Name: Mohsin Liaqat

Sap ID:. 36844

Assignment:. 2
Course: Introduction to Political Science
Program: BS International Relations
Instructor:. Ms. Muntaha Hassan

Political development and Political Evolution

“Political developments refer to changes, events, and movements that occur i

within the political sphere of a country or region. Political developments can
encompass a wide range of activities, . including changes in political systems,
government policies, political ideologies, social movements, international
relations, and the impact of technological a advancements on politics.”
General examples of political developments are:
 Establishment of democracy in a country or region
 The collapse of a dictatorship or authoritarian government
 Political revolutions a that change the course of a country’s history
 The adoption of new constitutions or amendments to existing ones
 Political campaigns, including presidential or general elections
 The formation of i political parties and their ideologies
 Changes in foreign policy and international relations
 Social movements that demand political change, such as the civil rights
movement or the feminist movement
 The rise and fall of political leaders and their policies
 The impact of technology I on political communication and decision-making
They shape the course of political history. It can occur at any level, from local to
global, and have significant i consequences for people’s lives and the future of
society.
Practical examples:
 The rise and fall of the Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)
 The French Revolution (1789 – 1799)
 The American Revolution (1765 – 1783) and the founding of the United
States (1776)
 The Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840) and the rise of capitalism
 The World Wars (1914 – 1918, 1939 – 1945) and the Cold War (1947 –
1991)
 The establishment of the United Nations (1945) and the formation of the
European Union (1993)
 The collapse of the Soviet Union (1991) and the end of the Cold War
 The civil rights movement in the United States (1954 – 1968)
 The rise of China as a global superpower in the 21st century
 The Arab Spring (2010 – 2012) and the ongoing geopolitical changes in the
Middle East
Major political developments in context of Pakistan
Some major political developments in the history of Pakistan:
 Independence from British India (1947)
 The adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan (1956) and subsequent i
abrogation by military regimes
 The first military coup by General Ayub Khan (1958) and the establishment
of military rule
 The Indo-Pakistan Wars, including the 1965 War and the 1971 i War leading
to the separation of East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh
 The establishment of the first democratically elected government led by
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971-1977)
 The military coup by General Zia-ul-Haq (1977) and the establishment of a
military dictatorship that lasted for 11 years
 The death of Zia-ul-Haq in a plane crash (1988) and the I restoration of
democracy under Benazir Bhutto, the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan
  The dismissal of the government of Nawaz Sharif by President Ghulam
Ishaq Khan (1993) and the ensuing constitutional crisis that led to the
intervention of the Supreme Court
 The military coup by General Pervez Musharraf (1999) and the i subsequent
rule of the military junta for nearly a decade
 The assassination of Benazir Bhutto (2007) and the subsequent I victory of
her party in the 2008 elections, leading to the restoration of democracy under
the leadership of her husband, Asif Ali Zardari.
“Political evolution the gradual and continuous I process of change and
development that takes place within the political I system of a country or region. It
encompasses a wide range of political changes that occur over time, including
changes in political structures, I institutions, ideologies, and policies.”
Political evolution is a natural process, i It can be influenced by factors such as
technological : advancements, globalization, and demographic shifts. Political
evolution can take place in both : democratic and non-democratic societies.
Here are some examples of political evolution:
The evolution of democracy: The concept of democracy has I evolved over time,
from the direct democracy of ancient Athens to the representative democracy of
modern times. The expansion of the : franchise to include marginalized groups
such as women and minorities is also an example of political evolution.
The evolution of political ideology: Political ideologies such as liberalism,
conservatism, i socialism, and fascism have evolved over time in response to
changing economic and social conditions.
The evolution of international relations: The emergence of global governance
institutions such as the United Nations and the International i Criminal Court is an
example of political evolution in the international sphere.
The evolution of civil rights: The struggle for civil rights i for marginalized
groups such as African Americans and LGBTQ+ individuals is an example of
political evolution in the realm of social justice.
The evolution of political systems: The transition of many countries from
authoritarian rule i to democracy, such as the wave of democratization in i Latin
America in the 1980s and 1990s, is an example of political evolution.
The evolution of environmental politics: The growing recognition of the i
importance of environmental issues in politics, such as the Paris Agreement on i
climate change, is an example of political evolution in response to changing global
conditions
Political evolution can be slow i and incremental or rapid and transformative,
depending on the specific context and the forces that drive it. While political i
evolution is often driven by external forces, it is also shaped by the actions and
decisions of political leaders and citizens. Political evolution is an ongoing i
process that shapes the course of political history and has significant consequences
for the future of societies.