CAPTIVE BIOMASS PRODUCTION

A Project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(AGRICULTURE ENGINEERING)

2023

BY

Ankur Dhukia
Harshvardhan Singh Rao
Ishan Kumar Solanki
Ronit Verma
Vikram Singh

Department of Renewable Energy Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology,

Udaipur

I
 CAPTIVE BIOMASS PRODUCTION
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(AGRICULTURE)

Approved By:-

PROJECT ADVISOR DR. N.L. PANWAR

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DR. N.L. PANWAR

PROJECT CHAIRMAN DR. S.K. JAIN

Department of Renewable Energy Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and
Technology
Udaipur(Rajasthan)-313001

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I convey the feeling of immense gratitude to my major advisor Dr. N.L. Panwar, Associate
professor, Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Technology and
Engineering, Udaipur for his scholastic guidance, constructive criticism, constant
encouragement, and pertinent suggestions during every stage of my education, learning
process and project work.

I convey the feeling of immense gratitude to my Co-advisor Col. Satish Shukla (Rtd.), Co-
Founder- Innovation Energy Laboratory Private Limited, Mumbai (Maharashtra) for his
guidance constructive criticism constant encouragement and pertinent suggestions during
every stage of learning process and project work.

I am indeed to Dr. S.K. Jain, Professor and Head, Department of Processing and Food
engineering, College of Technology and Engineering Udaipur, for permitting and providing
all necessary facilities for project work, and constant concern in the progress of project work
at every stage.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. P.K. Singh, Dean, College of Technology and
Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur for
providing all the needed facilities.

I have been immense pleasure in expressing my deepest sense of gratitude and humble
indebtedness towards my advisory committee Mr. Rajbir Singh Jallo, General manager,
And Mr. NV Sreenivas, Plant head, VS Lignite Power Private Limited, Bikaner for their
steadfast inspiration, expert guidance, and dynamic support.

Place : CTAE Udaipur Ankur Dhukia

Date : Ishan Kumar Solanki

Harshvardhan Singh Rao

Ronit Verma

Vikram Singh

III
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

List of Table

I. Introduction 1-6
1.1. General 1
1.2. Potential 2
1.3. Technologies 2
1.4. Current Status 2
1.5. Biomass Energy in India 3
1.6. Classification of biomass 4
1.7. Biomass tree characteristics 4
1.8. Benefits of biomass plantation 4
1.9. Justification of work 5
1.10. Objectives 6
II. Review of Literature 7-9
2.1. Introduction to biomass production 7
2.2. Biomass for electricity generation 8
2.3. Summary of review of literature 9
III. Materials and Methods 10-19
3.1. Different type of crop being cultivated at different sites 10
3.2. Plantation 12
3.3. Biomass Harvesting 16
3.4. Post Harvesting process 19
IV. Result and Discussion 23-34
4.1. Conversion using cofiring technique 23
4.2. Amount of coal replaced 25
4.3. Feasibility of captive biomass production 30
4.4. Problems faced during captive biomass Production 32
V. Summary and conclusion 35-36
VI. References 37

IV
 LIST OF TABLES

Fig. No. Particulars Page

No.
1.1 Biomass test results 34-35

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Particulars Page

No.
Figure 1. 1 Biomass conversion routes ...................................................................................... 3
Figure 1. 2 Classification of Biomass ........................................................................................ 4

Figure 3. 2 Primary Tillage ...................................................................................................... 11

Figure 3. 3 Farmyard Manure .................................................................................................. 11
Figure 3. 4 Carbon Powder Manure ......................................................................................... 12
Figure 3. 5 Secondary Tillage .................................................................................................. 12
Figure 3. 6 Napier Saplings Plantation .................................................................................... 13
Figure 3. 7 Beema Bamboo and casuarina Plantation ............................................................. 14
Figure 3. 8 Poplar Plants .......................................................................................................... 14
Figure 3. 9 Super Napier Plantation......................................................................................... 15

V
 NOMENCLATURE

MWh Megawatt Hour

MW Megawatts

MMBtu Million British thermal units

GCV Gross Calorific Value

TAT Turnaround Time

VI
 CHAPTER-1

Introduction

1.1 General

Biomass production refers to the process of cultivating and harvesting organic matter, such as
plants, algae, or agricultural waste, for various purposes. Biomass, in this context, can be
defined as any renewable organic material that can be used as a biofuel such as source of
energy crop converted into other useful products.

Biomass has always been an important energy source for the country considering the benefits
it offers. It is renewable, widely available, carbon-neutral and has the potential to provide
significant employment in the rural areas. Biomass is also capable of providing firm energy.
About 32% of the total primary energy use in the country is still derived from biomass and
more than 70% of the country’s population depends upon it for its energy needs. Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy has realized the potential and role of biomass energy in the
Indian context and hence has initiated a few programs for promotion of efficient technologies
for its use in various sectors of the economy to ensure derivation of maximum benefits. For
efficient utilization of biomass, bagasse-based cogeneration in sugar mills and biomass power
generation have been taken up under biomass power and co-generation programmed.

Biomass power & cogeneration program is implemented with the main objective of
promoting technologies for optimum use of country’s biomass resources for grid power
generation. Biomass materials used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw,
cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut
shells, saw dust etc.

With serious concern globally and in India on the use of fossil fuels, it is important for India
to start using renewable energy sources. India is the 7th largest country in the world spanning
328 million hectares and amply bestowed with renewable sources of energy. Among the
renewable energy sources, biomass plays a vital role especially in rural areas, as it constitutes
the major energy source to majority of households in India. Biomass energy is the utilization
of organic matter present and can be utilized for various applications.

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 ➢ Biomass can be used to produce heat and electricity or used in combined heat and
power (CHP) plants.
➢ Biomass can also be used in combination with fossil fuels (co-firing) to improve
efficiency and reduce the buildup of combustion residues.

1.2 Potential

According to a recent study funded by India currently has access to around 750 million
metric tons of biomass annually. According to the study, agricultural leftovers have an
estimated surplus biomass availability of roughly 230 million metric tons per year, or a
potential of about 28 GW. Aside from this, the 550 sugar mills in the nation could create an
additional 14 GW of power through bagasse-based cogeneration provided they implemented
the most efficient levels of cogeneration from a technical and financial standpoint.

1.3 Technologies

Combustion, gasification, or pyrolysis are the thermal chemical processes used to transform
biomass into valuable products. Combustion is the method that is most frequently utilized.
The advantage is that, aside from the boiler, the technology utilized is comparable to that of a
thermal plant using coal. The cycle employed is the traditional Rankine cycle, in which
biomass is burned in a high-pressure boiler to produce steam, which is then used to power a
turbine. The steam turbine's exhaust can either be totally condensed to generate electricity or
used partially or entirely for another practical heating activity. Cogeneration is the name for
the last mode. The cogeneration route is primarily used in industries in India.

1.4 Current Status

As on 31.10.2022, a total capacity of 10205.61 MW has been installed in Biomass Power and
Cogeneration Sector.

Installed Capacity of Biomass IPP – 1871.11 MW

Installed Capacity of Bagasse Cogeneration – 7562.45 MW

Installed Capacity of Non-Bagasse Cogeneration - 772.05 MW

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1.5 Biomass Energy in India

India produces about 450-500 million tons of biomass per year. Biomass provides 32% of all
the primary energy use in the country at present.

As shown in Fig in 1.1. EAI estimates that the potential in the short term for power from
biomass in India varies from about 18,000 MW, when the scope of biomass is as traditionally
defined, to a high of about 50,000 MW if one were to expand the scope of definition of
biomass.

The current share of biofuels in total fuel consumption is extremely low and is confined
mainly to 5% blending of ethanol in gasoline, which the government has made mandatory in
10 states.

Currently, biodiesel is not sold on the Indian fuel market, but the government plans to meet
20% of the country’s diesel requirements by 2020 using biodiesel.

Figure 1. 1 Biomass conversion routes

Thermochemical biomass conversion is a pathway of biomass-based hydrogen production

with overall high-efficiency (thermal to hydrogen), η ~ 52%, and a low production cost that
include several processes, such as pyrolysis, gasification, steam gasification, steam reforming
of biooils, and SCWG [27]. Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-)
Membranes, 2020
3
1.6 Classification of Biomass

Biomass is highly diverse in nature and classified on the basis of site of origin, as shown in
Fig 1.2:

Figure 1. 2 Classification of Biomass

1.7 Biomass Tree Characteristics

• Extremely high yield of less than 50tons per acre p.a.

• Grows in both tropical &sub-tropical zones.
• Drought tolerant
• Suitable for even marginal lands
• High head tree, hence, allows inter cropping.
• Amenable for high density planting
• Technology available for boosting growth & increasing yield.
• Can be harvested after either 6-month, 2years or 4 years depending on species
selected.
• High value calorific of timber
• Amenable for coppicing i.e. Plants once and keep harvesting at regular intervals for 1-
8 years depending on species.

1.8 Benefits of Biomass Plantation

• Unutilized land will be used productively.

• Land quality and fertility to increase over the long run.

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 • Employment generation at the grassroots and village level - can reverse the migration
people to cities by providing opportunities in rural areas close to their homes .
• Decentralized power generation leading to better grid efficiencies.
• High Plant Load Factor ( PLF ) of 85 % assists the government to overcome its severe
problem of power shortage esp. during peak hours - unlike wind and solar which are
irregular and unreliable.
• Generation of 100 % Clean , Green , Renewable Energy - leaving a better world for
our future generations.
• Most secure fully integrated power plant model in India . It’s like having your own
"GREEN" coal mine . This will avoid the problems being faced by Thermal Power
Projects in India currently supply of fuel will never run out .
• Biomass parks can be created in clusters of 2000 acres generating employment &
revenues on previously unused lands.
• Green power will help meet RPO (Renewable Purchase Obligation) target.

1.9 Justification of work

Renewable Energy Source: Since biomass is made from organic elements like plants, trees,
and agricultural waste, it is regarded as a renewable energy source. Biomass may be
sustainably generated and used to provide heat, power, and biofuels, in contrast to fossil
fuels, which are limited and contribute to environmental degradation.

Climate change mitigation: Using and producing biomass can lessen the effects of climate
change. Burning biomass or turning it into biofuels causes carbon dioxide (CO2) to be
released into the environment. However, because the plants used to produce biomass also
absorb CO2 during their growth, the carbon released during biomass combustion is regarded
as carbon neutral. This results in a closed carbon cycle, which makes biomass a desirable
alternative for lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Capital biomass generation may have advantageous economic effects. The biomass supply
chain's numerous steps, including as growing, harvesting, processing, and distribution, all
result in the creation of jobs. By utilising local resources and lowering reliance on imported
fossil fuels, biomass production also supports regional economic growth locally.
Additionally, biomass energy can diversify the energy mix, stabilise energy prices, and
improve energy security.

5
Energy Independence and Security: By utilising biomass resources, nations can increase their
energy independence by lowering their dependency on imported fossil fuels. Capital biomass
production can be a crucial part of a diversified energy portfolio, lessening exposure to fuel
price swings and the geopolitical unpredictability brought on by the importation of fossil
fuels.

Technical Innovation: The progress of biomass conversion technologies is necessary for the
development of capital biomass production, which might result in technical innovation and
R&D in the energy sector. This can accelerate development in fields like effective biomass
combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and biofuel production, encouraging the expansion of a
low-carbon and sustainable energy sector.

While capital biomass production has its advantages, it is important to consider potential
challenges and impacts, such as land use competition, sustainable sourcing of biomass feed
stocks, and the need for careful management to avoid negative environmental and social
consequences. Overall, a well-planned and sustainable approach to biomass production can
offer multiple benefits, contributing to a cleaner energy system, waste reduction, economic
growth, and rural development.

1.10 Objective

1. To study about energy plantation strategy.

2. To study the potential of power generation through energy plant.
3. To study harvesting of energy crops.

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 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter deals with the past research work in relation to the proposed objectives. This
will help to find research gap, methodology and to achieve desired goals. The brief review
related to research work is presented under following heads.

1. Introduction to Biomass Production

2. Biomass for electricity generation
3. Cofiring of biomass with coal
2.1 Introduction to biomass Production

Biomass production refers to the process of cultivating and harvesting organic matter, such as
plants or plant-derived materials, for various purposes, including energy generation, biofuels,
and biochemicals. Biomass can be derived from dedicated energy crops, agricultural residues,
forestry by-products, or organic waste streams.

Researchers in the field of biomass production have investigated different aspects of this
topic, including crop selection, cultivation practices, biomass conversion technologies, and
environmental sustainability. Some notable researchers who have contributed to the field of
biomass production include:

Lee R. Lynd: Lee R. Lynd is a prominent researcher in the field of biomass production and
bioenergy. His work focuses on developing sustainable methods for biofuel production,
particularly through the use of cellulosic biomass and consolidated bioprocessing. Lynd has
published numerous articles and has made significant contributions to advancing the
understanding of biomass conversion technologies.

Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht: Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht is a leading expert in

environmental biotechnology and wastewater treatment. His research has also delved into the
production of microbial biomass and the utilization of organic waste streams for bioenergy
generation. Van Loosdrecht's work has provided insights into the optimization of biomass
production processes and the development of resource-efficient biorefineries.

Angela Karp: Angela Karp is a researcher specializing in plant genetics and the development
of energy crops. Her work involves studying the genetic traits of plants that are suitable for
biomass production and investigating ways to enhance their growth and yield. Karp's research
7
contributes to the identification and improvement of biomass feedstocks for sustainable
bioenergy production.

Chris Somerville: Chris Somerville is a notable researcher in plant biology and bioenergy.
His work focuses on understanding plant cell walls and the molecular mechanisms involved
in biomass synthesis. Somerville's contributions have advanced our understanding of the
genetic and biochemical processes underlying plant biomass production, with implications
for biofuel and bioproduct development.

2.2 Biomass for electricity generation

1. "Biomass for electricity generation: An overview of technologies, feedstocks, and

environmental impacts" by Hossain, M. K., et al. (2019): This review provides an
overview of biomass-based electricity generation technologies, various feedstocks
used, and the associated environmental impacts. It discusses different biomass
conversion processes such as combustion, gasification, and anaerobic digestion. The
authors analyze the potential of biomass for sustainable electricity production.
2. "Biomass as a renewable energy source: A review" by Demirbas, A. (2001): This
review paper explores the utilization of biomass for electricity generation. It discusses
different biomass types, conversion technologies, and energy conversion efficiencies.
The author also highlights the environmental benefits and challenges associated with
biomass energy generation.
3. "Biomass gasification for electricity generation: A review" by Ptasinski, K. J., et al.
(2010): This review focuses specifically on biomass gasification for electricity
generation. It discusses the gasification process, different gasifier designs, and the
characteristics of produced syngas. The authors also evaluate the performance,
efficiency, and environmental impacts of biomass gasification systems.
4. "Biomass combustion for power generation: A review of technology, sustainability,
and policy issues" by McKendry, P. (2002): This comprehensive review examines
biomass combustion technologies for power generation. It covers different
combustion systems, such as fixed bed, fluidized bed, and grate firing. The author
discusses sustainability aspects, policy frameworks, and the potential role of biomass
combustion in renewable energy systems.
5. "Biomass-based electricity generation: A review of key technologies, deployment
levels, and barriers" by Rainer, B., et al. (2019): This review paper provides an

8
 overview of key biomass-based electricity generation technologies, including direct
combustion, gasification, and co-firing. The authors discuss the current deployment
levels of these technologies and identify the barriers to their widespread adoption,
such as feedstock availability, logistics, and economic considerations.

2.3 Summary of literature review

After a detailed study of reviews presented above, it was found that there is a need to develop
a continuous biomass production system which is functional.

Throughout the year to accomplish the requirement of organic fertilizer for agricultural soil
using the different agricultural crop residues. Above reviews also reflect that biomass i.e.
crop residues can be the good energy source for biomass production system as that system
will be designed by keeping the focus on rural producers and farmers where biomass
availability is abundant. It is also seen that most of the system performance is evaluated in
terms of biomass yield, characterization of biomass, the efficacy of biomass as a soil
amendment and economics of the system.

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 CHAPTER-3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Different type of crop being cultivated at different sites.

Varieties of crops:

• Super Napier
• Balcooa Bamboo
• Casuarina
• Poplar plant
• Beema bamboo
• Subabul
3.1.1. Land preparation process
• Primary tillage
• Farmyard manure spreading operation.
• Secondary tillage

3.1.2. Primary tillage

The first soil tillage after the previous harvest is known as primary tillage. It is often
done when the ground is moist enough to permit ploughing and dense enough to
provide adequate amounts of traction (As shown in fig 3.1) This could happen right
away following crop harvest or at the start of the following wet season.

Implement used in process:

• Duck plough
• MB plough
• Disc plough

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 Figure 3. 1 Primary Tillage

3.1.3. Farmyard manure spreading on field

Farmyard manure @ 10 tons per acre is sprayed manually before the start of
secondary ploughing. As shown in Fig 3.2.

Figure 3. 2 Farmyard Manure

3.1.4. Carbon powder manure spreading on field

Carbon powder manure @ 10 tons per acre is sprayed manually before the start of
secondary ploughing. As shown in Fig 3.3.
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 Figure 3. 3 Carbon Powder Manure

3.1.5. Secondary tillage

By using different kinds of harrows, rollers, or pulverisers, as well as instruments for

mulching and fallowing, secondary tillage is carried out to improve the seedbed
through increased soil pulverisation, to retain moisture by the elimination of weeds,
and to cut up crop residues. As shown in Fig 3.4.

Implement used in process:

• Rotavator
• Disc harrow

Figure 3. 4 Secondary Tillage

3.2. Plantation
3.2.1. Napier saplings plantation

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 • Pit digging at 3”x2” spacing for plantation by manually.
• Total Napier saplings plantation-12517(As shown in Fig 3.5)
• Irrigation method -rain pipes

Figure 3. 5 Napier Saplings Plantation

3.2.2. Bamboo and Casuarina plantation

• Firstly trench making by bulldozer
• Which trench depth 2 ft and row to row distance 10 ft plant to plant distance 4 ft .
• Cow dung manure mix in soil by manually
• Total bamboo plantation: 639
• Total casuarina plantation: 270
• Irrigation method :-Direct water(As Shown in Fig 3.6)

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 Figure 3. 6 Beema Bamboo and casuarina Plantation

3.2.3. Poplar plants and Balcooa bamboo plantation

• Firstly pit making by augur machinefor balcooa bamboo and poplar plants
• Which row to row distance 3 ft and plant to plant distance 3 ft for poplar plants
• Which row to row distance 5 ft and plant to plant distance 5 ft for balcooa bamboo(As
shown in Fig 3.7)

Figure 3. 7 Poplar Plants

• Total balcooa bamboo plantation:-460

• Total poplar plants plantation:-4972
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 • After 15 days jivaamrit in plants
• Irrigation method :-sprinklers

3.2.4. Super Napier plantation

• Two types of setts prepared (single bud and Double bud)
• Furrows are made differently for both single bud and double bud setts.
• For single bud spacing is 2”x 2”
• For double bud spacing is 3”x2”(As shown in Fig 3.8)
• Then buds are sown into the field and covered with at least 3 in of soil.
• Then first irrigation is done on same of sowing.
• Regular irrigation is given until plant grows up to 4 feet.
• Plant will give its first harvest after 60 day and then 45 days.
• Total Napier plantation till date- 1,60,000

Figure 3. 8 Super Napier Plantation

3.2.5. Subabul (Nursery preparation)

• Firstly, Subabul seeds are soaked in cold water for 24hrs.
• Soil cow dung(1:1) used in disposable cups.
• Seeds are then sown in the disposable cups.
• After sprouting of seeds it will be transplanted to the field.
• Total 9000 seeds (Approx) sown till date.

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 3.3. Biomass harvesting
Biomass can be harvested using different methods, depending on the source and intended use:

A. Mowing and Baling: For agricultural and energy crops, mowing machines cut the plants,
which are then collected, dried, and baled for storage or transportation.

B. Chipping and Grinding: Woody biomass can be harvested using chippers or grinders to
reduce the size of branches, logs, or other materials.

3.3.1. Super Napier harvesting

Super Napier, also known as Napier grass or elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), is a
popular energy crop cultivated for biomass production. It is a fast-growing perennial grass
that can reach heights of 3-5 meters and has high biomass yield potential. Harvesting Super
Napier involves the following steps:

1.Growth and Maintenance: Super Napier is initially established by planting stem cuttings
or propagated through seeds. Once planted, it requires regular watering, fertilization, and
weed control during the growing season to promote healthy growth and maximize biomass
production.

2.Maturity Assessment: Super Napier grass is typically harvested when it reaches a certain
stage of maturity. The ideal time for harvesting depends on factors such as the purpose of
biomass utilization and local growing conditions. In general, harvesting is done when the
grass has reached a height of 2-3 meters, and the stems are thick and fully developed.

3. Harvesting Techniques: Super Napier can be harvested using various methods, depending
on the scale of cultivation and the available equipment. Common harvesting techniques
include:

A. Manual Harvesting: For small-scale operations, Super Napier grass can be manually cut
using machetes or similar tools. Harvesters walk along the rows, cutting the grass close to the
ground.

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B. Mechanical Harvesting: In larger-scale operations, mechanical equipment such as forage
harvesters or mowers with attached collection units can be used. These machines cut and
collect the grass in a single pass.

C. Chopping and Shredding: Alternatively, Super Napier can be cut into smaller pieces using
chippers or shredders. The chopped biomass is then collected for storage or further
processing.

4. Transportation and Storage: After harvesting, the Super Napier biomass needs to be
transported to storage facilities or processing sites. Trucks or trailers are commonly used for
transporting the harvested biomass. Proper storage methods, such as covering the biomass to
protect it from moisture and degradation, should be employed to maintain its quality.

3.3.2. Bamboo

Bamboo can be harvested and utilized as a renewable source of biomass for energy
production. Here's an overview of bamboo harvesting for energy production:

1. Bamboo Species Selection: Certain bamboo species are more suitable for energy
production due to their high biomass yield and fast growth rates. Species like
Bambusa balcooa, Dendrocalamus strictus, or Phyllostachys spp. are commonly used
for this purpose. The selection of the appropriate bamboo species depends on local
conditions, climate, and specific energy requirements.
2. Culm Maturity Assessment: Bamboo culms are harvested when they reach the
appropriate stage of maturity for energy production. The ideal time for harvesting
depends on factors such as the species, culm diameter, and local growing conditions.
Generally, culms are harvested when they are around 3 to 5 years old.
3. Harvesting Techniques: Bamboo harvesting methods for energy production are
similar to selective harvesting techniques. Mature culms are selected and cut close to
the ground using saws, machetes, or specialized bamboo harvesting tools. It is
important to ensure that only mature culms are harvested to maintain the sustainability
of the bamboo grove.
4. Collection and Transportation: Harvested bamboo culms are collected and prepared
for transportation. They are typically bundled or stacked and loaded onto trucks or
trailers for transportation to the processing facility or biomass power plant. Care
should be taken during transportation to minimize damage and ensure maximum
biomass yield.
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3.3.3. Casuarina

Casuarina, also known as Australian pine or sheoak, is a fast-growing tree species that
can be harvested for various purposes, including timber, fuelwood, and biomass
production. Here's an overview of casuarina harvesting:

1. Casuarina Species Selection: Casuarina encompasses several species, such as

Casuarina equisetifolia and Casuarina Cunningham Ana, among others. The specific
species selection depends on the intended use, local climate, and soil conditions.
2. Growth and Maintenance: Casuarina trees are typically grown in plantations or
agroforestry systems. They require initial planting and subsequent care, including
irrigation, fertilization, and weed control, to promote healthy growth and maximize
biomass production.
3. Maturity Assessment: Casuarina trees are harvested when they reach the desired stage
of maturity for the intended use. The ideal time for harvesting depends on factors such
as the specific species, growth rate, and purpose of harvesting (e.g., timber, fuelwood,
or biomass).
4. Harvesting Techniques: Casuarina can be harvested using various methods, depending
on the size of the trees, equipment availability, and the desired end product:
a. Individual Tree Harvesting: For small-scale operations or selective harvesting,
individual casuarina trees can be felled using chainsaws or other suitable tools.
Care should be taken to avoid damaging neighbouring trees or the surrounding
environment.
b. Clear-Cut Harvesting: In larger-scale operations, clear-cut harvesting may be
employed, where entire sections or stands of casuarina trees are cut down.
This method allows for more efficient collection of larger quantities of
casuarina biomass.

3.3.4. Poplar
Poplar trees, known for their fast growth and versatility, can be harvested for various
purposes, including timber, pulpwood, and biomass production. Here's an overview
of poplar harvesting:
1. Poplar Species Selection: Poplar is a generic term that encompasses several species
within the Populus genus. The specific species selection depends on factors such as
18
 intended use, local climate, soil conditions, and market demand. Some common
poplar species used for harvesting include Populus deltoids, Populus -nigra, and
Populus tremolo.
2. Growth and Maintenance: Poplar trees are typically cultivated in plantations or
agroforestry systems. They require proper establishment, including planting of rooted
cuttings or seedlings, and subsequent care such as irrigation, fertilization, weed
control, and pest management to ensure healthy growth and maximize biomass or
timber production.
3. Maturity Assessment: Poplar trees are harvested when they reach the desired stage of
maturity for the intended use. The ideal time for harvesting depends on factors such as
the specific species, growth rate, and purpose of harvesting (e.g., timber, pulpwood,
or biomass).
4. Harvesting Techniques: Poplar trees can be harvested using various methods,
depending on the size of the trees, equipment availability, and the desired end
product:
a. Individual Tree Harvesting: For selective harvesting or small-scale operations,
individual poplar trees can be felled using chainsaws or appropriate tools. Care
should be taken to ensure safety and minimize damage to surrounding trees or
the environment.
b. Clear-Cut Harvesting: In larger-scale operations or for certain purposes such
as pulpwood production, clear-cut harvesting may be employed. This involves
cutting down entire sections or stands of poplar trees for efficient collection of
larger quantities of wood.

3.4. Post processing

3.4.1.1. Super Napier

Super Napier, also known as Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), is a high-

yielding grass species used for biomass energy production. After harvesting, Super
Napier undergoes post-processing steps to prepare it for energy production. Here's
an overview of the post-processing steps for Super Napier energy production:

1. Drying: Super Napier biomass typically contains a high moisture content, which
needs to be reduced to improve its energy content and storage stability. The biomass

19
 is dried to a desired moisture level, usually below 15-20%, depending on the specific
requirements of the energy conversion process.

2. Size Reduction: The dried Super Napier biomass is then processed to achieve the
desired particle size suitable for the energy conversion technology. Size reduction can
be done using equipment such as chippers, hammer mills, or shredders, which break
down the biomass into smaller pieces or particles.

3. Palletisation (Optional): Super Napier biomass can be pelletized to produce densified

fuel in the form of pellets. Palletisation involves compressing the biomass particles
under high pressure, usually using a pellet mill, to form cylindrical pellets. Pellets
offer improved handling, storage, and combustion characteristics.

4. Storage: The processed Super Napier biomass, whether in the form of chips or pellets,
is stored in appropriate storage facilities. Proper storage conditions, such as protection
from moisture, pests, and excessive heat, are necessary to maintain the quality and
energy content of the biomass.

3.4.2. Bamboo
After harvesting bamboo for energy production, it undergoes post-processing steps
to prepare it for efficient utilization as a biomass fuel. Here's an overview of the
post-processing steps for bamboo energy production:

1. Drying: Bamboo biomass typically contains a high moisture content, which needs to
be reduced to improve its energy content and combustion efficiency. The harvested
bamboo culms are dried to a desired moisture level, usually below 15-20%, through
air drying or mechanical drying methods. This step helps increase the energy density
and storage stability of the biomass.

2. Size Reduction: The dried bamboo culms are processed to achieve the desired particle
size suitable for the energy conversion technology. Size reduction can be
accomplished through chipping, grinding, or shredding. The bamboo culms are
broken down into smaller pieces or particles to increase the surface area, promote
20
 uniform combustion, and facilitate handling and feeding into the energy conversion
system.

3. Palletisation (Optional): Bamboo biomass can be pelletized to produce densified fuel

in the form of bamboo pellets. Palletisation involves compressing the bamboo
particles under high pressure, typically using a pellet mill. This process creates
cylindrical pellets that have higher energy density, better flow properties, and
improved handling and storage characteristics.

4. Storage: The processed bamboo biomass, whether in the form of chips or pellets, is
stored in appropriate storage facilities. The storage area should protect the biomass
from moisture, pests, and excessive heat. Proper storage conditions help maintain the
quality and energy content of the bamboo biomass until it is used for energy
production.

3.4.3 Poplar

After poplar trees are harvested for energy production, they undergo post-harvest processing
to prepare them for efficient utilization as biomass fuel. Here's an overview of the post-
harvesting steps for poplar energy production:

1. Debarking: The harvested poplar logs typically undergo debarking to remove the
outer bark layer. Debarking can be done mechanically or manually using tools such as
debarking machines or specialized implements. Removing the bark reduces the ash
content of the biomass and improves the combustion efficiency.

2. Chipping: The debarked poplar logs are processed into smaller chips using
woodchippers or grinders. Chipping increases the surface area of the biomass,
improving its combustion characteristics and facilitating handling and storage.

3. Drying: Poplar chips usually contain a high moisture content after harvesting. The
chips are dried to reduce the moisture level, typically to below 15-20%. Drying can be
achieved through natural air drying or mechanical drying methods, such as using

21
 rotary dryers or hot air systems. Lowering the moisture content increases the energy
density and improves the combustion efficiency.

4. Size Reduction (Optional): Depending on the specific energy conversion technology,

further size reduction of the poplar chips may be required. The chips can be processed
through grinding or milling to achieve a finer particle size suitable for the combustion
or gasification process.

5. Palletisation (Optional): Poplar biomass can be pelletized to produce densified fuel in

the form of wood pellets. Palletisation involves compressing the biomass particles
under high pressure using a pellet mill. The resulting pellets have higher energy
density, improved flow properties, and enhanced handling and storage characteristics.

6. Storage: The processed poplar biomass, whether in the form of chips or pellets, is
stored in appropriate storage facilities. The storage area should protect the biomass
from moisture, pests, and excessive heat. Proper storage conditions help maintain the
quality and energy content of the biomass until it is used for energy production.

22
 Chapter 4

Result and Discussion

4.1. Conversion using Co-firing technique

Biomass co-firing is a process in which biomass fuels are combusted alongside

conventional fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, in power plants or industrial
boilers. This approach allows for the simultaneous use of renewable biomass
resources and fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the
overall energy efficiency. Here's a detailed explanation of biomass co-firing:

1. Biomass Fuel Selection: A variety of biomass fuels can be used for co-firing,
including wood chips, sawdust, agricultural residues, energy crops, and dedicated
biomass pellets. The selection of biomass fuel depends on factors such as availability,
cost, energy content, and suitability for co-firing with the base fuel.

2. Biomass Fuel Preparation: Biomass fuels used for co-firing typically undergo
processing to ensure optimal combustion performance and compatibility with the
existing combustion system. This may involve drying the biomass to reduce moisture
content, grinding or chipping to achieve the desired particle size, and sometimes
palletisation to enhance fuel handling and storage properties.

3. Co-firing System Modifications: Co-firing biomass often requires certain

modifications to the existing combustion system to accommodate the characteristics
of biomass fuels. These modifications may include the installation of additional fuel
handling equipment, such as biomass feeders or conveyors, and adjustments to
combustion parameters, such as air supply and fuel blending ratios.

4. Fuel Blending: The biomass fuel is blended with the base fuel (e.g., coal or natural
gas) in the appropriate proportions based on the desired energy output, emission
targets, and fuel availability. The blending ratio can vary depending on factors such as
biomass quality, combustion system design, and regulatory requirements.

23
5. Combustion Process: The blended biomass and base fuel are introduced into the
combustion chamber of the power plant or boiler. The combustion process involves
the controlled burning of the fuels, releasing heat energy. Biomass combustion
typically occurs in the presence of air, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide
(CO2), water vapor, and other combustion by-products.

6. Energy Conversion: The heat generated from the combustion of the biomass and base
fuel is used to produce steam, which drives a turbine connected to a generator,
generating electricity. The energy conversion process is similar to that of conventional
power plants or boilers.

7. Emission Control: Biomass co-firing can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions
compared to burning fossil fuels alone. However, emissions from the combustion
process, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulphur dioxide (SO2),
need to be monitored and controlled. Various emission control technologies, such as
electrostatic precipitators, selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and flue gas
desulfurization (FGD), may be employed to meet regulatory standards and minimize
environmental impacts.

8. Operation and Maintenance: Co-firing biomass requires regular monitoring and

maintenance to ensure optimal performance. This includes fuel quality checks, ash
management, and periodic cleaning of combustion equipment. The combustion
system should be properly calibrated to maintain efficient and stable operation.

9. Benefits of Biomass Co-firing:

• Renewable Energy: Biomass co-firing allows for the utilization of renewable biomass
resources, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting a more sustainable energy
mix.

24
• Greenhouse Gas Reduction: Biomass is a carbon-neutral fuel, as the CO2 emitted
during its combustion is roughly equivalent to the CO2 absorbed during its growth.
Co-firing biomass helps reduce net CO2 emissions and mitigate climate change.
• Waste Reduction: Co-firing biomass can provide a valuable outlet for agricultural
residues, wood waste, and other biomass by-products that would otherwise be
discarded or left unused.
• Energy Diversity: Co-firing diversifies the energy sources used for power generation,
enhancing energy security, and reducing vulnerability to fluctuations in fossil fuel
prices.
• Regional Development: Biomass co-firing can contribute to local economic
development by creating jobs in the biomass supply chain, including fuel production,
transportation, and storage.

10. Co-firing Challenges:

• Fuel Availability and Logistics: Biomass fuel availability can vary depending on
regional factors, seasonal variations, and competing uses (e.g., for heat or other
industries). Ensuring a consistent and reliable supply of biomass fuel can be a
logistical challenge.
• Fuel Compatibility: Biomass fuels have different combustion characteristics
compared to fossil fuels, requiring careful fuel blending and combustion system
adjustments to achieve optimal performance and minimize operational issues.
• Ash Management: Biomass fuels typically produce higher amounts of ash compared
to fossil fuels. Effective ash management, including ash collection, storage, and
disposal, is necessary to maintain efficient operation and comply with environmental
regulations.
• System Integration: Retrofitting existing power plants or boilers for biomass co-firing
may require modifications to accommodate biomass fuel handling, combustion, and
emission control systems. Integration challenges and costs should be considered
during the planning and implementation stages.

11. Co-firing Limitations:

• Efficiency and Capacity: Biomass co-firing can slightly decrease the overall thermal
efficiency of power plants due to differences in fuel properties and combustion

25
 characteristics. The co-firing capacity may also be limited depending on the design
and capabilities of the combustion system.
• Emission Control: While biomass combustion emits lower levels of certain pollutants
compared to coal, NOx and SO2 emissions may still require additional control
measures to meet stringent environmental regulations.
• Biomass Supply Competition: The use of biomass for co-firing competes with other
biomass applications, such as heat generation, biofuels production, and other
industrial uses. Balancing the demand for biomass resources across various sectors is
important to avoid resource conflicts.

12. Research and Development: Ongoing research and development efforts are focused
on improving biomass co-firing technologies, fuel preparation techniques, and
emission control systems. This includes developing advanced combustion
technologies, exploring new biomass feedstocks, optimizing fuel blending strategies,
and enhancing co-firing efficiency and performance.

4.2. Amount of coal replaced

Coal used in one hour is 125tonnes. It used in one day is 3000 tonnes. 60-65 days in one year
is for service and maintenance. So that 300 days are counted as working days. Total amount
of coal used in one year is one million tonnes. As per Govt. rules and regulation 10% of coal
should be replaced through biomass. Total 100000 tonnes of coal will be replaced per after as
per the calculations.

Biomass required in one hour(10%) : 12.5 tonne.

Biomass required in one year : 100000 tonnes.

Amount of coal used in one hr : 125 tonnes.

Amount of coal used in one day (24hrs): 125×24.

= 3000 tonnes

Total amount of coal used one year (300 days): 3000×300.

= 900000 tonnes

26
 ~1000000 tonnes

Percentage of lignite coal we replaced : 10%

Total amount of coal replace: (10/100)×100000.

= 100000 tonnes

we can calculate the approximate amount of CO2 emitted:

1. Determine the energy output of the power plant in one year:

Energy Output (MWh) = Power Capacity (MW) × 24 hours × 365 days

Energy Output = 135 MW × 24 hours × 365 days = 1,182,600 MWh

2. Convert the energy output from MWh to MMBtu (million British thermal units):

1 MMBtu = 293.07108333333 kWh

Energy Output (MMBtu) = Energy Output (MWh) × 293.07108333333

Energy Output = 1,182,600 MWh × 293.07108333333 = 346,401,607 MMBtu

3. Calculate the carbon dioxide emissions based on the carbon content of lignite:

Carbon Emissions (metric tons) = Energy Output (MMBtu) × Carbon Content × (44/12)

Carbon Emissions = 346,401,607 MMBtu × 0.6 × (44/12) = 915,989 metric tons

Therefore, approximately 915,989 metric tons of carbon dioxide would be produced by a 135
MW lignite-based thermal power plant in one year, assuming an average carbon content of
60% for lignite.

So total amount carbon production reduced will be 10 % of CO2 produced by coal which is
91,598 metric tons.

27
 Table 1.1 Biomass test result

28
29
4.3 Feasibility of captive biomass production

The feasibility of captive biomass production for future electricity generation can be
justified by examining previous projects that have successfully implemented this
approach. Several projects around the world have demonstrated the viability and benefits
of using biomass as a dedicated fuel source for electricity generation. These projects
provide evidence for the feasibility of captive biomass production in the following ways:

a) Successful Operation: Previous projects have shown that biomass power plants can
operate reliably and consistently, generating electricity from locally sourced biomass
feedstocks. These projects have proven that biomass can be efficiently converted into
electricity on a commercial scale.

b) Renewable Energy Generation: Captive biomass production offers a sustainable

and renewable energy solution. By utilizing biomass feedstocks, these projects
contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing reliance on fossil
fuels.
c) Local Resource Utilization: Captive biomass production projects have effectively
utilized local biomass resources, including agricultural residues, wood waste, and
energy crops. This localized approach reduces transportation costs, promotes regional
economic development, and minimizes environmental impacts associated with long-
distance biomass transport.
d) Energy Independence: By generating electricity from captive biomass production,
these projects enhance energy security and reduce dependence on imported fuels.
They provide a decentralized energy solution, which can be particularly beneficial in
areas with limited access to the electricity grid or regions with unreliable energy
supply.
e) Waste Management: Many captive biomass production projects have effectively
addressed waste management challenges by utilizing biomass residues that would
otherwise be discarded or left unused. This promotes the efficient use of biomass
resources and helps in waste reduction.
f) Policy Support: Previous projects have often received policy support in the form of
incentives, feed-in tariffs, or renewable energy targets, which enhance the economic
viability and attractiveness of captive biomass production for electricity generation.

30
 Such policy frameworks encourage investment and promote the growth of the
biomass energy sector.
g) Technological Advancements: The success of previous projects has also been
driven by advancements in biomass conversion technologies, such as improved
combustion systems, gasification, and co-firing techniques. These technological
developments have increased the efficiency, reliability, and overall performance of
biomass power plants.
h) By examining the outcomes and achievements of previous captive biomass
production projects, it becomes clear that this approach holds significant feasibility
for future electricity generation. The successful implementation of these projects
provides valuable insights, lessons learned, and best practices that can be applied to
future ventures, further strengthening the case for captive biomass production as a
sustainable and viable option for electricity generation.
i) There have been several successful captive biomass production projects around the
world. Here are a few notable examples:

1. Drax Power Station, United Kingdom: Drax Power Station in the UK is one of the
largest biomass power plants in the world. It has converted several of its coal-fired
units to run on biomass pellets made from sustainable sources, including agricultural
residues and forestry byproducts. The project has significantly reduced carbon
emissions and has been instrumental in the UK's renewable energy transition.

2. Aalborg Energy Technik (AET) Biomass Power Plants, Denmark: AET has
implemented numerous biomass power plants globally, utilizing a variety of biomass
feedstocks such as wood chips, straw, and agricultural residues. These projects have
successfully generated electricity and heat, provided sustainable energy solutions
while utilized locally available biomass resources.

3. Thunder Bay Generating Station, Canada: Located in Ontario, the Thunder Bay
Generating Station was converted from a coal-fired power plant to a biomass-fired
plant. It now generates electricity by co-firing biomass pellets with coal, reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy.

31
 4. Hekinan Power Plant, Japan: The Hekinan Power Plant in Japan has successfully co-
fired wood pellets with coal to generate electricity. By utilizing biomass as a fuel
source, the plant has reduced carbon emissions and contributed to Japan's renewable
energy goals.

Ironbridge Power Station, United Kingdom: The Ironbridge Power Station in the UK was
converted from coal-fired to biomass-fired, making it the world's first full-scale biomass
power plant. The facility utilizes locally sourced wood pellets as fuel, providing renewable
energy to the grid and reducing carbon emissions.

These projects demonstrate the successful implementation of captive biomass production for
electricity generation. They showcase the technical feasibility, environmental benefits, and
economic viability of utilizing biomass as a dedicated fuel source. Through these examples, it
is evident that captive biomass production has the potential to play a significant role in the
transition to a sustainable and low-carbon energy system.

4.4 Problems faced during captive biomass production

4.4.1. Biomass Availability and Logistics: One of the primary challenges is ensuring a
consistent and reliable supply of biomass feedstock. Biomass availability can vary
depending on factors such as regional biomass resources, agricultural practices,
and seasonal variations. Harvesting, collecting, and transporting biomass to the
power plant site can be logistically challenging, especially when considering the
distance between biomass sources and the plant. Developing efficient and cost-
effective supply chains, including storage facilities and transportation networks, is
essential to maintain a steady biomass supply.
4.5. Feedstock Quality and Composition: Biomass feedstock quality can vary based on
factors such as the type of biomass, harvesting methods, and storage conditions.
Inconsistent moisture content, ash content, and particle size can impact the
combustion efficiency and emissions of biomass power plants. Proper handling, pre-
processing, and quality control measures are necessary to ensure a consistent
feedstock quality that meets the specifications of the combustion system.

32
4.5.1. Feedstock Cost and Economics: The cost of biomass feedstock can vary
depending on factors such as availability, demand, and competition with other
biomass applications (e.g., biofuels, heat generation). In regions where biomass
resources are limited or expensive to procure, the economic feasibility of captive
biomass production can be a challenge. Assessing the cost competitiveness of
biomass with other energy sources, such as fossil fuels or renewable alternatives,
is crucial to determine the viability of biomass projects.
4.5.2. Technology and Infrastructure: Biomass power plants require specialized
technology and infrastructure for biomass handling, storage, pre-processing, and
combustion. Retrofitting existing power plants or constructing new facilities to
accommodate biomass can involve significant capital investments and technical
expertise. Ensuring the compatibility of biomass with the existing combustion
system, making adjustments to optimize performance, and integrating emission
control equipment pose technical challenges that need to be addressed.
4.5.3. Environmental Impacts: While biomass is considered a renewable energy
source, its production and combustion can have environmental impacts. The
cultivation of biomass crops or harvesting of forest residues can raise concerns
about land use changes and potential deforestation. Biomass combustion may
release air pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulphur
dioxide. Additionally, the water requirements for biomass production and
processing can strain local water resources. Implementing sustainable practices,
adhering to environmental regulations, and adopting advanced emission control
technologies are necessary to mitigate these environmental impacts.
4.5.4. Regulatory and Policy Framework: The regulatory and policy framework
surrounding biomass production can vary across regions. Inconsistent or unclear
policies regarding biomass sustainability criteria, incentives, subsidies, and
permitting processes can create uncertainties for investors and project developers.
Establishing supportive policies that encourage biomass production, provide a
stable regulatory environment, and ensure the sustainable sourcing and utilization
of biomass is essential for the success of captive biomass projects.
4.5.5. Community and Stakeholder Engagement: Captive biomass production
projects often involve interactions with local communities, landowners, and
various stakeholders. Engaging and addressing the concerns of these stakeholders

33
 is crucial for project acceptance and long-term sustainability. Issues related to land
rights, access to biomass resources, employment opportunities, and equitable
distribution of project benefits need to be carefully managed through transparent
and participatory processes.
4.5.6. Research and Development: Ongoing research and development efforts are
necessary to overcome technical challenges and improve the overall efficiency
and sustainability of captive biomass production. Advancements in biomass pre-
processing techniques, combustion technologies, and emission control systems
can help enhance the performance and economic viability of biomass power
plants. Research on alternative biomass feedstocks, such as agricultural residues
or dedicated energy crops, can also expand the range of biomass resources
available for captive production.

34
 Summary and Conclusion
1. Super Napier (Napier grass): Super Napier is a high-yielding tropical grass known
for its fast growth and ability to produce large amounts of biomass. It is suitable for
humid climates and can be used for biofuel production, animal feed, and soil erosion
control. It requires regular maintenance and may have limited cold tolerance.
2. Bamboo: Bamboo is a versatile and fast-growing woody grass that can be cultivated
in a wide range of climates. It has a high biomass yield and can be harvested every 3-
5 years. Bamboo is utilized for various purposes, including construction material,
furniture, paper production, and as a bioenergy feedstock.
3. Casuarina: Casuarina is a fast-growing evergreen tree species known for its nitrogen-
fixing abilities. It is well-suited for arid and coastal regions and can tolerate poor soil
conditions. Casuarina can be used for timber, windbreaks, sand dune stabilization, and
as a biomass source for energy production.
4. Poplar: Poplar trees are known for their rapid growth and adaptability to different
climates. They have a high biomass yield and can be harvested in relatively short
rotations (5-8 years). Poplar is commonly used for timber production, as well as in
bioenergy and phytoremediation applications.

It provides an overview of the post-processing steps involved in preparing different biomass

crops for energy production. Super Napier (Napier grass) undergoes drying and size
reduction, it requires harvesting, cleaning, size reduction, drying, and optional palletisation.
Bamboo goes through drying, size reduction, and optional palletisation, and poplar involves
debarking, chipping, drying, optional size reduction, and optional palletisation. Each crop's
post-processing steps aim to optimize the biomass for energy conversion and storage. These
processes improve energy content, particle size, moisture levels, and densification, ultimately
enhancing combustion efficiency and handling. Proper storage conditions are also highlighted
to maintain the quality and energy content of the processed biomass. It explores the process
of biomass co-firing, which involves combusting biomass fuels alongside conventional fossil
fuels in power plants or industrial boilers. The chapter provides a detailed explanation of the
various steps involved in biomass co-firing, including biomass fuel selection, preparation, co-
firing system modifications, fuel blending, combustion process, energy conversion, emission
control, and operation and maintenance. The benefits of biomass co-firing are highlighted,
such as renewable energy utilization, greenhouse gas reduction, waste reduction, energy

35
diversity, and regional development. The chapter also discusses the challenges and
limitations associated with biomass co-firing, including fuel availability and logistics, fuel
compatibility, ash management, system integration, efficiency and capacity considerations,
emission control, and biomass supply competition. The importance of ongoing research and
development efforts to improve biomass co-firing technologies is emphasized. Overall,
biomass co-firing offers a transitional approach toward a more sustainable energy system by
reducing carbon emissions and promoting the utilization of biomass resources in conjunction
with fossil fuels.

36
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