Chapter 7: Torsion

BTMM2153 Strength of Materials

Chapter overview
 1.1 Introduction
 1.2 Torsion of Hollow and Solid shaft
 1.3 Design criteria: Maximum shear stress & maximum
angle of twist
 1.4 Series and Parallel shaft
 1.5 Combined bending, torsion and direct loading
1.1 Introduction
 Torque is a moment that twists a member about its
longitudinal axis.
1.1 Introduction
 By observation, if angle of rotation is small, length
of shaft and its radius remain unchanged
 By observation, if angle of rotation is small, length
of shaft and its radius remain unchanged
1.1 Introduction
   a solid and hollow shaft of uniform circular cross
For
section throughout its length, the theory of pure torsion
states that:
Sign Convention of Internal Torque
1.1 Introduction
 Simple torsion theory
When a uniform circular shaft is subjected to a torque, it can be shown that
every section of the shaft is subjected to a state of pure shear (shown in Fig)

Where the moment of

resistance developed by
the shear stresses being
everywhere equal to the
magnitude, and opposite
in sense, to the applied
torque
1.1 Introduction
 Simple torsion theory
With assumptions:
1.2 Torsion of Hollow and solid shaft
  
The theory of pure torsion states that:
(a) The shear stress due to torsion,

 Where:
=shear stress at radius r
T=applied external torque (Nm)
J= polar second moment of area (
1.2 Torsion of Hollow and solid shaft
The polar second moment of area (J), also known as "moment of inertia of
plane area", "area moment of inertia", or "second area moment", is a property
of a cross-section that can be used to predict the resistance of a beam to
bending and deflection around an axis that lies in the cross-sectional plane.

For a Solid shaft of diameter D, For a Hollow shaft of outer diameter D,

and inner diameter d,

-
1.2 Torsion of Hollow and solid shaft
  
The theory of pure torsion states that:
(b) Angle of twist (in radians),

 Where:
T=applied external torque (Nm)
L=length of shaft (m)
J= polar second moment of area (
G=shear modulus or modulus of
rigidity (GN/)
1.2 Torsion of Hollow and solid shaft
  
Maximum shear stress, in a solid shaft is developed in the
outer surface, values at other radii decreasing linearly to
zero at the centre.

 The material within the shaft will work at a lower stress and
particular near centre, will not contribute much to the
torque carrying capacity of the shaft.
1.2 Torsion of Hollow and solid shaft
 In applications where weight reduction is of
prime important as in the aerospace industry,
for instance, it is often advisable to use hollow
shaft.

 ** Notes:
 It should be noted that for a hollow shaft with
an inside diameter is half of the outer diameter
(d=D/2). The maximum stress increases by
6% over that for a solid shaft of the same
outer diameter whilst the weight reduction
achieved is approximately 25%
Example 1.1
1.3 Design criteria: Maximum shear stress & maximum angle of
twist
  The sizing of circular shaft subjected to pure torsion is
based on:
 (a) maximum shear stress,
𝐷
  𝑇(
2
)
𝜏= ≤ 𝜏 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐽

 (b)maximum angle of twist,

 = 𝑇𝐿
𝜃 ≤ 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐽𝐺

 The diameter D chosen must satisfy both equations (1)

&(2)
Example 1.2
1.4 Series and Parallel shaft

 1.4.1 Series shafts

 If two or more shaft of different material, diameter or basic forms are connected
together in such a way that each carries the same torque, then the shafts are said to
be connected in series & the composite shaft so produced is therefore termed as
series – connected.

 Equilibrium:

Geometry of deformation:

+
Cont. Series Shaft

Chapter 1: Torsion
1.4 Series and Parallel shaft

 1.4.2 Parallel shafts

 If two or more shafts are rigidly fixed together such that the applied torque is
shared between them then the composite shaft so formed is said to be connected in
parallel.

 Equilibrium:

Geometry of deformation:

Chapter 1: Torsion
Chapter 1: Torsion
Example 1.3 – 1.4
1.5 Combined bending, torsion and direct loading
 Sometimes, a shaft may be subjected to a combined
bending (B), torsion (T) and direct load (P). This type of
situation arises in turbine propeller shaft.
1.5 Combined bending, torsion and direct
loading
 The direct stress due to P can be superimposed to bending
stress and the shear stress is due to torque. The resultant
stresses (principals stresses) can be determined by Mohr
circle procedure or analytically.
1.5 Combined bending, torsion and direct
loading
  
The principals stresses can be determined by Mohr circle
procedure or analytically:

or =
Example 1.5