FSs 1.

5 Factor of safety against Sliding

FSo 2 Factor of safety against Overturning
Φ' 33 degrees Angle of internal friction (of soil) / Friction Angle
c' 0 Kpa Cohesion (of soil)
γs 18 KN/m3 Unit weight of soil
γc 23.5 KN/m3 Unit wight of concrete
qa 200 KPa Bearing Capacity of soil
α 0 degrees Soil Embankment angle (angle of the soil being retained above)
surcharge top 0 KPa surcharge on embankmemnt side (heel side- side where soil is being retained)
surcharge bot 0 KPa surcharge on the free side (other side)
dtop 6.8 m depth of soil on embankmemnt side (heel side- side where soil is being retained)
dbot 0.8 m depth of soil on the free side (other side)
B 3.2 m Base of the retaining wall
𝛿' 26.4 degrees Angle of friction between the soil and stem on heel side (side where soil is being retained
NOTE: DO NOT USE 𝛿 '=90
assume 𝛿 ' is between (1/2)Φ' to (2/3) Φ' (use this)

##.LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS

Using Rankine's theory

(for flat, α=0)

Ka= 0.2948 TRUE

(for inclined, α=n)

FALSE

0.161329 numerator
1.838671 denominator
Ka= 0.087742

USE Ka= 0.294801

##. CHECK FOR STABILITY AGAINST OVERTURNING

#. ACTIVE LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE, Pa

𝜎_𝑜^′=𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒+ 𝛾_𝑠 (𝑑)

Top of embankment @a [ 0 KPa +18 KN/m3 (0m) ] 0.2948 - 2(0 KPa) sqrt(0.2948) =
Base of Structure @b [ 0 KPa +18 KN/m3 (6.8m) ] 0.2948 - 2(0 KPa) sqrt(0.2948) =
 Zero earth pressure @c [ 0 KPa +18 KN/m3 (Zc) ] 0.2948 - 2(0 KPa) sqrt(0.2948) =
Zc = 0

Pa =(1/2)(36.0836 kN)(6.8m - 0m) = 122.6843 kN per meter

Pah = Pa cosα = 122.6843 kN per meter
Pav = Pa sinα = 0 kN per meter

#. OVERTURNING MOMENT
ΣMO= (Pah) (1/3) (d - Zc) = 278.0845 KNm

#. RESISTING MOMENT (manual, fill in Weight and Lever arm from toe)
Section Weight Arm Resisting Moment
KN m KNm
W1 45.825 0.9 41.2425
W2 24.675 6.3333 156.27418
W3 22.56 1.6 36.096
W4 263.16 2.125 559.215
W5 0
W6 0
W7 0
W8 0
W9 0
W10 0
W11 0
W12 0
W13 0
W14 0
W15 0
ΣV= 356.2200 ΣMR= 792.8277

#. FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST OVERTURNING

ΣMR
FSo= = 2.8510 > 2
ΣMO
SAFE

##. CHECK FOR STABILITY AGAINST SLIDING

#. PASSIVE LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE, Pp

𝜎_𝑜^′=𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒+ 𝛾_𝑠 (𝑑)

Kp= 3.39212
Top of soil on toe side @d [ 0 KPa +18 KN/m3 (0m) ] 3.3921 + 2(0 KPa) sqrt(3.3921) =
Base of Structure @b [ 0 KPa +18 KN/m3 (0.8m) ] 3.3921 + 2(0KPa) sqrt(3.3921) =
 Pp= (1/2)(0KPa + 48.8465KPa) (1m) = 24.4233 kN per meter

#. FACTOR OF SAFETY AGAINST SLIDING

ΣV=
𝛿 '=
B=
c' =
Pp=
Pah=
FSs = 1.64 > 1.5

SAFE

##. CHECK AGAINST BEARING CAPACITY

"Σ" 𝑉 (𝑥)+"Σ" 𝑀_𝑂− "Σ" 𝑀_𝑅=0
356.22kN (x) + 278.0845 kNm - 792.8276775 kNm = 0
x= 1.4450 m

𝑒=𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝐵/2−𝑥)

e= 0.1550 m

ΣV= 356.22 kN
𝑞_𝑚𝑎𝑥=𝑞_𝑡𝑜𝑒=("Σ"
𝑉)/𝐵(1+6𝑒/𝐵) B= 3.2 m
e= 0.1550 m

qmax = 143.6677 KPa < 200 KPa

SAFE
e soil is being retained) (optional)
(optional)
ere soil is being retained)

(side where soil is being retained)

(for flat, α=0)

Kp= 3.3921 TRUE

(for inclined, α=n)

FALSE

1.838671 numerator
0.161329 denominator
Kp= 11.39699

Kp= 3.39212

- 2(0 KPa) sqrt(0.2948) = 0 KPa

48 - 2(0 KPa) sqrt(0.2948) = 36.08363 KPa d= 6.8 m
 2(0 KPa) sqrt(0.2948) = 0 KPa

(automatic, trapezoid or triangle)

+ 2(0 KPa) sqrt(3.3921) = 0 KPa

21 + 2(0KPa) sqrt(3.3921) = 48.8465 KPa d= 0.8 m
(automatic, trapezoid or triangle)

356.22 kN
26.4 degrees
3.2 m
0 Kpa
24.4233 kN per meter
122.6843 kN per meter
Property Value Unit Comment
fc' 24 MPa Concrete strength
fy 420 MPa Rebar yield strength
tstem 0.7 m thickness of stem (thickest part) dstem = h-cc-db/2= 615
tbase 0.7 m thicknesss of the base concrete of the retaining wall

##. STRUCTURAL - STEM

by ratio and proportion
(meter) (kN)
6.8000 36.0836
=
6.1000 x
x= 32.3691 kN

Pah=1/2 (x)(d_top−t_base )cosα

Pah= (1/2) (32.3691 kN) (6.1 m) cos0

Pah= 98.7259 kN

M= 98.7259kN (1/3)(6.1 m)
M= 200.7426 kNm

Mu= 1.6M
Mu= 321.1882 kNm

ρ=0.85fc′/fy [1−√(1−2Mu/(0.85fc^′
"Φ" bd^2 ))]

fc'= 24 MPa
fy= 420 MPa
Mu= 321.1882 x10^6 Nmm
Φ= 0.9
b= 1000 mm per meter width
d= 615 mm (stem thickness)
ρ = 0.002301
ρmin = 0.003333 GOVERNS
Use ρ = 0.003333

As = 2050 mm2
Use 20 mm Ø Bar
n= 6.5254 ~ 7 nos ∴ 7-20mm Ø Bar
s= 153.2484 ~ 150 mm ∴ 20mm spaced @150mm c/c

##. TEMP BARS - STEM

b= 1000 mm Consider per meter width
h= 700 mm
FALSE For fy < 420MPA : As= 0.0020bh = 1400
 TRUE For fy ≥ 420MPA : As= Greater of:
0.0018*420 (1/Fy) bh= 1260
0.0014bh = 980
Use As= 1260 mm2
Use 12 mm Ø Bar
n= 11.14085 ~ 12 nos ∴ 12-12mm Ø Bar
s= 89.75979 ~ 80 mm ∴ 12mm spaced @80mm c/c

##. STRUCTURAL - BASE

M= 270.4163 kNm (required-manually get)
Mu= 1.6M
Mu= 432.6660 kNm
ρ=0.85fc′/fy [1−√(1−2Mu/(0.85fc^′
"Φ" bd^2 ))]

fc'= 24 0.003333
fy= 420 0.003333
Mu= 432.666 x10^6 Nmm
Φ= 0.9
b= 1000 mm per meter width
d= 700 mm (base thickness)
ρ= 0.002395
ρmin = 0.003333 GOVERNS
Use ρ = 0.003333

As = 2333.333 mm2
Use 25 mm Ø Bar
n= 4.753428 ~ 5 nos ∴ 5-25mm Ø Bar
s= 210.3745 ~ 210 mm ∴ 25mm spaced @210mm c/c

##. TEMP BARS - BASE

b= 1000 mm Consider per meter width
h= 700 mm
FALSE For fy < 420MPA : As= 0.0020bh = 1400
TRUE For fy ≥ 420MPA : As= Greater of:
0.0018*420 (1/Fy) bh= 1260
0.0014bh = 980
Use As= 1260 mm2
Use 12 mm Ø Bar
n= 11.14085 ~ 12 nos ∴ 12-12mm Ø Bar
s= 89.75979 ~ 80 mm ∴ 12mm spaced @80mm c/c
mm (verify)