THE IMPACT OF EDITORIALS ON NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (A STUDY

OF DAILY SUN NEWSPAPER FROM SEPTEMBER 2016 TO FEBRUARY

2017)

BY

Wilson Chidiebere Peter

pstwcpetwers@gmail.com

+2347030181006

ABSTRACT
This study was carried to examine the impact of editorials on national development,
using Daily Sun as the focal medium and taking a study period of five months, from
September 2016 to February 2017. The spread of the mass media and the rise of an
independent press, and increasing literacy rates offer new opportunities for the
government and development agents to inform the public and reach opinion leaders.
Media relations professionals use processes and approaches like editorials to encourage
accurate coverage of national development information and issues. So, the ultimate aim
of the study was to look at the level of coverage and degree of prominence given to the
national development issues by Daily Sun in its editorials. The methodology adopted by
the researcher is the content analysis. The study covered a five (5) month period from
September 2016 to February 2017. A total of 98 editions were studied. In the 98
editions, 98 editorials were observed. The analysis in this study was done using
percentages and tables. The analysis of data showed that Daily Sun newspaper gave
prominence to the coverage of national development issues in its editorials. Part of the
recommendations of this study is that government should use the media extensively in
its effort to bring about national development. Also, media practitioners should be
given some form of training to enable them master some expert skills on development
journalism and enhance media contribution to national development.
INTRODUCTION
National development refers to the ability of a nation to improve the lives of its
citizens. Measures of improvement may be material, such as an increase in the Gross
Domestic Product, or social, such as increased literacy rates and availability of
healthcare. National development is therefore an all-encompassing phenomenon.
In order to make head-way in every national development strategy, the
development process must be visualized in its broadest context to meet the expectations
of the citizenry for a more elevated standard of living. It must also be hinged on the
concept of human development. This human development involves the progressive
realisation of the abilities and talents of the individuals for their own satisfaction and
for the enhancement of the good of the community and the nation. The effective
involvement and utilization of the human resources in the national development effort
can only be possible through the active involvement of the media.
The press – usually printed journals, newspapers and magazines, journalists and
media outfits are the mirror upon which societal activities reflect. The press along with
other institutions such as political structures, cultural institutions etc, are super
structures of any socio-economic system. The press in any society is essentially
concerned with reflecting and disseminating the dominant values and at the same time
subordinating secondary values to the primary ones (Daramola, 2003).
Generally, the mass media are considered useful and responsible when they
have reasonably performed their traditional functions. These functions include: serving
the political system by providing information, discussion and debate on public affairs;
enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government; safeguarding the
rights of the individuals by serving as a watch-dog to government; servicing the
economic system primarily by bringing together the buyers and sellers of goods and
services through the medium of advertising; providing entertainment; maintaining its
own financial self-sufficiency so as to be free from the pressure of special interests.
Newspapers service the social system by reporting government policies, policy
dialogue, government agencies’ programmes and projects. Newspapers serve as watch-
dogs of government; they are the market place of ideas; the people’s parliament, and the
Fourth Estate of the Realm (Maduka, 2007, p.15). According to Nnomeh (2009, p.9),
the press is ‘the most powerful influence in society, shaping beliefs especially on
politics and religion; reporting crimes and defending the people’s right to life, education
and good health.’
The operators of the newspaper organisation recognise the imperative to drive
returns for stakeholders and their duties to readers, the community they serve and the
freedom of the press upon which their liberty depends. They also acknowledge that the
rights and privileges extended to the newspaper journalists by the nation’s political and
judicial institutions bring with them a duty to report the workings of those institutions
fairly and accurately in the public interest. Fulfillment of this duty will require that
newspapers appeal to the widest possible cross-section of their communities, to
maintain the highest standards and traditions of journalism.
One of the ways newspapers fulfill this obligation is by writing editorials on
issues of great public interest. An editorial is an opinion piece written by the senior
editorial staff or publisher of a newspaper, magazine, or any other written document.
Editorials are supposed to reflect the opinion of the periodical (The New York Times,
2012).
Typically, a newspaper’s Editorial Board evaluates which issues are important to
their readership to know the newspaper’s opinion (Passante, 2007). Editorials are
basically published on a dedicated page which often features letters to the editor from
members of the public; the page opposite this page is called op-ed page and frequently
contains opinion pieces by writers not directly affiliated with the publication. However,
a newspaper may choose to publish editorial on the front page – usually on topics
considered especially important (Silk, 2009).
The publication of editorials by newspapers is part of the social responsibility
of the print media. Apart from simply publishing national development programmes on
newspaper editorial pages, the use of an ‘enter-educate’ approach through editorial
cartoons has become attractive to communication experts. This approach uses the
entertainment components of newspaper such as cartoon, to drive home the intended
message.
The spread of the mass media and the rise of an independent press, and
increasing literacy rates offer new opportunities for the government and development
agents to inform the public and reach opinion leaders. Making most use of these
opportunities however, requires skill in helping the media cover national development
programmes. Media relations professionals use processes and approaches to encourage
accurate coverage of national development information and issues (Kirk et al, 2007).
The effectiveness of editorials this regard is glaring.
Editorials can function effectively in national development due to the fact that
they reach large numbers of people. National development programmes stakeholders
have long recognised the importance of working with the media generally. This is
important because media coverage is often people’s first source of new information.
Also, the media helps to confirm and reinforce the information that people receive
about national development programmes from other sources such as entertainment
programmes, brochures, field workers, fail members and friends.
With its permanent nature as against the transient nature of broadcast
information, editorials can help to mobilise the public for active participation in
national development programmes. As people are exposed to new information, ideas
and values, many become increasingly aware and interested and eventually some decide
to take action (Cleland et al, 2006). In view of this, the researcher in this study intends
to appraise the impact of editorials in the attainment of national development. This
study assesses the coverage of topical issues, especially the ones related to national
development, in editorials published by Daily Sun newspaper from September 2016 to
February 2017.
Statement of Research Problem
The rapid growth of the mass media has raised concerns over whether they are
serving public interest or the interests of advertisers and their profit-minded owners. On
one hand, there are people who argue that the media is a conduit of Western cultural
contents that are suppressing development-oriented local content. On the other hand,
there are those who believe that the media have taken the government and its policies
closer to the people than in the days back, and therefore helped to raise the level of
awareness among the people, on government policies, and national development.
Newspaper organisations recognise the imperative to drive returns for
stakeholders and their duties to readers, the community they serve and the freedom of
the press upon which their liberty depends. The fulfilling of this duty requires that
newspapers appeal to the widest possible cross-section of their communities, to
maintain the highest standards and traditions of journalism. One of the ways
newspapers fulfill this obligation is by writing editorials on issues of great public
interest.
Government and development agents use diverse measures to project and execute
national development programmes and activities. The media generally are important
parts of the national development process. With the media, development agents and the
government can publicize and gain acceptance of their development activities by
development targets. Since editorial is one of the most effective ways of popularizing
policies and programmes of the government and other agencies, it becomes imperative
to understand in real terms how newspaper editorials contribute to national
development.
Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study is to explore the role of radio in the attainment
of national development.
The specific objectives of the study are:
1. To know whether Daily Sun newspaper feature national development issues in its
editorials.
2. To ascertain the effectiveness of editorials in publicizing national development
issues.
3. To find out whether Daily Sun editorials can advance national development.
Research Questions
The research questions for this study are:
1. Does Daily Sun newspaper significantly feature national development issues in its
editorials?
2. Are editorials effective in publicizing national development issues?
3. Do Daily Sun’s editorials advance national development?
LITERATURE REVIEW
Since the mid 20th century, according to McLuhan (2011) development has
become a term synonymous with growth, modernisation, and social change. These
concepts, which are most often applied to the ‘Third World’; since they are
undeveloped, have been at the centre of many scholarly studies. Researchers have not
been able to agree on a single definition of development – perhaps because of the
diverse nature of the notion. Some scholars contend that the meaning of development in
one part of the world may be different from that of another area. According to Figueroa
et al (2002), this is because each country is considered peculiar in its own physical
environment, culture, natural resources, and general way of life. Of course there are
some similarities (common features) here and there, but each country remains unique in
its own setting.
The best definition of development, for this study, is taken from Figueroa et al
(2002), who sees development as a multidimensional process that involves change in
social structures, attitudes, institutions, economic growth, reduction of inequality, and
the eradication of poverty. In olden fashion, development meant the poor countries
imitating the developed West, and abandoning traditional, barbaric or uncivilized
technologies and cultures in favour of the modern Westernised ones. Figueroa et al
(2002) demonstrated that, latter scholars coined the term ‘another development’, which
calls for satisfaction of needs, endogenous self-reliance, participatory democracy and
life in harmony with the environment – now popularly known as sustainable
development.
According to Asadu (2009), development means different things to different
people but generally, it involves a change from one way to another, where the latter is
usually considered better than the former. Development is one of the oldest and most
powerful of all western ideas about social progress or lack of it. It can be traced to as far
back as the works of 19th century philosophers such as Condorcet, Comte, Durkheim,
Saint-Simon, Spencer and even Karl Marx. Development can occur in every aspect of
peoples’ life such as culture, economy, etc. Servaes (2007) says, in sum, it is safe to say
that today scholars, as well as policymakers, look upon development as an ethical-
political process of social change. It is safe therefore, to argue that modern theorists see
the whole dimension of human life as a yardstick for gauging development.
The Role of Editorial in National Development Programmes
 The spread of television and radio; the rise of an independent press, and
increasing literacy rates in many countries offer new opportunities for the government
and development agents to inform the public and reach opinion leaders. Making most
use of these opportunities however, requires skill in helping the media cover national
development programmes. Media relations professionals use processes and approaches
to encourage accurate coverage of national development information and issues (Kirk et
al, 2007).
The effectiveness of editorials in the national development drive is a product of
the fact that it reaches a large number of people. National development programmes
stakeholders have long recognised the importance of working with the media generally.
This is important because media coverage is often people’s first source of new
information. Also, the media helps to confirm and reinforce the information that people
receive about national development programmes from other sources such as
entertainment programmes, brochures, field workers, fail members and friends.
With its permanent nature as against the transient nature of broadcast
information, editorials can help to mobilise the public for active participation in
national development programmes. As people are exposed to new information, ideas
and values, many become increasingly aware and interested and eventually some decide
to take action (Cleland et al, 2006). There are various stages in the inculcation of
national development policies and programmes to the people, and in each of the stages,
the print media play a very crucial role. The stages are:
Knowledge stage: News and feature stories can make people aware of the benefits of
national development and can help overcome myths and false rumours.
Persuasion stage: Frequent news coverage helps to legitimize national development,
both as all encompassing and as a topic of conversation.
Decision stage: News coverage helps people to make informed decisions and choices
about taking part and supporting national development programmes based on expert
opinion and other’s experiences.
Action stage: Editorials can be used to inform people about how to take action in
support of national development.
Confirmation and advocacy stage: Issues published in editorials can reinforce
individual decisions to adopt national development programmes and can serve as a
forum for members of the public and opinion leaders to endorse national development
programmes (Gupta, Charles and Bessinger, 2003).
Editorials are pervasive and play serious roles in shaping and reflecting popular
opinion, and this is why policymakers find them very useful. In many countries,
editorials set agenda for public discussion and debate. It does this by deciding what
issue to cover and how to report on them. So, one can state that editorials are very
effective in the introduction of new policies, their adoption and implementation by the
public.
Strategies for National Development
The beauty of any development plan is the faithful implementation of such
plan, which its success lies with the implementers. In Nigeria, most of the past
development plans failed as a result of implementation problem and lack of committed
leadership etc. Based on this fact, new development policies and strategies are currently
in place as alternative strategies for development, such as Seven Points Agenda of the
Late Umar Musa Yar’ Adua, Vision 2020, The Transformation Agenda of Goodluck
Jonathan, and the Change Mantra of Mohammadu Buhari. These policies and vision
appear to be all embracing but they are not sacrosanct in their totality. But if faithfully
implemented, the nation at least will move towards path of development.
Development requires total commitment on the parts of the leadership. The
need for discipline and honesty on the part of the project implementers cannot be
compromised; such officials should show enough discipline, interest, willingness,
dedication and honesty. Without these attributes and the will to pursue set economic
goals, all other ingredients of development present would amount to nullity. Nations
should learn that wholesale liberalization; the type advocated by the apologists of
orthodox SAP is not necessarily synonymous with development. It goes without saying
therefore that a level of state involvement (heterodoxy) is imperative even in the face of
the crucial need for structural adjustment. But whatever the degree of state
involvement, private ownership of properties must be guaranteed for investment to get
stimulated.
 Although, it is another question whether Nigerian state as presently constituted
can play this critical role given its embarrassing level of corruption, inefficiency and
incapacitation by commitment to sundry primordial values. Be it as it may, the goal
should be to evolve a process of reformation of the state to make it able to play the type
of highly constructive role that its counterparts are playing in the whole of East Asia.
Also, stability and continuity of policies encourage investment and propel development.
For instance, in Korea, when park was assassinated, his policies remained and were
building on. Nigeria leadership must learn to build on policies rather than to jettison
them for new ones for the sake of party politics and personal aggrandisement. There is
the need for Nigeria to revamp the agricultural sector; this sector was instrumental in
the development of Japan.
Agriculture used to be the mainstay of Nigeria economy but the discovery of
crude oil succeeded in putting agriculture into state of oblivion. Human resources
development is also a sine qua non to Nigeria national development; this was
demonstrated in Japan and Korea (Figueroa et al, 2002). Development depends very
much on human knowledge and skills. This must be such that a high quality of
education and training is achieved for a large majority at a reasonable price and the
context and quality of such education and training should be relevant and adequate to
the country’s development needs. Literature on development stresses the axiom that it is
the people who develop and that unless there are large numbers of suitably qualified
people, development cannot take place. There is need for attitudinal change. Nigerians
must as a matter of fact change their pessimistic attitude towards development. The idea
or belief that “things cannot work in Nigeria or Nigerian factor” should be discouraged.
Real development is achieved through internal activities rather than from
external influences. Development is seen as a process generated within a society by
forces propagated and invigorated by the actual members of that society. It is believed
that true development can neither be started nor sustained by outsiders. Although, no
country can develop in isolation, but heavy emphasis should not be placed on foreign
resources for the country’s development. The models of development of Japan and
China show how these countries utilize their internal resources both human and
material for rapid economic development. It is reasonable that Nigerians should
inculcate a high sense of patriotism as demonstrated by the Japanese and Chinese.
Importantly, citizenship should be promoted over indigeneity in order to achieve
cooperation and participation of all communities in the development process.
Omotoso (2008) noted that the 1999 constitution is directly or indirectly
promoting indigeneity in the country. For example, section 318(1) of paragraph (IV)
supports indigeneity. The constitution sets parameters for indigenes and non-indigenes.
It equally gives legal bases to various discriminatory policies that actively promote
indigeneity, contrary to some sections that argue against discrimination. This is very
contradictory. Leadership in Nigeria must behave in a way to inculcate the spirit of
patriotism in the minds of the people, so that they will be ready to stand with the
government in her development efforts. When Nigerians see themselves as one and not
as belonging to one section of the country as portrayed presently, the urge to develop
Nigeria will be germinated and sustained.
METHODOLOGY
The research design adopted by the researcher in carrying out this study is
content analysis. The population of this study was drawn from the publication of Daily
Sun newspapers from September 2016 to February, 2017. Daily Sun newspapers had
one hundred and eighty one (181) publications within this time frame. The study
adopted stratified sampling technique. Coding sheet and coding guide were used for
collection of data. The researcher used quantitative and qualitative method of data
collection in this study. The primary and secondary data was collected using desk
research and coding sheet. The relevant materials obtained centered on development
communication and cartoons were explored for what the concepts stand for, and also to
ascertain how cartoons can effectively be useful in development communication. This
aided the grouping of the cartoons into various categories. The various categories are:
Extent of news coverage, content categories covered by the Sun Newspaper cartoons,
placement or prominence given to the cartoons, and the news angle or direction of
stories covered in the cartoons and analysed using Chi-square statistical tool.
Data Analysis and Results
In the course of this study, one hundred and twenty five editions of Daily Sun
newspaper editorials were used to study the coverage of national development issues
from September 2016 to February 2017. In one hundred and twenty five (125) editions,
Daily Sun covered 98 national development issues in its editorials. This was used for
the analysis in this study.

Table 1: Extent of Editorial Coverage

Months No. of news items Percentage
September 2016 10 10.2%
October 2016 9 9.2%
November 2016 11 11.2%
December 2016 22 22.4%
January 2017 14 14.3%
February 2017 32 32.7%
Total 98 100%

The table above shows distribution on the extent of national development issues
covered in Daily Sun editorials. In 125 editions, Daily Sun newspaper covered 98
editorials with reports on national development issues. In September 2016, it had 10
editorials, representing 10.2% capturing national development matters; in October
2016, it had 9 editorials, representing 9.2%; in November 2016, it had 11 editorials,
representing 11.2%; in December 2016, it had 22 editorials, representing 22.4%; in
January 2017, it had 14 editorials, representing 14.3%, and in February 2017, it had 32
editorials, representing 32.7%.

Table 2: Content Categories Covered in Daily Sun Newspaper Editorials

Categori Human Job Poverty Econom Rural Other Tota
es developme creatio alleviatio ic developme s l
nt n n reform nt
No. of 12 15 21 17 19 14 98
items
Percentag 12.2% 15.3% 21.4% 17.3% 19.5% 14.3 100
e % %

The table indicates that Daily Sun newspaper covered, out of 98 issues, 12
representing 12.2% on human development; 15 issues representing 15.3% on job
creation; 21 issues representing 21.4% on poverty alleviation; 17 issues representing
17.3% on economic reforms; 19 issues representing 19.5% on rural development, and
14 issues representing 14.3% on others issues like entrepreneurship and agricultural
development.

Table 3: Placement of Stories

Placement Front page Editorial page Back page Total
No. of items 5 91 2 98
Percentage 5.1% 92.9% 2% 100%

The table indicates that in the 98 editorials that highlighted national development
issues, looking at the level of prominence given to stories, 5 editorials representing
5.1% were featured on the front page; 91 editorials representing 92.9% appeared on the
editorial page, while 2 representing 2% appeared on the back page.

Table 4: Direction of Editorials Covered by Daily Sun Newspaper

Direction Favourable Unfavourable Neutral Total
No. of items 19 72 7 98
Percentage 19.4% 73.5% 7.1% 100%

The table indicates that in the direction of national development issues covered in
Daily Sun editorials, 19 representing 19.4% were favourable; 72 representing 73.5%
were unfavourable, while 7 editorials representing 7.1% were neutral.

Table 5: Type of Editorials Covered by Daily Sun Newspaper

Type of Praise Explanator Persuasive Criticism Total
Editorial y
No. of items 6 45 23 24 98
Percentage 6.1% 45.9% 23.5% 24.5% 100%

The table indicates that in the type of editorial covered on national development
issues by Daily Sun newspaper, 6 representing 6.1% were praise editorials; 45
representing 45.9% were explanatory editorials; 23 representing 23.5% were persuasive
editorials, while 24 representing 24.5% were criticism editorials.
In all, five content categories were analysed to determine the extent of coverage
given to national development issues in Daily Sun newspaper editorials taking into
consideration the extent of coverage, the prominence given to the coverage; the
direction of the coverage; the type of editorial, and the categories of content covered.
In the analysis, it was discovered that Daily Sun newspaper coverage of national
development issues in its editorials was wide and adequate. The analysis shows that in
125 editions, Daily Sun newspaper covered 98 editorials with reports on national
development issues. In September 2016, it had 10 editorials, representing 10.2%
capturing national development matters; in October 2016, it had 9 editorials,
representing 9.2%; in November 2016, it had 11 editorials, representing 11.2%; in
December 2016, it had 22 editorials, representing 22.4%; in January 2017, it had 14
editorials, representing 14.3%, and in February 2017, it had 32 editorials, representing
32.7%.
In the categories of news covered, it was discovered that out of 98 issues, 12
representing 12.2% were on human development; 15 issues representing 15.3% centred
on job creation; 21 issues representing 21.4% captured poverty alleviation; 17 issues
representing 17.3% focused on economic reforms; 19 issues representing 19.5%
highlighted rural development, while 14 issues representing 14.3% had other issues like
entrepreneurship and agricultural development.
In the prominence given to stories, it was revealed from the analysis that Daily
Sun newspaper coverage gave prominence to national development issues covered in its
editorials. Out of 98 editorials that highlighted national development issues, 5 editorials
representing 5.1% were featured on the front page; 91 editorials representing 92.9%
appeared on the editorial page, while 2 representing 2% appeared on the back page the
125 editorials it covered.
On the direction or angle adopted by Daily Sun on national development issues,
19 representing 19.4% were favourable; 72 representing 73.5% were unfavourable,
while 7 editorials representing 7.1% were neutral. Looking at the type of editorial
covered on national development issues by Daily Sun newspaper, 6 representing 6.1%
were praise editorials; 45 representing 45.9% were explanatory editorials; 23
representing 23.5% were persuasive editorials, while 24 representing 24.5% were
criticism editorials.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The press performs a vital role in serving the society’s economic and political
system. This noble objective however, cannot be thoroughly realised in a harsh
economic environment and alarming incidence of upward review of cover page of
newspapers. Media training, investigative journalism, professionalism and forum
reporting prevent voluntary press and sedition. Government programmes and projects
and cases of insecurity deserve urgent treatment and proper reporting from the media.
Daily Sun newspaper prominently covered national development issues in its editorials
and gave good news angle to them. The issues covered were also of great public interest
as they centre mostly on the improvement of the lives of the citizens of Nigeria.
Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations have been
made:
a. Government should use the media extensively in its effort to bring about national
development.
b. Government should explore avenues for all inclusive national development
policy and the involvement of the public in national development plans and
implantation.
c. Media practitioners should be given some form of training to enable them master
some expert skills on development journalism and enhance media contribution to
national development.
d. The government should ensure that media practitioners are well remunerated as a
motivation for working hard towards national development.
e. In addition to editorials, media practitioners should find ways of encouraging
people, especially development experts and stakeholders to take part, either as
guests or contributors, in talk shows, phone-ins and other programmes targeted at
fostering national development.
f. Government should come up with a national policy that local content constitutes
not less than 50 per cent of media contents as means of promoting local and
national identities for development.
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