ACTIVITY 11

1. Discuss the occurrence of the following:

Types of Faults Illustration
Normal Fault
Discussion:
 An inclined fault in which the
hanging wall has slipped down
relative to the footwall. A dip-
slip fault in which the block
above the fault has moved
downward relative to the block
below. This type
of faulting occurs in response to
extension.
Reasons of occurrences
 When the hanging wall drops
down in relation to the footwall.
Extensional forces, those that
pull the plates apart and
gravity are the forces that
create normal faults.
They are most common at
divergent boundaries.

Reverse Fault
Discussion:
 Is exactly the opposite of
normal faults. If the hanging
wall rises relative to the
footwall, you have a reverse
fault. Reverse faults occur in
areas undergoing compression
(squishing).
Reason of occurrences
 A type of fault formed when the
hanging wall fault block moves
up along a fault surface relative
to the footwall. Such movement
can occur in areas where the
Earth's crust is compressed.
 Strike Slip faults
Discussion:
 also called transcurrent
fault, wrench fault, or lateral
fault, in geology, a fracture in
the rocks of Earth’s crust in
which the rock masses slip past
one another parallel to
the strike, the intersection of a
rock surface with the surface or
another horizontal
plane. Fault on which the two
blocks slide past one another.
The San Andreas Fault is an
example of a right lateral fault.
Reason of occurrences:
 This occurs at transform plate
boundaries, which is where two
plates slide past each other.
This by the fall is also one that
causes earthquakes.
Bedding Planes Example:
Discussion: The lines between the different colors of rock in
 The surface that separates the Grand Canyon.
each successive layer of a
stratified rock from its
preceding layer: a depositional
plane: a plane of stratification.
The surfaces which separate a
stratum from the other one
above or below in it.
Reason of Occurrences
 When a hydraulic fracture
intersects a bedding plane, the
hydraulic fracture opening acts
to promote slip deformation
along the bedding plane. The
shear stress associated with the
slip generates a tensile plane–
parallel normal stress that can
result in nucleation of a new
fracture on the far side of
the bedding plane.
 Syncline Example:
Discussion:  Sideling Hill road cut along Interstate 68
 A fold in a sequence of rock in western Maryland, USA, where the
layers in which the younger Rockwell Formation and overlying
rock layers are found in the Purslane Sandstone are exposed.
center (along the axis) of the
fold. Syncline is closely related
to the word anticline, which is a
fold in a sequence of rock layers
in which the older rock layers
are found in the center (along
the axis) of the fold.
Reason of Occurrences
 Formed when tectonic plates
move toward each other,
compressing the crust and
forcing it upward.
Anticline Example:
Discussion: include the Late Jurassic to Early
 In structural geology, Cretaceous Purcell Anticlinorium in British
an anticline is a fold that is Columbia[1] and the Blue Ridge anticlinorium of
convex up and has its oldest northern Virginia and Maryland in the
beds at its core. The term is not Appalachians,[6] or the Nittany Valley in central
to be confused with antiform, Pennsylvania.
which is a purely descriptive
term for any fold that is convex
up. Therefore if age
relationships between various
strata are unknown, the term
antiform should be used.

Reason of Occurrences
 These formations occur
because anticlinal ridges
typically develop above thrust
faults during crustal
deformations. The uplifted core
of the fold causes compression
of strata that preferentially
erodes to a deeper stratigraphic
level relative to the
topographically lower flanks.
 Recumbent Example:
Discussion:  Recumbent fold at Godrevy in Cornwall
 An asymmetrical fold is one in in England. The rocks are of Devonian
which the axial plane is inclined. age and they were folded during the
An overturned fold, or overfold, Variscan orogeny.
has the axial plane inclined to
such an extent that the strata
on one limb are overturned. A
recumbent fold has an
essentially horizontal axial
plane.

Reason of Occurrences
 Result from flow that maintains
the general coherence of the
layering with overturn due to
frictional drag. The general
horizontal configuration of the
axial plane reflects equilibrium
of the rocks in the Earth's
gravitational field.

2. Discuss the following terminologies:

● Strike- direction of the line formed by the intersection of a fault, bed, or other planar
feature and a horizontal plane. Strike indicates the attitude or position of linear structural
features such as faults, beds, joints, and folds. Strike and dip are always perpendicular to
each other on a map. On a fold, the AXIS is the ridge or plane of sharpest folding.
● Dip- is the acute angle that a rock surface makes with a horizontal plane.
● Angle of Dip- A vertical angle measured downward from the horizontal plane to an
inclined plane.