Halliburton Energy Services

Production Enhancement

Fracturing Services

Prepared by:
Arif B Syamra
Agenda

• Safety Topic
• Fracturing Theory
• Fracturing Equipment
• Fracturing Fluid
• Fracturing Fluid Demo
Safety Topic

Safety Belt
 Personal Protective Equipment

• Coverall, safety cloth

• Safety Hat / Helmet
• Safety Goggles
• Safety boot
• Hand Glove
• Ear Plug
Stimulation
Acidizing
Conducted due to low permeability of oil or gas
that exist in oil formation rocks (limestone or
dolomite rocks) that dissolve upon being
contacted by acid.
Continued pumping forces the acid into the
formation where it etches channels that
provide a way for the formation's oil or gas to
enter the well through the perforations.

Fracturing
Conducted due to low permeability of oil or gas
in sandstone rocks to permit good recovery by
pumping a specially blended fluid down the
well and into the formation under great
pressure.
Pumping continues until the formation literally
cracks open, then proppants are mixed into the
fracturing fluid enters the fractures in the
formation, when pumping is stopped and the
pressure allowed dissipating, the proppant
remains in the fractures to hold or prop the
fractures open.
These propped-open fractures provide
passages for oil or gas to flow into the well.
 Gelling Fluid

In making gel for fracturing fluid (as proppant transport media),

below the important parameters that highly affected the
crosslinked gel obtained:
• pH control at each step of adding the chemical into the solution
• Concentration of polymer and cross linker additive added

Boragel
Defined as low temperature gel with temperature range between
70-225 degF, fast crosslinking time, concentration of borax
determine gel strength

Hybor
Defined as high temperature gel with temperature range between
125-300 degF, longer crosslinking time
Fracturing Fluid
Fracturing Fluid
Fracturing Fluid
 Fracturing Chemical

Biocide Control

Clay Control

pH Control Agent

Polymer

Surfactant

Defoamer

Crosslinker and Activator

Breaker and Activator

Proppant

Resin
 Fracturing Chemical

Biocide Control
Function:
•Reduces premature gel degradation caused by bacteria
•Reduces treatment costs related to re-gelling, disposal of broken
gel, etc
•Possibility to adequately treat unclean water from bacteria
instead of unavailable clean water

BE-5
To control the growth of microorganism populations found in
source water for fracturing fluids, by acting as metabolic inhibitor,
effective against most types of bacteria, fungi and algae, doesn’t
affect pH, solid form.

CAT-1
•Conditioner for Aqueous Treatments
•To treat both active and sporulated bacteria that resists the
action of biocide
 Clay Control
Reason
To minimize the possibility of clay crystals breaking loose and
migrating.

Any water that may contact a clay bearing formation should

contain a chemical that will not alter the natural water retention
characteristics of the clay

KCL, Potassium Chloride

Clay stabilizer additive for water base frac fluids
 pH Control Agent

Reason for control

If a base fluid has a pH of approximately 10 to 11 it is known

to be effective for destroying most bacteria prior to gelling
when the gelled fluid is adjusted to a pH of about 7 to 8, its
temperature stability is enhanced as compared to lower ph
values
Proper control of gel hydration rate during the gelling process
may depend on the fluid pH
Proper control of cross-linking rate (the time it takes to form
cross linked fluid when cross linking agent is added) is pH
dependent
Proper control of friction pressure losses in tubular goods may
be affected by pH
Buffers are mixtures of acids and salts that are resistant to pH
change.
 Typical of Acidic and Basic

•Strong Acid
•Hydrochloric Acid pH 0 – 2

•Weak Acid
•HYG-3 (Fumaric Acid) pH 3.5 – 4
•FE-1A (Acetic Acid) pH 2 – 4

•Weak Base
•K-34 (Sodium Carbonate) pH 8.5
•K-35 (Sodium Carbonate) pH 10.5

Strong Base
•NaOH (Caustic Soda) pH 14
•MO-67, Colorless liquid, very alkaline
 Gelling Agents

Gelling agents are used for increasing viscosity, reducing friction, controlling
fluid loss control, etc.

Viscosity (resistance to motion) is the most important condition derived from

the use of gelling agents.
 Surfactant
Known as Surface Active Agent

Important effects:
Break water blocks
Break emulsion block
Prevent the creation of emulsions between the injected fluid
and the formation fluid
Stabilize emulsions

LOSURF-259
Halliburton Brand that function as Low Surfactant for fracturing fluid
 Breaker

Function
To degrade the long chain polymer into shorter chains with
controlled and predictable viscosity

SP Breaker
Sodium Persulfate, white granular oxidizing material used as
breaker at temp above 120 degF

Vicon NF
Liquid form breaker for use with GEL-STA within the temp range
200-300 degF.
 Fracturing Job Equipment Units

Typically, fracturing job always carry many equipments settled to perform

job, there are:

Pumping Unit HT 400

To pump down with great pressure specific fluid blended with
proppant
Blender Unit
To blend and circulate chemical fluids with specific proppant.
Frac Tank
As reserve tank to place chemically fluid while circulated with blender
unit and keep that fluid until it used pumped down into the well
Water Tank
As water reserve tank, water distributed to blender
Sand Truck
As sand reserve tank, poured into sand screw tube in blender unit
Frac Van
As data processing control unit
Unit of Manifold Equipments
Surface Lay Out of Frac Units

Wellhead Square Disposal

Tank

Manifold

Pumping Unit M HT 400

A Frac Van
Trailer HT 400 Control Panel
N
I
F
Pumping Unit O Pumping Unit
L
Trailer HT 400 D
Trailer HT 400

Water Tank Sand Truck

140 bbls Blender Unit 500 sk

Frac Tank
Frac tank
500 bbls

500 bbls
 Steps of Fracturing Job

Fill up Well, using 2% KCl that mixed with fresh water, function to
reduce friction pressure surround inside wall of the tubing
Break Down, using 2% KCl water, function to obtain pressure value
exerted that observed when the formation fracture for the first time
Step rate / Step down, using 2% KCl water, a minifracturing test
performed to obtain the fracture extension pressure that will be used in
Main Frac Job design, the test performed usually by pressuring the well
at constant rate increments and plotting the maximum pressure at
each step vs. the constant rate at each stop.
Mini Frac, using crosslinked gel pumped down the wellbore to obtain
several pressure values such instantaneous shut-in pressure, fracture
extension pressure, closure pressure, opening pressure, closure time
and the fluid loss coefficient with further analysis yields the fracture
width and the fracture length.
Main Frac, using crosslinked gel that mixed with proppants, the
proppants laden used to prop the cracks open in the reservoir
formation after fracturing job performed.
Typical Units of Frac Job Equipment

Pumping Unit HT 400

Fracturing Pumps
Fracturing Pumps
Fracturing Pumps
Surface Lay Out of Frac Units

Wellhead Square Disposal

Tank

Manifold

Pumping Unit M HT 400

A Frac Van
Trailer HT 400 Control Panel
N
I
F
Pumping Unit O Pumping Unit
L
Trailer HT 400 D
Trailer HT 400

Water Tank Sand Truck

140 bbls Blender Unit 500 sk

Frac Tank
Frac tank
500 bbls

500 bbls
Fracturing Suction Manifold
Fracturing LA Pumps
Fracturing Iron
Fracturing Iron
Fracturing Iron
Surface Lay Out of Frac Units

Wellhead Square Disposal

Tank

Manifold

Pumping Unit M HT 400

A Frac Van
Trailer HT 400 Control Panel
N
I
F
Pumping Unit O Pumping Unit
L
Trailer HT 400 D
Trailer HT 400

Water Tank Sand Truck

140 bbls Blender Unit 500 sk

Frac Tank
Frac tank
500 bbls

500 bbls
Frac Tank
Fracturing Flow Back Tank
Surface Lay Out of Frac Units

Wellhead Square Disposal

Tank

Manifold

Pumping Unit M HT 400

A Frac Van
Trailer HT 400 Control Panel
N
I
F
Pumping Unit O Pumping Unit
L
Trailer HT 400 D
Trailer HT 400

Water Tank Sand Truck

140 bbls Blender Unit 500 sk

Frac Tank
Frac tank
500 bbls

500 bbls
Frac Van
Surface Lay Out of Frac Units

Wellhead Square Disposal

Tank

Manifold

Pumping Unit M HT 400

A Frac Van
Trailer HT 400 Control Panel
N
I
F
Pumping Unit O Pumping Unit
L
Trailer HT 400 D
Trailer HT 400

Water Tank Sand Truck

140 bbls Blender Unit 500 sk

Frac Tank
Frac tank
500 bbls

500 bbls
Blender Unit
Blender Unit
Surface Lay Out of Frac Units

Wellhead Square Disposal

Tank

Manifold

Pumping Unit M HT 400

A Frac Van
Trailer HT 400 Control Panel
N
I
F
Pumping Unit O Pumping Unit
L
Trailer HT 400 D
Trailer HT 400

Water Tank Sand Truck

140 bbls Blender Unit 500 sk

Frac Tank
Frac tank
500 bbls

500 bbls
Mountain Mover
Mountain Mover
Mountain Mover
Mountain Mover
Job Charts

Mini Frac with HYBOR H5110

Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A
A Slurry Rate (bpm) B Slurry Volume (bbl) C B C
5000 20 100

4500 18 90

4000 16 80

3500 14 70

3000 12 60

2500 10 50

2000 8 40

1500 6 30

1000 4 20

500 2 10

0 0 0
11:20 11:21 11:22 11:23 11:24 11:25
04/01/2004 04/01/2004
Time
Customer: PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia Job Date: 04-Jan-2004 T icket #:
Well Description: Kotabatak #270 UWI: StimWin v4.6.0
04-Jan-04 12:28
Job Charts
Mini Frac with HYBOR H5110
A Tubing Pressure (psi) A Slurry Rate (bpm) B B
5000 20

4500 18

4000 16

3500 14

3000 12

2500 10

2000 8

1500 6

1000 4

500 2

0 0
11:20 11:30 11:40 11:50 12:00 12:10 12:20
04/01/2004 04/01/2004
Time
Customer: PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia Job Date: 04-Jan-2004 Ticket #:
Well Description: Kotabatak #270 UWI: StimWin v4.6.0
04-Jan-04 12:30
Job Charts

Halliburton Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit

Mini Frac - Square Root
Time TP CP DP FE
Tubing Pressure (psi) 1 Closure 11:54:04 750.1 703.4 685.7 69.45
Corrected Pressure (psi)
2000
1
1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200
11:25:16 11:35:16 11:45:16 11:55:16 12:05:16 12:15:16 12:25:16
04/01/2004 04/01/2004
Time
Customer: PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia Job Date: 04-Jan-2004 T icket #:
Well Description: Kotabatak #270 UWI: StimWin v4.6.0
04-Jan-04 12:25
Job Charts

Halliburton Pumping Diagnostic Analysis Toolkit

Minifrac - G Function
Tubing Pressure (psi) A
Corrected Pressure (psi) A Time TP CP DP FE
Smoothed Raw 1st Derivative (psi) D 1 Closure 4.49 734.4 687.8 701.5 69.77
A Smoothed Raw G*dP/dG (psi) F D F
2000 2000 2000
1
1800 1800 1800

1600 1600
1600
1400 1400
1400
1200 1200
1200
1000 1000
1000
800 800
800
600 600
600
400 400

400 200 200

200 0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
G(Time)
Customer: PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia Job Date: 04-Jan-2004 Ticket #:
Well Description: Kotabatak #270 UWI: StimWin v4.6.0
04-Jan-04 12:26
Job Charts

Main Frac with HYBOR H5110 and 12/20 CR-4000D

Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A
Slurry Rate (bpm) B Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B
A Proppant Concentration (BH) (lb/gal) B Proppant Volume (lb) D B D
5000 20 50000

4500 18 45000

4000 16 40000

3500 14 35000

3000 12 30000

2500 10 25000

2000 8 20000

1500 6 15000

1000 4 10000

500 2 5000

0 0 0
14:28 14:30 14:32 14:34 14:36 14:38 14:40
04/01/2004 04/01/2004
Time
Customer: PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia Job Date: 04-Jan-2004 T icket #:
Well Description: Kotabatak #270 UWI: StimWin v4.6.0
04-Jan-04 15:44
Job Charts
Job Charts
Job Performance

Increase in production rate or injection rate

End Of Slides

Thank You