MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION AND EXTERNAL STUDIES

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF FOUNDATIONS AND CURRICULUM STUDIES

NAME: MUKIIBI JOSEPH

REG NO.:20/U/1424
STUDENT�S NO.2000701424
COURSE: BACHELORS OF SCIENCE WITH EDUCATION (BIOLOGICAL)
COURSE UNIT: BIO2201
LECTURER: DR NICHOLAS MULABBI ELIJAH
DATE: 09/03/2023
SEMESTER: 2
YEAR: 3

TITLE
BLOOD GROUPING USING TEST SERA FOR THE ABO SYSTEM
ABSTRACT
In the experiment, extracts of antigen in the blood sample were used by mixing them
with the provided Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies on a divided microscopic slide.
After thorough mixing of blood drops, observation was made using a low objective
microscope lens for presence or absence of the clumping reaction.
On observation, no clumping reaction had occurred on either side of the slide
hence it was concluded that the blood sample provided Lacked either antigens for
the corresponding antibodies on the slide hence no agglutination thus blood type is
O since it has both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies with no corresponding antigens.

INTRODUCTION
The human blood may be divided into different types of groups i.e. four main types
of groups divided from one another by the presence or absence of two agglutinogens
found associated with the red blood cells. The two agglutinogens are A and B.In the
plasma there may be both or absence of the two agglutinins i.e. Anti-B A and Anti-
B.
In this experiment the reaction of the agglutinogens with their corresponding
agglutinins is used in the ABO blood grouping.
THEORY OF THE EXPERIMENT
Blood type is the classification of blood basing on the presence of antibodies and
inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cell. These antigens may
be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoprotein, or glycolipids depending on the blood
group.
Blood grouping test is done on the basis of agglutination. Agglutination means the
collection of separate particles like red blood cells into clumps or masses.
Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with a corresponding antibody which is
called isoagglutinin.
Our immune system has learned to use these to help distinguish the body�s own cells
from foreign components like bacteria, or toxins.
The immune system learns to ignore our own antigens but recognizes foreign antigens
in the body by releasing antibodies to react with such foreign particles.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
i. Anti-A Blood grouping serum
ii. Anti-B Blood grouping serum
iii. Lancets
iv. Sterile Pencil
v. Cotton wool
vi. Industrial Methylated spirit
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
i. The wax pencil was used to divide the surface of a clean microscopic slide into
two parts
ii. A drop of Anti-A serum was placed on the left hand side and a drop of Anti-B
serum on the right hand side
iii. The tip of the fingertip was cleaned with industrial methylated spirit and
allowed to dry.
iv. By using a sterile Lancet, drop of blood was obtained from the finger.
v. The blood was carefully mixed with each sera in a way that mixing of both sera
doesn�t occur.
vi. The slide was then examined under low power objective of a microscope a few
second after mixing for a clamping reaction.
RESULTS
RESULTSAnti-AAnti �BAgglutinationNegative Negative
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
The ABO blood grouping system is based on the agglutination reaction. If red blood
cells carry one or both of the antigens that are exposed to the respective
antibodies, they interact and generate observable clamping or agglutination.
The antigens of ABO blood groups are O-linked glycoproteins whereby the terminal
sugar residue present on red blood cell indicate whether the Antigen is A or B.
Antigens A as well as anti-B antibodies are often seen in individuals with blood
group A, Antigen B as well as Anti-A antibodies in individuals of blood group
B,Antigen A and B in AB with absence of antibodies and Absence of antigens A and B
as well as presence of both antibodies in Blood group O individuals.
According to the results above ,the blood group dealt with was O.This is because
when the blood sample was mixed with Anti-A and Anti-B,no agglutination reaction
occurred on either side indicating that the blood sample lacked both A and B
antigens or agglutinogens which could probably react with the Anti-A or Anti-B
agglutinins.
CONCLUSION
ABO blood group system can be easily identified for a given individual using the
observations from the agglutination reaction between the specific antigens present
on the red blood cells and antibody extraction from the serum.
Blood group identified is O

REFERENCES
Animal physiology by Richard .W.Will-2021
Animal Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood,2005
Dean .L Blood groups and red cell Antigens.Bethesda(MD).National centre for
Biotechnology information(US),Chapter 8.
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