© IPA, 2006 - 16th Annual Convention Proceedings, 1987

IPA 87-11/12

PROCEEDINGS INDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Sixteenth Annual Convention, October 1987

HYDROCARBON GENERATION AND MIGRATION

IN THE SANGATTA AkEA, KUTEI BASIN

H.Fukasawa *
Rustam Sunaryo **
P.H. Napitupulu **

ABSTRACT However, in the Sangatta-Bungalun area, only the Sangatta

The Sangatta area is located on the north of the Mahakam
Delta in East Kalimantan, and belongs to the Kutei Basin. Se-
diments of Lower Miocene to Pliocene in the Sangatta area
comprise the Pamaluan Formation, Pulubalang Formation,
Balikpapan Formation and Kampungbaru Formation.
Geochemical study of these sediments shows that shales
of the Balikpapan Formation have a high content of organic
carbon, and the kerogens are classified as Type I1 or I11 by
pyrolysis (Rock Eva1 analysis), and herbaceous or coalyl
woody type by visual kerogen analysis. In the Sangatta
field, the maturity level of source rocks reaches the oil
generation zone (Vitrinite Reflectance: Ro >0.5) at a depth
of 800 meters. Biomarker analysis indicates that the crude
oils produced from the reservoir are correlated to the source
rocks approximately 500 meters deeper than the reservoir.
Based on the well data and geochemical data, the MINI
BSS, a computerized simulation model, was applied to eva-
luate hydrocarbon generation and migration during the basin
development. The simulation shows that the oils produced
from the Sangatta field migrated to the trap from the source
rocks of the middle-upper Middle Miocene (Mid. Mio I1 & I11
in Fig. 2) on the flank of the Sangatta anticline through
interbedded carrier rocks during Late Miocene to Pliocene.
INTRODUCTION
The Sangatta-Bungalun area lies between Mahakam Delta
and Mangkalihat peninsula in East Kalimantan, and belongs
to the northern part of the Kutei Basin (Fig. 1). The Kutei
Basin is filled with a vast series of Tertiary sediments. The
sediments around the Mahakam Delta were deposited in huge
field is present so far.
The Sangatta field was discovered by BPM (Bataafshe Pe-
troleum Maatshappij) in 1939, and was developed by PER-
TAMINA with production started from 1972. The main re-
servoirs are interbedded in the middle part of the Balikpapan
Formation. The current production is approximately 3,000
BOPD and 14 MMCFGPD from 121 wells. The cumulative oil
production is over 19.02 MMBO.
STRATIGRAPHY
The Miocene sediments in the Sangatta field may be di-
vided into the Pulubalang Formation and Balikpapan For-
mation (Fig. 2).
The Pulubalang Formation consists mainly of shales at the
Sangatta Dalam-1 and Melawan-2 well, and of an alternati-
on of sandstones and shales on the surface of the Benua anti-
cline (Fig. 3).
The Balikpapan Formation may be subdivided into three
members in the Sangatta Dalamyl and Melawan-2 wells
with basis on lithofacies. The lower part of the Balikpapan
Formation consists of shales with occasional sandstone in-
terbeds deposited on the prodelta in an inner sublittoral -
littoral environment. The. middle part of the Balikpapan
Formation consists of an alternation of shales and sandstones
deposited on the delta front in a littoral environment. The
upper part of the Balikpapan Formation consists of an
alternation of shales, sandstones and lignite/coal, which are
deposited on the delta plain in a supralittoral - littoral
environment such as back mangrove or brackish channel.
Y

prisms prograding regularly eastwards (Marks et al., 1982,

The Kampungbaru Formation which overlies the Balik-
etc.). The sediments in the Sangatta-Bungalun area are similar
papan Formation is not found in the Sangatta field, however
to those around the Mahakam Delta, and 'are folded with
it is seen on the east coastal area and offshore.
resuect to an NNE-SSW axis lving- -on the north to northeast-
ward extension of the Samarinda Anticlinorium. These features show that progradation of the deltaic
sequence towards east existed during Early Miocene to
Around the Mahakam Delta, many oil and gas fields were
Pliocene.
found, including the Handil, Attaka, Bekapai, Badak fields.
_-___-_________ STRUCTURE
*) Indonesia Nippon Oil Cooperation Co., Ltd (INOCO)Tokyo,
**) PERTAMINA E & P, Jakarta , Indonesia. There are three anticlines, Benua, Melawan and Sangatta
 124
from west to east which are arranged parallel to a NNE-’
SSW or N-S orientation.
The Melawan anticline is elongated southward and con-
nected with the Runtu anticline. It has a high dip on the east
flank and is occasionally bounded by faults (Fig. 4). Since
sediments of lower Miocene become abruptly thin to the east
of the Melawan anticline, the fold is considered to have been
formed during Early to Middle Miocene age.
The Sangatta anticline is more gentle anticlinal undulation
than the Melawan anticline. Since the seismic section shows
that the Kampungbaru Formation thins out toward the
Sangatta anticline, the fold is considered to have been form-
ed during Late Miocene to Pliocene age.
SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION
Geochemical analyses were carried out by the Japan
National Oil Corporation (JNOC) in order to evaluate the
source rock potential and maturity level in the middle to
lower part of the Balikpapan Formation in the Sangatta field
and in the upper part of the Pulubalang Formation in the
Melawan-2 well.
The organic carbon content (noncarbonate carbon) of
shales in the Balikpapan and Pulubalang Formations are
within the ranges from 0.6 to 2.0 wt%, and the source rock
potential is shown as fair or good on the source rock evaluati-
on chart (Fig. 5).
Pyrolysis shows that organic constituents of the Balik-
papan Formation in the Sangatta field are type I1 or type I11
on the Hydrogen Index - Tmax diagram and those of the
Pulubalang Formation at the Melawan-2 well are type I11
(Fig. 6).
The visual kerogen analysis also shows that organic matter
of the Balikpapan Formation in the Sangatta field are herba-
ceous and coaly/woody kerogen, that is, the gas oil mixed
type.
MATURITY
The vitrinite reflectance value (Ro) increases from 0.5 to
0.8% between 800 and 1,800 meters in the Sangatta field
(Fig. 7). Other maturity data such as fhe “Rock Eval” Tem-
perature Index (Tmax) and the Thermal Alteration Index
(T.A.I.) of kerogen coloration show reasonabIe agreement,
namely, the Tmax values are within the range from 433 to
456’C, and the T.A.I. values are within the range from 3.4 to ,’
4.0. According to Tissot and Welte (1984), the above data
show that the main oil generation zone (0.5>Ro>l.3) is
correlated to the interval between 800 and 2,800 meters,
and the maturity level is in the oil generation zone in and
below the middle part of the Balikpapan Formation in the
Sangatta field.
As for the maturity level of the Melawan anticline, the oil
generation zone was correlated to the interval between 500
and 1,700 meters at the Melawan-1 well drilled on the crest
of the anticline.
CRUDE OIL-SOURCE ROCK CORRELATION
Biological markers such as steranes and triterpanes in
crude oils and source rocks have been widely used for
correlation studies (Welte et d , 1975; Seifert and Mol-
dowan, 1978) and maturation studies (Mackenzie et d ,
1980; Seifert and Moldowan, 1981).
The R/S ratio of sterane isomers (for example, peak
number 23/27 ratio in Fig. 8) is the indicator of maturity.
The R-form changes to the S-form with increasing ma-
turity, and finally the ratio reaches a stable equilibrium
of approximate 50 : 50. According to this maturity para-
meter, the steranes of the source rocks taken from ST-5,
1306 m and ST-3, 800.5 m are immature, and those taken
from ST-5, 1734 m and Melawan-2,1906 m have reached
the stage of maturity (Fig. 8). The diasteranes (peak num-
ber 10 and 15) are major compounds in oils of the Sangatta
field, and the peak distribution,pattern of steranes in source
rocks taken from ST-5, 1734 m is well correlated to those
in oils produced from ST-51, 1216-1219 m and ST-77,
1268-1 275 m. Other source rocks taken from ST-3,800.5
m and Melawan-2, 1906 m have no similarity to the oils of
the Sangatta field in terms of diasterane peak relative
intensity.
Consequently, the biomarker analysis shows that the
source rocks of the middle part of the Balikpapan For-
mation reaches the oil generation zone without any oil
being expelled into the reservoirs of the Sangatta antic-
line. The oils produced from Sangatta field were genera-
ted in source rocks adjacent to the reservoirs on the flanks
of the anticline and migrates up dip through interbedded
carrier rocks to the trap.
The “Mini Basin Study System (MINI BSS)” compu-
terized simulation model developed by JAPEX was ap-
plied for the restoration of hydrocarbon generation and
migration during basin development.
COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION MODEL APPLICATION
The MINI BSS is a one-dimensional model which is
based upon physical and chemical laws and empirical re-
lationships between input and output parameters (Naka-
yama, 1987).
A geological sedimentary pile is repreresented by a sys
tern of rectangular cells which are further divided by time
horizons. The physical and chemical characteristics of a
cell are assumed to be homogeneous. The geologic para-
meters for each cell are stored and processed throughout
the time as the cell is buried under the load of overlying
cells (Fig. 9). The model, once calibrated to produce para-
meter values close to the currently observed values, can be

used to calculate the amount of oil/gas generated and ex-
pelled from each cell at any given time in the geologic
past.
The basic input data for the model are;
The Balikpapan Formation is subdivided into four
units (Middle Miocene I, 11, I11 and Upper Miocene)
at the Sangatta Dalam-1 well in accordance with
foraminiferal and palynostratigraphical zonation
(Fig. 2 and 4).
The volume of shale (Vsh) in each unit is determin-
ed on the basis of the lithofacies data (Fig. 3 ) .
The porosity and compaction data for shale and
sandstone are estimated from the core and geophysi-
cal log data.
The geothermal gradient in the Sangatta ,field regar-
ded as a constant (3°C/100 m) throughout the geo-
logic past.
The generation curves for oil and gas are set up as a
function of vitrinite reflectance value (Ro) on the
basis of the geochemical data mentioned above.
0.5 < Ro < 1.3; oil generation zone
Ro 2 1.3; gas generation zone
The model reconstructed the burial history of sedi-
ments removing the compaction effect cell by cell, and
estimated the maturity level of source rocks by calcula-
ting paleovitrinite ‘reflectance value (Ro) and Time Tem-
perature Index (TTI) values (Fig. 10). The amount of
oil/gas generated was obtained from the generation cur-
ves. The timing and amount of oil/gas/water expelled
from the source rocks was estimated on the basis of the
Darcy’s law.
The model did not include the direction of oil/gas mo-
vement after expulsion, but, since the model was applied
at several points on the cross section, we could draw up a
restored section and interpret the direction of hydrocar-
bon migration.
The results of model application were as follows;
(1) At the Sangatta Dalam-l well, the source rocks of
the Middle Miocene I1 and I11 reached the peak of
generation potential during Late Miocene. The oils
generated in the Middle Miocene I1 were expelled
from the source rocks during Late Miocene to Plio-
cene (Fig. 11). However, the oils generated in source
rocks of the Middle Miocene 111 were not expelled
(Fig. 12).
(2) On the east flank of the Sangatta anticline, the oils
generated in the Middle Miocene I1 and I11 were
expelled from source rocks during Late Miocene to
Pliocene.
CONCLUSIONS
The Middle Miocene in the Sangatta field comprises the
125
Pulubalang Formation and Balikpapan Formation. Variati-
on of lithofacies shows the progradation of a deltaic sequ-
ence. The Melawan anticline was formed in Early to Mid-
dle Miocene age, and the Sangatta anticline in Late Mio-
cene to Pliocene age.
The vitrinite reflectance values (Ro) and “Rock E;al”
Temperature Indexes (Tmax) in the Sangatta field show
that the oil generation zone (Ro > 0.5%, Tmax > 43OOC)
was distributed below a depth of 800 meters. The biomar-
ker analysis shows that the crude oils produced from the
reservoir in the Sangatta field are correlated to the source
rocks approximately 500 meters below the reservoir. The
steranes of the source rock adjacent to the reservoir are
immature showing no similarity to those of oil. On the
Sangatta anticline, the source rocks of the middle part of
the Balikpapan Formation reaches the oil generation zone
without any oil being expelled into the reservoirs.
The oils were generated in the source rocks adjacent to
the reservoir on the flank of the Sangatta anticline and
migrated to the Sangatta field. The simulation study by
the MINI BSS also shows that; on the Sangatta anticline,
the source rocks in the Middle Miocene I1 and I11 ge-
nerated oil but did not expell it, whereas, on the east
flank of the anticline, they generated oil and expelled
it (Fig. 13).
The source rocks of the Lower Miocene and Middle
Miocene I generated crude oil in the vicinity of the Sangat-
ta field, however the oils were not accumulated because
the reservoirs were not developed and the timing of ex-
pulsion did not concide with the formation of the Sa-
ngatta anticline. The oil which migrated to the Mela-
wan anticline^ was not trapped because the reservoir in
the Lower to Middle Miocene were exposed.
The MINI BSS is considered useful to evaluate the
timing of oil expulsion from source rock, giving us a key
to learn how the oil field was formed in the geologic past.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors- wish to thank the managements of PER-
TAMINA and Indonesia Nippon Oil Cooperation Co.,
Ltd. (INOCO) for permission to publish this paper, and
the staffs of PERTAMINA Unit EP IV for offering data
and samples.
We also wish to thank Japan National Oil Corporation
(JN0C)-Technology Research Center for having done
geochemical analysis, and Japan Petroleum Exploration
Co., Ltd. (JAPEX) for having given us accommodation to
use the MINI BSS.
Thanks also go to Mr. R. Nishizawa and Mr. K. Nagata
for reviewing this manuscript, and Dr. T. Machihara who
has made many helpful comments.
126
REFERENCES
Mackenzie, A.S., Patience, R. L., Maxwell, Vandenbrouke,
M. and Durand, B. 1980, Molecular parameters of ma-
turation in the Toarcian shales, Paris Basin, France-&
Changes in configurations of acyclic isoprenoid alkanes,
steranes and triterpanes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta,
44,1709-1712.
Marks, E., Sujatmiko, L@ci Samuel, Dhanutirto, H.,Ismo-
yowati. T., and Sidik, B.B. 1982, Cenozoic stratigra-
phic nomenclature in' East Kutei Basin, Kalimantan..
Proc. Ind. Petr. Assn. 11th Ann Conv., 1,147-179.
Nakayama, K. 1987 Hydrocarbon-expulsion model and
its application to Niigata area, Japan. AAPG Bull., in
press
Oudin, J.L. and Picard, P.F.. 1982. Genesis . of hydrocar-
bons in the Mahakam Delta and the relationship between
their distribution and the over pressured zones. Proc.
Ind. Petr. Assn. 11 th A n n Conv., 18 1-202.
Schoell, M., Teschner, M., Wehner, H., Durand, B. and
Oudin, J.L. 1983, Maturity related biomarker and
stable isotope variations and their application to oil/
source rock correlation in the Mahakam Delta, Kaliman-
tan, In Advances in Organic Geochemist?y. 1981.
(edited by Bjor$y, M. e t d ) . John Wiley, 156-163.
Seifert W.K. and Moldowan J.M., 1978. Applications of
steranes, terpanes and monoaromatics to the maturation,
migration and source of crude oils, Geochim. Cosmo-
china. A~ta.42~77-95.
Seifert W.K. and Moldowan J.M. 1981. Paleorecons-
truction by biological markers. Geochim. Comochim.
Acta 45,783-794.
Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.B. 1984. Petroleum Formation
and Occurrence (Second Revised and Enlarged Edition).
Springer-Verlag.
Welte, D.H., Hagemann H. W., Hollerback A., Leythaeuser;
D. and Stahl, W. 1975. Correlation between petroleum
and source rock. 9th World Petr. Cong. Panel Discus-
sion 3-5.
 127

MANGKALIHAT
ISANGAT TA BUN

-t- 0'

MAHAKAM
DELTA

-
NORTH YAKIN
SEPINGGAN

I
. 110'E
~ _ _ _ ~ ~
FIGURE 1 -Location Map
128

Sangatta O i l Field
-
n
4 .etter
v
P 'lanktonic
orarninini-
-
Classif i- -ormat ion
.itho-
Remarks
i! felal catior logy
-
i= Zonation

N 23
Quarternary 0
N 22
.85
N 21
Th
PIiocene N 20
N 19

5.5 N 18

N 17
--
-
- ........
.......... Delta Plain
-
...........
-
.........
..........
9 .o N 16
-
.........
...... -
N 15

N 14
Tr3
-
........
-
.........
-
........
-
.......
............
............
............
............
* Delta Plain

.Delta Front
N 13
Balikpapan ......
12.0

Miocene
N 12 ........
......... Prodelta
N 11 .........
4 .O ~~

N 10
Tfi ......... Pr ode1t a
N 9 ........
5.5
N 8 Pulubalang Prode It a
J J
N 7

N 6 Te5

N 4
22.5
1c after 5low(,1969170)
~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ _ _

FIGURE 2 - Biostratigraphic and Lithologic Chart

 129

PInang- 1
Surface
Melawan- 2

il

"~:~. " ..:. H'~

0e " ~Mi:i~'~
"~ ~ ,,

~::i!!iii~

2000n
( k...:~i::~il 2501 m

3i t,1 m

FIGURE 3 - Stratigraphic Correlation

130

I
I t
\
\
\
\ E'
\ " \
0

" I
L

I
I
I
N I
I
I
I /
E
s

\
\
\
\
\
\ \
\
\
\
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
 131

CHART OF SOURCE R O C K EVALUATIOV

SANGATTA A R E A

0 ST-2 Q ST-3 OST-5 MML-2 n?

10

e;
4
u
I

Irr
0
xa
a

0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0

P E R C E N T OF NON-CARBONATE CARBON
132
~

SANGATTA AREA
H. I. TYPE II TYPE I
500-

5 00- 0 ST-2.3.4.5
0 ML-2

I
I
I
400 I
I
01
I
I
I
1
300 I
I
I 0
I
I
I
I
I
200
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
‘ I
I oc TYPE I l l

( I I I T MAXP
C
400 450 500

FIGURE 6 - Hydrogen Index - Tmax Diagram

 133

V l T R l N l T E REFLECTANCE - DEPTH
SANGATTA AREA

1111

I I
0.s ~ 1 .o 1.5 2.0 O10

Ro ( VlTRlNlTE REFLECTANCE )

FIGURE 7 - Vitrinite Reflectance - Depth Diagram

134

ST -3 Source Rock(8OO 5 m) 77

jT -5 Source Rock (1306 m) 17

ST - 83 Oil I911 - 913 m )

jT -5 Source Rock (1734 rn) ST - 51 Oil ( 1216 - 1219 m)

ST - 77 Oil (1268- 1275 m)

Melctwan -2 Source Rock ( 1906 rn)
IOIll

Oistribulion Pallern of Slerones in Crude Oils

Oislribullon Pallern of Sleranes i n Source Rocks

Peak No. Steranes

10. 24-ethy1-13P. 17a -diacholestane 20s

14. 5 a , 1 4 a , 17a-cholestane 20R (5a-cholestane 20R)

15. 24-ethyl-130, 17a -diacholestane 20R
22. 24-methyl-5a. I d a , 17a-cholestane 20R (5a-ergostane 20R)
23. 24-methyl-5a. 14a, 17a-cholestane 20s (5a-stigmastane 20s)
25. 24-el,hyl--5a, 140,178-cholestane 2OR (isostigmastane 20R)

26. 24-ethyl-5a ,.14b', 178 -cholestane 20s (isostigmastane 20s)

27. 24-ethyl-5a, I d a , 17a -cholestane 20R ( 5 a -stigmastme 20R)

-~ - ~ ~~

FIGURE ' 8 - Distribution Pattern of Steranes in Source Rocks and Crude Oils
 135

Field Data

Biostratigraphic D a t a
Lithofacies Data

C-- $4 = (80-e-cdz Core Data

Geophysical Log

TE M P ER ATU RE 4 G eot herma\

Gradient

r
MATURATION +-- In R o = a .In(TTI 1 + b
ATTI = 2 (T(t)-l00)11O~t
-V trinite Re lee ance

*
(TTI, Ro)

I AMOUNT OF I .C- Hydrocarbon

Generat ion Potential
- Kerogen Type
Pyrolysis
Visual Kerogen
Tot a\ Organic Matter

INCREASE OF
IMAGINARY
PORE PRESSURE

c 1

RESIDUAL
ABNORMAL
PRESSURE

F l o w of Calculation
EXPELLED H C in M I N I BSS
4
(after K. Nakayama ,1 9 8 7 ; modified’)
~

FIGURE 9 - Flow of Calculation in “MINI BSS’

136

SFINGRTTR DFILFIM-I
cEottisroAr o m i s i s
RO I%)

.-1

I I

FIGURE 10 - Geohistory Analysis on Ro and TTI value

 137

Sangatta Dalam - 1
Timing of Oil and Gas Generation
Total Amount Generated
_-
VI
4
M
w -A

I
I
Time ( M a )

/
m
0

Formatior

Jpper Miocene

Oil
Gas
4id. Miocene IU

did. Miocene II

did. Miocene I

-_ Oil
Lower Mi ocent
Gas

FIGURE 11 - Timing of Oil/Gas Generation at Sangatta Dalam-I

138

Sangatta Dalam - 1
Timing of Oil and Gas Expulsion
k t a l Amount Expelled

1
d 4
rd
I
I
+ ' o
b 3 0

/
. ,

m
Q
2.
Y

3
-.
0
0
a Forma tior
3
a

lpper Miocene

lid. Miocene m

lid. Miocene TI

Oi I
-I___-.-

Gas lid. Miocene I

.ower Mi ocenc
 139

End of Middle Miocene

MSL I 1 M.S.L.
___
1000.
1000

2000
2000-
t- ,

-- - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--_ _ _
- -- ---- ---__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -_--- Mid.Mi0.m
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ I

-- .
Mid. Mio.lI
_ _ _ _ _ _- - _ _ _ _ _

3000 - ......................
.....................
......................
.....................
......................
4000

5000’

End of L a t e Miocene
MSL

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

600C

Sangatta

--- ______- - A r

FIGURE 13- Schematic Diagram 0f.mMigration on Restored Section