Machine Design Formulas
Kinematics
 Uniform motion
 Uniformly accelerated motion
 Free falling body
o 3 equations
 Kinematics in two dimensions (projectile)
o Y and x at any time t
o Maximum height and range
o General equation of projectile
o The range of projectile inclined at an
angle (beta) (above or below)
 Rotational kinematics
o Uniform motion
o Uniform angular acceleration
o Linear and angular relations
 Newton’s law of universal gravitation
 Rectilinear translation (D’Alembert’s principle)
 Uniform circular motion
o Centripetal force
o Centripetal acceleration
 Non-uniform circular motion
o Tangential force
o Tangential acceleration
o Total acceleration
 Conical pendulum
 Banking of highway curves
o Ideal angle of banking
o If the body is travelling at a greatest
speed and about to skid
 Centroidal rotation
 Rolling bodies
o Rolling cylinders (external and internal
contact)
o Rolling cones (alpha and beta)
Stresses and Strains
 Simple stress
o Axial stress (tensile, compressive)
o Shearing stress
o Torsion (solid shaft, hollow shaft)
o Bearing stress
o Bending or flexural stress (rectangular,
circular)]
o Thermal stress
o Design stress (ductile, brittle)
o Modulus of elasticity
o Modulus of rigidity
o Thermal elongation
o Combined stresses (axial and flexural,
for the beams)
o Combined axial and torsional stresses
o Combined torsional and flexural
stresses
o Combined axial, torsional and flexural
stresses
 Variable stress
o Ductile materials (soderberg)
o Brittle materials (goodman)
Shaftings
 Two general classes of shafts
 Types of transmission shaft
 For main power transmitting shafts
 For line shafts carrying pulleys
 For small, short shafts and counter shafts
 Diameter of a solid circular shafts required to
transmit given torque
 Twisting moment for shaft of any cross section
 Power transmitted
 Pure torsional shear stress (solid)
 Pure flexural or bending stress (solid)
 Pure torsional shear stress (hollow)
 Pure flexural or bending stress (hollow)
 Combined torsion and bending stress
 Combined torsion and bending considering
shock and fatigue factors (tensile shearing)
 Shock and fatigue factors for shafts (table)
 Vertical shear
 Angular deformation
Keys
 W (square and flat key)
 Shearing stress on the key
 Compressive stress on the key
 For square key
 Dimension of keys made of same material
 The factor of safety on Keys
 Suggested factor of safety on yield strength
Splines
 Based on shearing of the splines
 Based on compression between the splines and
the hub
 The total torque transmitted
 The torque capacity of one spline
Coupling
 Based on shearing of the key
 Based on compression between key and
keyways
 Based on shearing of bolts between the flange
faces
 Based on compression between the bolts and
the flange
 Safe power transmitted
 Summary of failures and factor of safety in
flange coupling
 o Average shearing stress on the throat
Pressure Vessels area
 Thickness o Factor of safety
 Thin-walled pressure vessel o Maximum shearing stress
o Tangential stress/circumferential o Maximum tensile stress
stress/hoop stress/girth stress o Modes of failure on riveted joints
 Without efficiency Bolts and Screws
 With efficiency  Types of bolts
o Longitudinal stress: considering the  Types of screws
transversal section  Types of threads
 Stresses in thin-walled sphere  Tolerance
o Tangential stress with efficiency  Bolt specification number
o Tangential stress without efficiency o American and unified series
 For thick-walled cylinder o Metric thread series
o Wall thickness  Form of threads for bolts
o Axial stress  Form of threads for power screw
o Maximum shear stress at the inner  Stresses induced in bolts
surface o Shear stress
o Maximum shear stress in the cylinder o Tensile stress
wall o Compression stress
o Equivalent maximum tensile stress in o Shear stress
the cylinder wall o For practical design
o Hoop stress (Inner and outer surface)  From valiance
 Collapsing pressure/critical pressure on thin  Form faires
tubes o Applied load
o For stainless steel tubes  From valiance
 When the ratio (t/do) is less  Form faires
than 0.025 o Working strength of the bolt
 When the ratio (t/do) is greater o Bolt spacing
than 0.03 o Bolt circle diameter
o For lap-welded steel tubes o Depth tap
 When the ratio (t/do) is greater  Brittle materials
than 0.03  Steel
o For brass tubes  Steel / wrought iron
 When the ratio (t/do) is less o Initial torque
than 0.025  From valiance
 When the ratio (t/do) is greater  Form faires
than 0.03 o Initial tension
 Short tubes and external pressure o Bolt elongation
o Critical pressure/collapsing pressure of
short tubes
o Compressive/crushing stress
Rivets and Welded Joints
 Types of riveted joints
 For riveted joints
o Tangential design stress
o Factor of safety
o Efficiency of the joint for single riveted
butt joint
 Types of welding which are not requiring
pressure
 Types of welding which are requiring pressure
 Major weld types
 Types of joint
 For welded joints
Power Screw o Square wire
 Torque required to overcome collar friction  Stress in torsion spring
 Torque applied to turn the screw  Deflection of torsion spring
o For square threads (raising lowering the o For helical torsion spring of round wire
load) o For spiral torsion spring of round wire
o For acme threads (raising lowering the o For spiral torsion spring of round wire
load)  Length of wire
o For trapezoidal metric threads (raising  Free length
lowering the load)  Impact load on spring
o For American standard threads (raising  Stresses in leaf spring
lowering the load) o Single leaf
 Total torque required to operate the screw o multiple leaf
 Power input of the screw  deflections of leaf spring
 Power output of the screw o Single leaf
 Efficiency o multiple leaf
 Linear velocity  spring system (series and parallel)
 Lead angle  indeterminate springs
 Lead o outer spring longer than the inner
 Outside diameter spring
Power screw form machineries handbook o inner spring longer than outer spring
 Screw diameter o inner and outer springs are of the same
 Transmitted power height
 Shaft diameter  compression spring end designs
Bearings  ends used for extension springs
 Examples of bearing materials Flywheels
 Classification of bearings according to type of  total weight of the flywheel
friction  weight of the rim
 Classification of rolling – element bearings  kinetic energy released by the flywheel
 Classifications of bearings according to load  energy needed to punch a hole
application  power needed to punch a hole
 Maximum contact stress for balls  average speed
 Maximum contact stress for cylinders  hoop stress
 Bearing pressure  coefficient of fluctuation
 Frictional torque  table for the coefficient of fluctuation
 Frictional power Brakes
 Life in millions of revolutions (for ball, roller  Types of brakes
bearing) Band Brake
 Life in hours (for ball, roller bearing)  Tension ratio
 Compressive breaking load  Torque developed by the braking action
 Maximum load  Actuating force
 Diametral clearance  Maximum unit pressure
Springs  Maximum allowable stress
 Materials used for springs Differential brake
 Types of springs  For clockwise rotation
o Coil springs  For counter-clockwise rotation
o Leaf springs (table) Block brake
 Stress in coil springs of round wire  Braking torque
 Stress in coil springs of non-circular wire  For large angle of contact (theta>60)
o Square and rectangular wires Brake shoe
 Whal factor  Heat dissipated in brakes
 Spring index and Spring rate  For lowering brake, the heat dissipated
 Deflection of coil springs of round wire  The temperature rise
 Deflection of coil springs of non-circular wire Spot brake
o Rectangular wire  Braking torque capacity
Clutches  Design horsepower
 Types of clutches  Number of belts
Plate of disk clutch  Belt length
 For uniform pressure disk clutch Toothed belt
o Total torque  Timing belt
o Total applied force Chains and Sprockets
 For uniform wear disk clutch  Types of sprockets
o Total torque  Types of lubrication
o Total applied torque  Recommended sae viscosities for various
Cone clutch operating temperatures
 Torque transmitted by the cone clutch  Pitch diameter of the small sprocket
 Axial force  Pitch diameter of the large sprocket
o If engagement takes place when one  Outside diameter of the small sprocket\
member is rotating and other is  Outside diameter of the large sprocket
stationary  Length of the chain
Block clutch  Center distance between sprockets
 Torque transmitted  Power transmitted
 Total radial force Gears
o For very large (theta) and Pn is not  Classification of gears according to the nature of
constant axis
 Engagement force needed at stationary  Kinds of gears
condition Spur gears
 Maximum pressure  Circular pitch
Expanding ring clutch  Diametral pitch
 The total frictional torque  Clearance
Band clutch  Addendum
 Torque transmitted  Dedendum
 Maximum normal pressure  Outside diameter
 Tension ratio  Root diameter
 Maximum stress  Root diameter
Centrifugal clutch  Whole depth
 Torque transmitted  Working depth
 Radial spring force on each inertial weights  Tooth thickness
o For radial springs  Tooth space
o For garter springs  Base circle diameter
Belts  Center distance between gears
 Types of belts connections  Backlash
 Types transmission belts  Face width
Flat belt Design calculations (spur gears)
 Belt tension ratio  Beam fatigue strength of the teeth
 Centrifugal force  Dynamic load
 Effective belt pull o Continuous service
 Angle of contact o Intermittent service
 Arc of contact  Wear load
 Power transmitted  Checking for failure based on fatigue
 Cross-sectional area of the belt  Checking for failure based on wear
 Belt length Helical gears
 Belt speed  Tangential force
V-belt  Radial force
 Belt tension ratio  Axial force
 Effective belt pull  Normal pressure angle
 Rated horsepower for standard size ABCDE  Axial pitch
 Rated Horsepower for standard size of B only  Normal diametral pitch
 Adjusted rated horsepower  Normal circular pitch
  Lead Elevators
Design calculations (helical gears)  Formulas
 Beam fatigue strength of the teeth Machine Shop
 Dynamic load  Taper length
 Wear load  Cutting of workpiece
 Formative o Rate of cut
 Number of teeth o Velocity
Worm gears o Volume flow rate
 Circular pitch
 Diametral pitch
 Lead
 Lead angle
 Pitch line velocity
 Torque transmitted by worm
 Separating force
 Tangential force on the worm
 Efficiency of the worm gear
 Face width
 Outside diameter of worm
 Worm diameter
Design calculations (worm gears)
 Beam fatigue strength of the teeth
 Dynamic load for worm gear teeth
 Wear load
 Thermal capacity
 Normal pressure
Bevel gears
 Types of bevel gears
 Cutting or root angle
 Face angle
 Pitch angle
 Face width
 Length of cone
 Working depth
 Total depth
Design calculation (bevel gear)
 Strength of straight bevel gear
 Dynamic load
Wire Ropes
 Wire ropes construction
 Uses of wire ropes
 Materials for wire ropes
 Various sizes and their applications
Sheave or rope drum
 Bending stress
 Bending load
 Weight of rope
 Acceleration force due to weight of the rope
 Acceleration force due to the weight connected
at the end of the rope
 Total tension of the rope
 Ultimate strength for plow steel material
 Factor of safety
 Table for the factor of safety for wire ropes