-20). The current scope of K reservoir development
is confined mainly in the upper Group K, i.e. K-20/22, K-25U,
K-25L and K-28/30.
The K-20/22 and K-25L sandstones were gas bearing in the
Angsi-1, Angsi-2, and Angsi-4 wells. The K-25 U, K-28 and
K-30 sandstones were gas bearing in the Angsi-1, and Angsi-4
wells but wet in Angsi-2 and Angsi-3 wells.
The source-prone K-Shale (Terengganu Shale) which
overlays the K-sandstone is generally very massive and it's
thickness is estimated to be more than 150m based on the
thickness penetrated by all the wells in Angsi field. Based on
the interpretation of cores, the upper Group K in the Angsi
field generally consists of braided stream and lake plain
deposits (Figure 6.0). The routine core analyses generally
indicate a porosity range of 10% to 18 % with permeability
ranging from 0.01 md to 10 md. Production tests performed on
the K reservoir indicate that the best reservoir development is
within the braided stream complex.
3D Geologic Modeling
3D geostatistical models of porosity for the group I and K
reservoirs in Angsi Field were built to accurately represent the
structure, stratigraphy and reservoir heterogeneity of the field
based on the latest geological description. The models were
built for the purpose of field depletion planning and
production optimization.
The Angsi K reservoirs, namely the K20/22, K25U, K25L
and K28/30 were modeled separately using two seismic
control grids. These sands are present field-wide and are
laterally extensive.
Reservoir Simulation
A reservoir simulation study was conducted to optimize the
field development plan for the Angsi tight K-sand
development based on the above geologic model.
The model study was conducted with the following
objectives:
1. Assess productivity of hydraulically fractured vertical wells.
2. Assess optimum gas recovery factor.
3. Assess sensitivities on gas productivity and recovery due to:
SPE 54335
- Fracture length
- Well count and spacing
- Constrained and unconstrained field gas
production rate
- Initial wellhead pressure
- Critical condensate saturation.
The model study was conducted in two phases: -
Phase 1 - Single Well Models (SWM).
Phase 2 - Full Field Model (FFM)
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Single well models were built to investigate the gas
productivity impairment due to the near wellbore condensate
dropout behavior in conventional vertical wells, hydraulically
fractured vertical wells and horizontal wells. This was a
follow- up of a previous study which indicated the effects of
condensate dropout on gas recovery could be significant for
formations with a permeability-thickness (kh) similiar to the
Angsi K-sands, which are typically below 200 md-ft. The
results indicated hydraulic fracturing could successfully
mitigate the detrimental effects of condensate dropout on gas
productivity and ultimate recoveries from conventional
vertical wells. Though horizontal wells had similar results to
hydraulically fractured vertical wells, it was found that for
very low vertical permeabilities, even a long horizontal section
could not overcome the adverse effects seen on productivity
and ultimate recovery.
The single well hydraulic fracture models were then used to
calibrate the full field model, which was used to predict
performance, recoveries and also assess the impact of several
sensitivities.
Model Description
In Phase I, a very fine grid mechanistic model was built to
provide calibration for the model block size, designed to
simulate various fracture planes in the full field model. The
mechanistic model simulated a “true” fracture plane with an
assumed fracture width of 0.125 ft. Its prediction performance
was used to calibrate the full-field model in which fracture
block dimensions of 100 m by 25 m were used to simulate
various fracture lengths.
Subsequently a full-field reservoir simulation model with 16
layers and 92016 gridblocks was constructed. This model was
used in the evaluation of the following sensitivities on gas
productivity and recovery: fracture length, well count and
spacing, constrained and unconstrained field gas production
rate, and initial wellhead pressure. It was also used to assess
the sensitivity of critical condensate saturation on gas recovery
prediction. Figure 7.0 shows an areal grid view of the K-sand
full field model.
Permeability Model
Routine core analysis data were available from three
exploration wells. A porosity-permeability relationship was
developed based on the available core data.
Fluid analyses were available for three well test samples.
An in-house property simulator program was used to
SPE 54335 ANGSI: MALAYSIA'S 1ST. TIGHT GAS DEVELOPMENT 3

characterize the recombined separator samples from the K-20
and K-25L reservoirs, and PVT tables were generated.
Saturation Model
In the absence of any relative permeability (kr) data for Angsi
K reservoirs, a number of synthetic relative permeability
curves were generated and used in the simulation.
Initial water saturation (Swi)
Swi was assumed to be reservoir dependent, consistent with
the results of log analysis. The full field models were
Well Count and Spacing Sensitivity
Several runs were made to evaluate the impact of various well
spacing and different well locations on gas recovery. The
results of these runs indicate that a 21-well development plan
would provide optimum gas recovery (Table 1.0).
Constrained and Unconstrained Field Gas Production Rate
Sensitivity
Two runs were made to assess the impact of constrained
versus unconstrained field gas production rate on gas
recovery. In the constrained case, the maximum field gas

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initialized with the following Swi. production rate was set at 175 MMscf/d. Results indicate that
gas recovery is insensitive to the gas rate constraint.
K-sand Swi Figure 9.0 shows the results of the two sensitivity runs.
K-20/22 0.48
K-25U 0.46 Initial Wellhead Pressure Sensitivity
K-25L 0.53 Three runs were made to assess the impact of initial wellhead
K-28/30 0.46 pressure on gas recovery. In these runs, initial well head
pressure of 1000 psi, 750 psi, and 500 psi were assumed. The
Trapped gas saturation (Sgt) field operation is based on minimum gas rate of 100
Sgt was estimated from the initial gas saturation (Sgi) with the MMSCF/D and whenever the gas rates drop below that
Land correlation: minimum rate, the wellhead pressure will be dropped in steps
of 250 psi to sustain production. In all three cases, the
1/ Sgt = 1/ Sgi + C minimum wellhead pressure operated is assumed to be 250
psi.
where C is a constant. Figure 10.0 compares the results of the three runs and
shows that the impact on gas recovery due to the initial
Oil relative permeability curve (kro) wellhead pressure system is insignificant.
The Corey equation was used to generate kro curves as
follows: Critical Condensate Saturation (Soc) Sensitivity
Two cases were evaluated using Soc of 25% and 10%. Results
m
kro = [(So - Soc) / (1 - Swi - Soc)] indicate the choice of Soc value in defining the gas-oil relative
permeability curves has a significant impact on gas recovery.
where m=3.5 based on gas-oil imbibition measurements for a Increasing Soc from 10% to 25% causes the gas recovery to
look-alike gas condensate field. decrease by about 24%.

Gas relative permeability curve (krg) Figure 11.0 shows the gas produced versus time.
The Corey equation was used to generate krg curves as Results Summary
follows: The study indicates up to 77% of the original-gas-in-place can
be recovered after 30 years of producing life. This assumes
n
krg = [(Sg - Sgt) / (1 - Swi - Sgt)] the field will be developed with 21 wells, an Soc of 10% and an
where n = 1 was used. optimum 600-ft total fracture length for each well.

Prediction Runs and Results Application of Simulation Results in the Field

In the following discussion, the sensitivities on fracture length, Development Plan
well count and spacing, constrained and unconstrained field The gas recovery factor of 77% predicted by the revised model
gas production rate, critical condensate saturation and initial is believed to be optimistic. The major risk for the K-sand
wellhead pressure were evaluated using the full field model. development is the potential for increased
compartmentalization (faulting, stratigraphy, or diagenesis).
Fracture Length Sensitivity Because this could impact assumed fluid contact levels,
The model was used to quantify the impact of various fracture estimates of gas-in-place, and ultimate recovery, the model
lengths on gas recovery. Three prediction runs were made with predicted recovery was discounted by 15%, resulting in a
fracture lengths of 300 ft, 600 ft, and 1000 ft. Figure 8.0 recovery factor of 65% which was used as a basis for the Field
shows the effects of varying fracture lengths. Results indicate Development Plan.
that a fracture length of 600 ft appears to provide optimum gas
recovery.
4 SRI GANESH GOPAL, RAZLI SHAWARI, KAMAL KASSIM, MOHD NAGUIB AB MAJID, M NAZRI M NOR
Hydraulic Fracture
Enhanced fracture effectiveness, operational efficiency, and
minimum cost exposure are key considerations in the Angsi
Pre-Drill Hydraulic Fracture Design.
The design focuses on 3 possible fracture heights (100, 300
and 600-ft) based on the sandstone packages and barriers
separating them. During design stage, optimizing the
fracturing tubing string (Figure 12.0) to 4-1/2 inch OD
resulted in reduced hydraulic horsepower (hhp) requirement
which in turn reduces the number of pumping units needed.
The reduced fracturing volume and hydraulic horsepower
requirements from these 3 cases (Table 2.0), will enable
fracturing equipment to be deployed on the space alloted for
future platform facilities on ANDR-A. Conducting fracturing
operation onboard ANDR-A platform will ensure continuous
availability of equipment and eliminate potential cost exposure
for utilizing a marine-fracturing vessel. Interruptions to and
deferment of fracturing operations, especially during
monsoon, can result in costly re-fracture to achieve the desired
fracture effectiveness and impact the gas delivery
commitment.
Having continuous availability of the equipment onboard
ANDR-A platform allows for a batch drill and fracturing plan
(Figure 13.0) to reduce equipment rentals. Combined
potential cost saving by conducting fracturing operations from
the platform (vs vessel) and implementing batch
drill/fracturing phases is estimated at approximately 25
MUSD. Another advantage of batch fracturing is operational
efficiency is enhanced due to an accelerated learning curve
and immediate application of lessons learned from the last job.
Time available during the drilling phase will allow analysis on
the mechanical properties of the local formations, including
barrier competency, in-situ stress profile, etc. well in advance
to predict fracture geometry and orientation in planning for
optimum drainage of the tight reservoirs. Extensive data on
the local formations gathered during the drilling phase can
provide an opportunity for rigorous 3-D fracture simulations to
explore potential enhancements to the existing design and pre-
job preparations.
The tight gas reservoirs are located in the deepest section at
a measured depth of approximately 6,000 m and a maximum
well inclination of 75°. The highly sensitive Terengganu
shales will be penetrated prior to entering the tight gas
reservoirs. In addition to drilling fluids inhibition, a 'S' shape
well profile will be used where the wellbore path will be
dropped to vertical prior to entering the Terengganu shales and
the K-sands. Based on the in-situ stress profile from Angsi
exploration wells and diagnosis of Angsi-4 fracture
treatment 2, vertical fracture is anticipated to result from the
fracturing treatment. In addition to alleviating wellbore
stability concerns, having a vertical wellbore path across the
zones to be fractured allows full contact face with the fracture
height and enhances near wellbore flow area. Combined with
proper perforations, risk of fracture tortuosity in creating
multiple and limited fractures is also significantly reduced in a
vertical wellbore.
Formation closure stress of approximately 7,500 psi at a
SPE 54335
downhole temperature of 300° F in a "well cemented"
sandstone environment allows for optimization of proppant
selection. The proppant of choice is 16/30 mesh Intermediate
Strength (ISP) versus 20/40 mesh High Strength (HSP,
Sintered Bauxite) used in the Angsi-4 fracture treatment 2 that
created a four-fold increase in production. In addition to
better conductivity (> 40% based on performance tests of
samples in laboratory), potential cost saving will result from
the reduction of total weight requirements by using 16/30
mesh ISP.
Quality control plans on the fracturing fluid system and
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fracturing equipment reliability are also considered. A non-
damaging water based fracturing fluid system will be used.
Steps will be taken to eliminate fluid contamination to reduce
the risk of premature screen-out and degrading fracture
effectiveness. Continuity of the fracturing job is critical.
Properly sized but simple fracturing design with backup
equipment has been selected to maximize reliability.
Considering the significant amount of fracturing fluids to be
pumped downhole, fractured wells will be nitrogen-lifted with
coiled tubing, until the well is capable to flow naturally. Well
unloading will also be eased by reversing the gelled fracturing
fluid to water after the proppant is in place. Benefits from
proper nitrogen-lifting and reliable gel breaker (enzyme) will
be efficient well clean-up, reduced operation time and quality
fracture effectiveness.
Operational Challenges
1. Quality control of fracturing fluid and reliability of
fracturing equipment performance during fracturing
phase.
2. Prediction and diagnosis of fracture geometry.
3. Drilling deep and extended reach wells (>4.5 km) into the
Terengganu shales.
Conclusions
1. Near wellbore condensate dropout from a lean gas
condensate can have a significant detrimental effect on
gas productivity and recovery from conventional vertical
wells.
2. Hydraulic fracture appears to successfully mitigate a
significant portion of the productivity decline seen in
conventional vertical wells due to the near wellbore
condensate dropout.
3. Fracture length of 600-ft appears to provide optimum gas
recovery. Beyond 600 ft, incremental recovery due to
longer fracture length is minimal.
4. About 77% of the original-gas-in-place can be recovered
based on a 30 year producing life. This assumes that the
field will be developed with 21 wells and hydraulically
fractured with a 600-ft fracture length for all the wells.
This also assumes critical condensate saturation, Soc of
10%.
5. Choice of Soc value in defining the gas-oil relative
permeability curves has a significant impact on gas
recovery. Increasing Soc from 10% to 25% causes the gas
recovery to decrease by about 24%.
SPE 54335 ANGSI: MALAYSIA'S 1ST. TIGHT GAS DEVELOPMENT 5

6. Impacts on gas recovery due to sensitivity of production

rate constraint and initial wellhead pressure system are
not significant.
7. Hydraulic fracturing design optimisation and innovative
plans in managing the field implementation enhances
operational efficiency and significantly reduces cost
exposure.

Acknowledgement
We thank the Angsi Project Management Team consisting of
G & G personnel and engineers from Petronas Carigali Sdn

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Bhd and Esso Production Malaysia Inc for their contributions.
A special mention also to the EPMI Reservoir Simulation
Studies Group.
We also wish to extend our deepest appreciation for the
guidance and constant motivation of the Project Manager and
the Field Development Head.
Finally a word of thanks to the support provided by the
Management of Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd and Esso
Production Malaysia Inc and to PETRONAS for their consent
in allowing the publication of this paper.

Reference
1. Barnum, R.S., Brinkman, F.P., Richardson, T.W., and
Spillette, A.G.: “Gas Condensate Reservoir Behaviour:
Productivity and Recovery Reduction Due to
Condensation,” paper SPE 30767 presented at the 1995
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas,
USA.

2. D.A. Frye. :"Propped Hydraulic Facture Stimulation From

a Floating Drilling Rig," paper SPE 36402 presented at
the 1996 IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology
Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
 Table 1.0 Angsi K-sand Model (Well Spacing Sensitivity)

Case 1 Case 2
20-well (Frac 600 ft) 21-well (Frac 600 ft)
(Soc =0.25%)
Sand GIIP 20-year Recovery 20-year Recovery
Unit (BCF) Cum.Gas Factor Cum.Gas Factor
(BCF) (%) (BCF) (%)
K-20/22 174 114 66 118 68
K-25U 137 84 61 84 61

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K-25L 323 175 54 181 56
K-28/30 194 126 65 127 66
Total 828 499 60 510 62

Table 2.0 Summary of Pre-drill Frac Design Parameters

Parameters Description

Proppant Size 16/30 Mesh Intermediate Strength Proppant (ISP)

Proppant Qty.
(Max. single stage)
Base Frac Fluid
Gelled Frac Fluid System
Main Treatment Fluid Qty.
(Max. single stage)
Proppant Concentration
Frac String
Max. Surface Treating
Pressure (field avg.)
Max. Horsepower (field avg.)
Perforation Phasing
Perforation Density
Avg. Perforation Diameter
Conversion of multiple to a
single stage job
Zone Isolations
In-Situ Stress Measurements
Possible Fracture Geometry
And Orientation
Measurements
Fracture Effectiveness
400,000 lbs for 600-ft frac height/length (K-22 , K-25, and
K-28/30 in a single stage frac job)
Freshwater filtered to 2 microns with 2% KCL by weight of water
Guar or its derivatives (HPG / CMHPG) with delayed cross-linking of gel
structure
155,000 gals gelled frac fluid for 600-ft frac height/length
(K-22, K-25, and K-28/30 in a single stage frac job)
1 to 8 ppg mixed in stages with gelled frac fluid
4-1/2", 15.5 ppf, premium connection
7,000 psi at 35 BPM
6,000 hhp at 35 BPM / 7,000 psi
90° to 120°
2 to 6 shots per foot
0.21 inch / shot
Limited entry perforating technique
Sand plugs or composite bridge plugs
Open Hole / Mechanical Properties Logs (Drilling Phase)
Formation Integrity Tests (Drilling Phase)
Leak-Off / Injection Tests (Pre-Treatment Diagnostics)
Mini-Frac Tests (Pre-Treatment Diagnostics)
Temperature Logs (Pre/Post-Treatment)
Radioactive Tracers (Pre/Post-Treatment)
Triaxial Borehole Seismic (Pre/Post-Treatment)
History Matching (Post-Treatment)
Pressure Build-Up (Post-Treatment)
Reservoir Simulators (Post-Treatment)
Reservoir response and performance (Post-Treatment)

Figure 1.0 Angsi Location Map

T HA I LA N D

A N G SI

PM 3
PM 2
PM 5 PM 8
PM 9
P
E
N
IN
P M 10
S
U
K E R T IH
M L
A A
L R
A
Y
S
IA

TI NG G I A

SI N G AP O R E
 Figure 2.0 Angsi Field Cross Section
Oil ANGSI-6 ANGSI-5
Gas
NW ANGSI-1 ANGSI-4 ANGSI-2 ANGSI-3 SE

1500

GWC-1542.5m GWC-1543.0m
I-1

I-25
I-25
I-1
I-35
1600

I-35 I-35
LPG-1636m(EST.SPILL)
I-25

OWC-1665.0m(A-3) OWC-1665.0m(A-3) I-35

TEST 1

I-50 COAL MARKER

I-68
1700

I-50 COAL MARKER

I-68

I-70

I-68 LPG-1779.0m
TEST 2A I-70

I-75
I-85 LPO-1763.0m(A-2)
HPW-1765.0m(A-3)
I-68

I-85
GWC-1789.0m

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I-85
1800

I-100
TEST 2 LPG-1827.0m(A-2)
I-85

I-100
LPG-1862m(A-4)
OWC-1868.0m
HPW-1867.7m(A-2)
TEST 1A I-100
I-110 COAL MARKER
I-115
1900
I-115

LPG-1932.0m
HPW-1936.0m(A-3)
I-110 COAL MARKER
I-100
I-115
I-120

I-120

J-10
DEPTH IN METERS (SUBSEA)

2000

J-10

J-15
J-15 LPG-2040.0m(A-2)
EST. GWC-2045.0m
HPW-2050.0m(A-3)
J-10

J-20 LPG-2083.0m
HPW-2100.0m
J-15
J-ssts
2100 J-20

J-20

2200

2300
LEGEND :

OIL

2400 GAS K-20/22 K-20/22 LPG-2409m

LPG-2428m PROB.-2420m
LPG-2432m
POT.-2430m
K-20/22
K-25 (U)
PROB-2446m
PROB.-2456.5m K-10
LPG-2453m

PROBABLE OIL POT.-2460m LPG-2459m

K-25 (U)
LPG-2468m POT.-2460m
K-20/22

K-25(L)
PROB.
2494m
PROB.-2498m K-25 (U)
NON-RESERVOIR K-25 (U)
2500 K-25(L)
22

K-ssts
GWC-2512m
0/
K-2
PROBABLE GAS POT.-2520m LPG-2523m

K-25(L) K-25(L)
LPG-2538m

5 (U
)
PROB.-2554m
K-28/30
LPG-2573m
PROB.-2544m(EST)

K-2 K-28/30

PROBABLE GAS/OIL POT.-2590m

LPG-2586m K-28/30

PROB.-2597m K-28/30
2600 )
5(L
PROB.-2628m
K-2

PROBABLE GAS POT.-2670m

30
8/
K-2
POTENTIAL
2700

Figure 3.0 Angsi Field Development Schematics

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Figure 5.0 : Angsi Top K 20/22 Reservoir
Figure 4.0 : Angsi Field Areal Division
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Figure 7.0 Areal Grid of K-sand Full Field Model

 FIGURE 8.0
ANGSI K-SAND MODEL STUDY
FRACTURE LENGTH

500

450

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CUM.
GAS
PROD.
(BSCF)
400

350

300
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

FRACTURE LENGTH

FIGURE 9.0
ANGSI K-SAND MODEL
FIELD GAS PRODUCTION RATE
1000

GAS PROD.
RATE
(MMSCFD) 100

10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
CUM. GAS Production. (BSCF)

FIELD FIELD
CONSTRAINED UNCONSTRAINED
 FIGURE 10
ANGSI K-SAND MODEL STUDY
1000 INITIAL WELLHEAD PRESSURE SENSITIVITY

GAS PROD.
RATE
(MMSCFD)

100

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10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
CUM. GAS PROD. (BSCF)

CASE 6 (FWHP 1000) CASE 8 (FWHP 750) CASE 9 (FWHP 500)

FIGURE 11
NEW ANGSI K-SAND MODEL
CUM GAS PRODUCED VS
500

400

CUM GAS
PRODUCED 300
(BCF)

200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

YEAR

20 WELLS, 21 WELLS,
S S
 FIGURE 12 - SIMPLIFIED FRACTURING EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENT

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REAL-TIME CONTROLS

CASING

FRAC
TUBING
STRING

PACKER

FLUID ADDITIVE FLUID HOLDING TANKS

HIGH-END FRACTURING CROSS LINKER SYSTEM AND GEL
PUMPS AND MANIFOLD HYDRATION

CHARGE
PUMPS BLENDER PROPPANT TANKS
PAD FLUID FOLLOWED BY
FRAC SLURRY

FIGURE 13 - FIELD FRACTURING IMPLEMENTATION PHASE

SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

PRE-TREATMENT
DIAGNOSTICS MAIN FRAC TREATMENT POST-TREATMENT
DRILLING DIAGNOSTICS
TASKS:
DATA ACQUISITION: TASK: TASK:
MEASURE IN SITU TASKS:
STRESSES, PREDICT PUMP FRAC SLURRY
FORMATION INTEGRITY, PUMP PAD FLUID MEASURE FRACTURE
FRACTURE GEOMETRY / (GELLED FRAC FLUID
OPEN HOLE LOGS, (GELLED FRAC FLUID W/OUT GEOMETRY, ORIENTATION AND
ORIENTATION WITH PROPPANT)* IMMEDIATELY
MECH. PROPERTY LOGS, PROPPANT)* EFFECTIVENESS
CORES (IF ANY) TO CREATE AND AFTER PUMPING PAD FLUID
PROPAGATE FRACTURE TO ‘PROP’ OPEN
PERFORM: FRACTURE AND
HYDRAULICALLY PERFORM:
ASSESSMENT: PLACE PROPPANT
PUMP-IN TESTS,
MINI (DATA) FRAC, * DELAYED CROSSLINK CASED HOLE LOGS,
BARRIERS COMPETENCY, * DELAYED CROSSLINK
DOWNHOLE MEASUREMENTS, MEASURE MICRO-
FRAC ZONE COMPETENCY, SEISMIC EVENTS,
CASED HOLE LOGS,
FRACTURE GEOMETRY, INITIAL WELL CLEAN UP,
TAILOR PRE-DRILL
FRACTURE ORIENTATION, IDENTIFY REFINEMENTS
FRAC JOB DESIGN
FULL 3-D FRAC MODEL FOR NEXT FRAC JOBS
TO WELL SPECIFICS

INTENSE Q.C.: INTENSE Q.C.:

INTENSE Q.C.: INTENSE Q.C.:
QUALITY OF LOGS, SAFETY,
SAFETY, SAFETY,
FRAC EQUIPMENT FITNESS / MATERIALS DATA QUALITY,
DATA QUALITY, BEST PRACTICES
QUALITY PRIOR MEASURING TECHNIQUE,
MEASURING TECHNIQUE, FLUID PROPERTIES
TO MOBILIZATION DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS,
DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS PROPPANT SUPPLY
INTERPRETATION, EQUIPMENT FITNESS / ARRANGEMENT INTERPRETATION,
FRAC EQPT FITNESS, SUPERVISION CAPACITY BEST PRACTICES
FLUID PROPERTIES, EXPERIENCED PERSONNEL
EXPERIENCED COMMUNICATION INTEGRITY
PERSONNEL, ACCURATE MATERIALS BALANCE / MEASUREMENTS
BEST PRACTICES CONCERTED CONTRIBUTION / EFFORT