REX – ROBOTIC EXOSKELETON

Group 4: Bionic Solution

Cofreros, Regil

Diaz, Julienne

Sindol, Seychelle

Dionio, Lea Denise

Meriveles, Izra Joy

Gumayan, Patrick

Bayona, Ranel

Torrato, Arvin
 REX – Robotic Exoskeleton

INTRODUCTION

REX is used by physiotherapists for people with mobility impairments, in rehabilitation centers in

the US, the UK, the Middle East, Australia and New Zealand.

Rex Bionics is working with rehabilitation specialists to develop the practice of Robot-Assisted

Physiotherapy. REX lifts patients from a sitting position into a robot-supported standing position,

allowing them to take part in a set of supported walking and stretching exercises, designed by

specialist physiotherapists to help achieve rehabilitation goals (REXERCISES).

REX does not require the use of crutches, leaving the arms free for upper-body exercises and

activities of daily living; and allowing access for a wide range of patients.

Wheelchair users are at risk of developing numerous medical complications from extended

periods of sitting. By enabling them to spend more time standing, walking and exercising, REX

may offer significant health benefits. A programme of clinical trials is under way to evaluate

these potential benefits

DATE OF INVENTION & APPLICATION

REX BIONICS LIMITED filed its patent on September 23, 2021 and was approved on January 6,

2022. It was invented by Richard Little and Robert Alexander Irving. REX is a walker for use by a

mobility impaired disabled user. The walker supports the user while moving them through a set

of movements correlating to a walking motion. The walker includes an exoskeleton, a power

source in the form of a battery pack or other similar onboard power pack together with its

associated power supply cables, and a control system The exoskeleton includes a rigid pelvic

support member including a pelvic harness and a pair of leg structures Each of the leg structures

comprise an upper leg structural member, a lower leg structural member, a foot member, a

main hip actuator, a knee actuator and a main foot actuator.

INDICATION

• SCI

• Stroke

• Balance problems

• Gait problems

• Multiple Sclerosis
CONTRAINDICATION

• Impaired skin integrity, including but not limited to wounds or skin lesions where the REX

cuffs, pads and straps come in contact with the User.

• Musculoskeletal impairment which influences the fit of the REX or places the User at risk

of injury during full weight bearing or movement, i.e. severe contractures, recent

fractures or severe osteopenia.

• High risk of autonomic dysreflexia in response to standing or walking.

• Other contraindications to standing or walking.

• Any condition that would pose an unacceptable infection control risk.

• spasticity score > 3 on the Modified Ashworth scale in the lower extremities.

Extra Care should be taken with individuals who have:

• Lower limb musculoskeletal impairment; including but not limited to hypomobility,

hypermobility, joint deformities, contracture, or heterotopic ossification.

• Compromised cardiovascular function; including but not limited to significant cardiac

disease, orthostatic hypotension, peripheral vascular disease, or those that take blood

thinning medications.

• Impaired cognitive function which may impact the Users ability to operate the REX safely

under clinical guidance.

• Impaired cognitive function which may result in the user becoming agitated and restless

while in the device.

 • Impaired cognitive function that means the User is unable to fully grasp what is required

of them during the use of REX resulting in the inability to give informed consent.

• A stoma bag or PEG feed in situ which could be negatively affected by REX’s support

structures and straps.

ADVANTAGES

• Stand alone

• Quick to get going

• Maneuverable – fully automated Forward, Backwards, Sideways, and Turning movements

• Widely accessible – people with severe disabilities are able to successfully use REX

• Workhorse – shares the physical demands of delivering therapy and reduce the strain on

therapist

DISADVANTAGES

• May pose risk to patients such as ankle swelling and fracture on distal tibia or calcaneus

during walking.

• Requires special measurements for custom fit to patient.

• Requires special adjustments for patients with SCI if there is leg length discrepancy, pelvis

obliquity, sever muscle wasting, or even highly sensitive skin.

 • Requires 10 to 30 minutes to safely don before walking, thus limiting the allotted training

time set for each patient

• Not suited for SCI patients who are overweight or obese weighting more than 100

kilograms.

• Patients needs to attain 10-15 degrees hip extension, <10 knee extension in standing or

supine with ankle in neutral for patients to be able to use this product.

• Patient experiences pressure injuries when using this device

• Diminishes sensation and impairs peripheral circulation

• Expensive

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

• REX is a hands-free, self-supporting device that allows for mobilization without the use of

crutches or a walking frame to maintain stability. It can be used by those with minimal

upper extremity function.

• The User is supported securely within the device using a pelvic harness, and thigh and

calf cuffs.

• REX is designed for use in a clinical environment, under the supervision of a REXtrained

Clinician. It is sophisticated, yet simple to use and operate. REX can be easily adjusted to

suit a variety of Users.

• The User typically transfers into REX, with appropriate assistance, in a seated position.

Once aligned properly and strapped in, the User is passively moved by REX into standing

and walking positions.

• The User or Clinician controls REX with a 3-button keypad and joystick or T-bar. REX is

powered by an on-board rechargeable, interchangeable battery pack.

• The functionality of REX enables a User to perform the following mobility functions within

a controlled environment, on a flat, horizontal surface: Stand Sit Walk Turn Shuffle (Side-

Step) Backward-Step REXercises

• REX is adjusted by a REX-trained Clinician, working closely with the User, to ensure an

accurate alignment of the User’s limb dimensions to REX’s at the ankle, knee, and hip

joints. Adjustments are independent of each other, enabling individualized postural

support.
RESULT / DISCUSSIONS

Results of the first interim analysis of the RAPPER II trial in patients with spinal cord injury:

ambulation and functional exercise programs in the REX powered walking aid investigates the

feasibility, safety and acceptability of using the REX self-stabilizing robotic exoskeleton in people

with spinal cord injury (SCI) who are obligatory wheelchair users. Feasibility is assessed by the

completion of transfer into the REX device, competency in achieving autonomous control and

completion of upper body exercise in an upright position in the REX device. Safety is measured

by the occurrence of serious adverse events. Device acceptability is assessed with a user

questionnaire.

RAPPER II is a prospective, multi-centre, open label, non-randomised, non-comparative cohort

study in people with SCI recruited from neurological rehabilitation centres in the United

Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. This is the planned interim report of the first 20

participants. Each completed a transfer into the REX, were trained to achieve machine control

and completed Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests as well as upper body exercises in standing in a

single first time session. The time to achieve each task as well as the amount of assistance

required was recorded. After finishing the trial tasks a User Experience questionnaire, exploring

device acceptability, was completed.

All participants could transfer into the REX. The mean transfer time was 439 s. Nineteen

completed the exercise regime. Eighteen could achieve autonomous control of the REX, 17 of

whom needed either no assistance or the help of just one therapist. Eighteen participants

completed at least one TUG test in a mean time of 313 s, 15 with the assistance of just one
therapist. The questionnaire demonstrated high levels of acceptability amongst users. There

were no Serious Adverse Events.

This first interim analysis of RAPPER II shows that it is feasible and safe for people with SCI to use

the REX powered assisted walking device to ambulate and exercise in. Participants with

tetraplegia and paraplegia could walk and perform a functional exercise program when standing

needing only modest levels of assistance in most cases. User acceptability was high.

SUMMARY

Physiotherapists use REX to help persons with movement issues, and Rex Bionics is partnering

with rehabilitation specialists to develop the practice of Robot-Assisted Physiotherapy in

rehabilitation clinics. REX raises patients from a seated posture to a robot-assisted standing

position, allowing them to participate in a series of supported walking and stretching activities

devised by physiotherapists to aid in the achievement of rehabilitation goals. REX eliminates the

need for crutches, freeing up the arms for upper-body workouts and daily activities, and giving

access to a wide spectrum of patients. REX eliminates the need for crutches, freeing up the arms

for upper-body workouts and daily activities, and giving access to a wide spectrum of patients.

REFERENCES

• https://www.rexbionics.com/

• https://patents.justia.com/inventor/richard-little
• www.rexbionics.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/TF-04-v4.0-REX-Clinical-Assessment-

Guide.pdf

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5477376/

• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6153133/
 OSSUR -POWER KNEE

INTRODUCTION

The Power Knee is the world’s first motor-powered microprocessor knee

Active assistance powers flexion and extension to mimic concentric and eccentric muscle activity

Advanced sensors accurately detect the user’s movements and inform the microprocessor

where state-of-the-art algorithms enable the knee to respond to the user’s needs

A powerful motor provides consistent stance phase but also free swing phase

Delivering active extension when standing up, controlled resistance when descending, active

flexion and extension during walking and energy returning stance flexion, Power Knee facilitates

symmetrical weight distribution and natural gait

DATE OF INVENTION/ APPLICATION

Ossur – Power Knee filed its patent on August 31,2015 and was approved on December 19,

2017. A prosthetic knee for active users has a locking head generally parallel to a vertical axis of

the prosthetic knee, a chassis, and a plurality of links connecting the locking head to the chassis.

The knee includes a swing control mechanism having a flexion stop connected to the chassis and

arranged to control the flexion angle of the knee. The flexion stop extends outwardly from the

chassis and obliquely relative to the vertical axis. The knee has an audible feedback mechanism

for providing the user with information about the location of the knee. The knee may also have a

block lock forming a manually activated mechanism allowing load bearing in a flexed position.
INDICATION

The device is to be used exclusively for the exo-prosthetic fitting of amputations of the lower

limb.

• Unilateral transfemoral amputation

• Use of the device with bilateral transfemoral amputees and patients showing limited

residual limb control, such as unilateral hip-disarticulated amputees and lower extremity

dysmelia patients, is subject to a case-by-case assessment and advanced fitting

performed by a qualified Össur clinical specialist.

CONTRAINDICATION

• None known

ADVANTAGES

• Auto-adaptive real-time stance and swing control

• Energy returning stance flexion

• Active assistance in level-ground walking, step-over-step stair ascent and when standing

up

• Intuitive knee lock when standing, facilitating equal weight distribution

• 25-hour typical usage on a single battery

• Replaceable battery, can be charged in knee or separately

 • Accompanying Össur Logic app for iOS devices provides simple practitioner setup and

adjustment

DISADVANTAGES

• Cost, which is $70,000 to $90,000 US (or even more) for a complete solution.

• Weight: at 2.7 kilograms, it is too heavy for some users.

• Noise: The Power Knee does make an unmistakable noise while moving;

• Length: at 37.5 centimeters, it is too long for people with longer residual limbs.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

Using the Prosthesis

The device automatically adapts to activities such as walking, standing up, walking up stairs, and

more. It has several different states that the patient must learn to recognize and activate.

Standing

The device is in standing state by default and it will revert to standing state if it does not

recognize a movement pattern.

The device will provide support when the patient applies weight to the prosthesis. The knee will

release/swing freely when the prosthesis is unloaded/no weight is applied to it. The patient can

take small steps and turns in a natural and physiological way.

Walking on Level Ground

The device adapts to the patients walking speed and style. It will give adaptive support in stance

phase and powered extension and flexion in swing phase.

Sitting Down

The device automatically detects sitting down motion. The device will provide support while the

patient sits down. The patient can use this to distribute weight equally to both legs and control

how fast to sit down.

To sit down, the patient should:

1. Stand in front of a chair.

2. Take most of the weight off the prosthesis momentarily.

3. Put weight back on the prosthesis.

4. Within 3 seconds, lean slightly backwards and start flexing the knee. The knee will

provide support during knee flexion until seated.

5. The patient can now take the weight off the leg to release the knee and move the knee

freely while seated.

After a few seconds of sitting without moving the knee, the knee will enter standby. Standby

turns off the motor to save power.

To exit standby, flex or extend the knee slightly

Standing Up

The device will recognize when the patient starts to stand up. The device will provide a powered

extension to let the patient apply equal weight to both legs.

To stand up, the patient should:

1. Make sure the prosthetic foot is underneath knee.

2. Put equal weight on both feet.

3. Start to stand up. The patient will feel the knee assist standing up naturally.

NOTE: If the patient is unable to apply enough weight to the prosthesis to get the knee to assist

with standing up, the patient can increase weight by momentarily pressing on top of the knee by

hand.

Walking Up Stairs

The device will provide powered knee extension when it detects stair ascent.

Initial training:

1. Stop in front of the first step of the stairs.

2. Flex the hip to lift the prosthesis off the ground. The knee will swing freely.

3. If needed, swing the leg outwards to get the leg onto the first step to prevent the toe

from catching the step.

4. Put the prosthetic foot flat onto the first step.

5. Put weight on the prosthesis and extend the knee fully. The knee will detect the stairs

and will provide powered extension.

 6. When the knee has fully extended, place the other foot on the same step.

7. Take the weight off the prosthesis and if stair ascent has been triggered, the knee will

flex.

8. After a brief pause the knee will automatically extend.

9. Practice going up and down the first step, repeating the above steps, until the patient is

familiar with the knee action

To walk upstairs, the patient should:

1. Stop in front of the first step of the stairs.

2. Flex the hip to lift the prosthesis off the ground. The knee will swing freely.

3. If needed, swing the leg outwards to get the leg onto the first step to prevent the toe

from catching the step.

4. Put the prosthetic foot flat onto the first step.

5. Put weight on the prosthesis and extend the knee fully. The knee will detect the stairs

and will provide powered extension.

6. When the prosthetic knee has fully extended, place the other foot on the step above.

7. Flex the hip on the prosthetic side to bring the prosthesis to the next step. The prosthesis

will provide knee flexion to provide clearance and to prepare for the next step.

8. Continue climbing the stairs, with a step overstep pattern.

9. At the top of the stairs:

a. a. If prosthetic foot is leading, place the other foot next to it, and keep equal

weight on both feet for 3 seconds before continuing.

 b. b. If the other foot is leading, flex the hip to place the prosthetic knee slightly in

front of the other knee until the prosthetic knee extends.

Walking Downstairs and Ramps

The knee will give support while it flexes when walking downstairs and ramps.

To walk downstairs or ramps, the patient should:

1. Take the first step down with the prosthesis.

2. Put weight on the prosthesis. Lean slightly backwards to flex the knee. The knee will flex

and give support.

3. Lower the other foot onto the next step or ramp.

4. Continue to walk down the stairs or ramp. The knee will adapt the support to the walking

speed. Tell the patient to put half of the foot onto the lower step for constant support

when walking downstairs.

Walking Up Ramps

Walking up ramps requires no change from level ground walking.

Standing Lock

Standing lock lets the patient stand with the knee locked at up to 30° angles. The patient can

lean against objects or stand comfortably with the knee slightly bent. In standing lock, the knee

will not flex but it can be extended.

To enter standing lock, the patient should:

 1. Remove weight from the prosthesis.

2. Flex the knee to the desired position, up to 30°.

3. Put some weight on the prosthesis and hold it in position for a second.

4. Transfer full weight to the prosthesis. The knee will lock and give support.

To exit standing lock, the patient should:

1. Take weight off the prosthesis. The device will return to standing state.

Kneeling

The device automatically detects kneeling motion. The device will provide support until the knee

reaches the ground.

To kneel, the patient should:

1. Take a step forward with the sound leg. If needed, use a hand support to maintain

balance.

2. Take most of the weight off the prosthesis momentarily.

3. Put weight on the prosthesis.

4. Within 3 seconds, slightly flex the hip on the prosthetic side and hold pressure until the

knee starts to flex.

5. Kneel. The device gives support while kneeling.

Driving

When driving a vehicle, the device must be turned off.

RESULTS

Research entitled “Effects of extended power knee prosthesis stance time via visual feedback on

gait symmetry of individuals with unilateral amputation” shows a result that Increasing the

amputated-limb stance time via visual feedback significantly improved the stance time symmetry

(p=0.012) and peak propulsion symmetry (p=0.036) of individuals walking with both prostheses.

With the powered knee prosthesis, the highest feedback target elicited 36% improvement in

stance time symmetry, 22% increase in prosthesis-side peak propulsion, and 47% improvement

in peak propulsion symmetry compared to a no feedback condition. The changes with feedback

were not different with the passive prosthesis, and the main effects of device/ prosthesis type

were not statistically different. However, subject by device interactions were significant,

indicating individuals did not respond consistently with each device (e.g. prosthesis-side

propulsion remained comparable to or was greater with the powered versus passive prosthesis

for different subjects). Overall, prosthesisside peak propulsion averaged across conditions was

31% greater with the powered prosthesis and peak propulsion asymmetry improved by 48% with

the powered prosthesis.

SUMMARY

The Power Knee is the first motor-driven microprocessor knee in the world. Flexion and

extension are powered by active support to replicate concentric and eccentric muscle activity.

Advanced sensors precisely detect the user's movements and send them to the microprocessor,

which uses cutting-edge algorithms to enable the knee to respond to the user's needs. A

powerful motor allows for both consistent stance and free swing phases. Power Knee supports
symmetrical weight distribution and natural gait by providing active extension while standing up,

controlled resistance when descending, active flexion and extension while walking, and energy

returning stance flexion.

REFERENCE

• https://media.ossur.com/image/upload/pi-documents-global/Power_Knee.pdf

• https://www.ossur.com/en-us/prosthetics/knees/power-

knee#specificationContentAnchor

• https://www.virginiaprosthetics.com/technology_bionics.html

• https://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12984-019-0583-z.pdf
 Title: LUKE ARM

by: Mobius Bionics

Group 4: Bionic Solution

Cofreros, Regil

Diaz, Julienne

Sindol, Seychelle

Dionio, Lea Denise

Meriveles, Izra Joy

Gumayan, Patrick

Bayona, Ranel

Torrato, Arvin

Baltazar, Marese
ABSTRACT

The LUKE (Life Under Kinetic Evolution) arm is a modular prosthetic arm developed by DEKA

Research & Development Corp. (founded by Kamen) with funding from the Defense Advanced

Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and now manufactured by Mobius Bionics LLC. The LUKE arm

is configurable for levels of amputation ranging from shoulder to forearm. The hand has multiple,

preprogrammed grips using four powered degrees of freedom.

Mobius Bionics has announced the commercial introduction of the LUKE arm, the first prosthetic

arm cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the new product category for integrated

prosthetic arms.

Features of the advanced prosthesis include:

• A powered shoulder with the capability to reach overhead or behind the back

• A powered elbow with the strength to lift a bag of groceries from floor to tabletop

• A powered, multi-movement wrist with the precision, range of motion, and dexterity to hold

a glass of water overhead or at waist level without spilling

• A hand with four independent motors and a conforming grip to hold everything from

delicate items such as a phone or an egg to heavy items such as a gallon of milk without

worrying that the item will slip or break

• An innovative grip-force sensor that senses how firmly something is being grasped and

communicates that information to the user

• A variety of ways to control the arm, including electromyographic (EMG) electrodes and

foot-mounted inertial measurement sensors

 • Protection against water and dust – offering peace of mind when used inside and outside

the home.

OTHER FEATURES

• Proportional Speed Control - allows for more fluid motion by letting the user control how

fast the joints move by adjusting how gently or aggressively they trigger the input signal.

• Compound Wrist - combines the movements of Wrist Flexion and Extension with Ulnar and

Radial Deviation which allows users to grasp objects above the head or below the waist

while keeping the hand level.

• Optional Internal Battering - Humeral and Shoulder Configurations are orderable with an

optional internal battery that can be used by itself or in conjunction with the external

battery to extend usage time.

• Conforming Grasp - The LUKE hand has a powered thumb, powered index finger and

combined powered middle, ring and pinky fingers that allow the hand to conform to

different objects in multiple grip patterns.

• Tactile Feedback - A tactor (vibratory motor) can be mounted to the user’s socket to

provide vibratory feedback. This can be activated by sensors in the thumb and/or by

switching modes and grips.

• Virtual Reality Training - The software used by the prosthetist to set up the controls of each

arm has a simulated arm which allows users to test and practice their controls while making

any desired changes prior to donning the arm.

DATE OF INVENTION

The LUKE Arm was originally developed for DARPA by DEKA Research and Development

Corporation and approved for commercial use by the FDA in 2014. Mobius Bionics then took over

the commercialization of the arm in late 2016.

In June 2017, two Veterans with arm amputations became the first to receive new generation

LUKE arms. In February 2018, U.S. Air Force Veteran Ron Currier became the first person to be

fitted with two LUKE Arms.

ADVANTAGES

● Effective as an alternative functional arm for an upper limb amputee patient

● Customizable depending on the level of Upper limb amputation

● Water Resistant

● Offers flexion and extension in the hand, rotation of the shoulder and rotation of the

elbow.

● Has a unique alternative control method – the foot control.

● Provides increased functionality.

● It is the only powered shoulder joint available on the market.

● Available for three levels of amputation:

○ lower arm or trans-radial,

○ mid-arm or trans-humeral, and

○ shoulder disarticulation
DISADVANTAGES

● Cannot be used by patients with lower limb amputation since it serves as the control

Intuitive Wireless Foot Controls

● Not recommended for neurological disorders that are prone to fatigue

● Significantly more expensive than all prosthetic products available on the market.

● There is no knowledge about the long-term effects and the lengths of time it can be worn.

● Very expensive (Costs £200k per unit)

● Estimated short lifecycle and only a two-year warranty (it will need replacing every two

years)

● Does not conform to UK safety standards.

● Extremely heavy (at the shoulder level it is fitted to a socket weighs over 10kg

METHODS

IMU – Intuitive Wireless Foot Controls

In addition to the many control input options, the LUKE arm may be controlled with Inertial

Measurement Units (IMUs) that are typically worn on the user’s shoes. They read the tilt of the

user’s foot and interpret each movement like a joystick to control the arm.

• Control arm functions with foot movements

• Up to 2 IMUs can be used at a time along with other input options

• IMUs are sealed and waterproof

• Charged with a wireless charging pad

 • Walk detect feature automatically disables IMU inputs when the user is walking and re-

enables them as soon as the user stops walking

Grip Patterns of Luke Arm

• Power Grip - used to grasp larger objects such as bottles, handles, etc.

• Tool Grip - can be used to grasp a tool handle and independently operate the index finger

to trigger the tool. It can also be used for many other applications such as typing.

• Fine Pinch Closed Grip - the tips of the thumb and index finger come together while the

middle, ring, and pinky fingers are closed. The fine pinch closed grip allows the user to

pick up and grasp small items or pinch a zipper, for example.

• Fine Pinch Open Grip - is similar to the fine pinch closed grip except the middle, ring, and

pinky fingers remain open and extended. The fine pinch open grip may be useful in

grasping items where the closed fingers would interfere.

 • Lateral Pinch Grip - the thumb and index finger come together allowing the user to grip

items such as keys, pens or pencils, forks, knives, or spoons.

• Chuck Grip - thumb engages the index and middle fingers directly, creating a three finger

hold. It can be used to grasp round objects such as door knobs, bottles, cups, etc.

10 Powered Joints

The LUKE arm is the only commercially-available prosthesis with a powered shoulder, allowing a

shoulder-level amputee to reach over their head. In its shoulder configuration, the LUKE arm

features ten powered joints.

• Shoulder Abduction and Adduction

• Shoulder Flexion and Extension

• Humeral Rotation

• Elbow Flexion and Extension

• Wrist Pronation and Supination

• Ulnar and Radial Deviation

• Thumb Abduction and Adduction

• Index Finger Flexion and Extension

• Flexion and Extension of Other Fingers

RESULTS

At Discharge

1. Satisfaction with the LUKE Arm, as measured by the TAPES in patients accepting the

prosthesis, will be rated “satisfied” or “very satisfied” by 75% of patients

2. Satisfaction with services will be rated positively by 85% of patients

At 1 Month

1. 75% of patients will be using the prosthesis

2. Satisfaction with services will be rated positively by 85% of patients

At 1 Year

1. 75% of patients fit with the LUKE Arm will be using the prosthesis at 1 year

2. Satisfaction with the LUKE Arm, as measured by the TAPES will be rated “satisfied” or “very

satisfied” by 75% of patients

3. Satisfaction with services will be rated positively by 85% of patients

SUMMARY

It is still early days for the product. There remain very few users worldwide (less than ten) and

consequently there is very little data to test the long term capability of the product at this

stage. The early research indicates that there are still significant technical areas of development

for the prosthesis as well as practical problems that make other products on the market more

attractive to the amputee. In addition, there is the geographical hurdles, as the LUKE arm is not

currently produced or approved outside the US, and most still need to be fitted there. Whilst
the prosthetics industry shows no signs of slowing down, it is likely that upper limb prostheses

will show the greatest technological development in the short term future. The LUKE arm

remains a work in progress but is undoubtedly a product that could benefit certain upper limb

amputees if development continues. For the time being, however, the significant price

differential for much smaller functional gain means that the LUKE arm is unlikely to be suitable

in most cases, particularly where there is a compensation shortfall due to a liability split.

REFERENCES

Https://www.mobiusbionics.com/luke-arm/

https://www.therobotreport.com/luke-prosthetic-arm-sense-touch-move-response-thoughts/