Xmas

tree oil and gas pdf

A Christmas tree is a piece of equipment that provides flow control on a oil or gas well.

Christmas trees are a vertical assembly of valves with gauges and chokes that allow for adjustments in flow control as well as injections to stimulate production. Christmas trees are so-called because the collection of components can resemble a Christmas tree if you have the right amount of imagination. The valves that comprise some of the
decorations on the Christmas tree are opened when the oil or gas well is ready to produce and the processing and storage facilities are ready to receive. The other decorations are devices that facilitate pressure relief, monitoring and chemical injection. In the oil & gas industry, a Christmas tree is a piece of heavy equipment that controls the flow
produced by a well.It is a separate piece of hardware that connects to the wellhead after the drilling has ceased and the well begins pumping oil or gas.Often used on offshore rigs as subsea trees, surface wells are also commonly employed. Christmas trees are used in oil exploration and production in surface and underwater oil and gas wells.
Christmas trees on surface wells are also known as surface trees, as they connect to the wellhead that is visible on the surface of a well. Christmas trees used in offshore drilling and extraction are called subsea trees. Subsea trees can be vertical or horizontal based on how the master valves – the valves set on the flow path and capable of closing off
production – are designed. Subsea trees have even less of a resemblance to a Christmas tree, but the name persists out of tradition. The Christmas tree is sometimes confused for the wellhead of an oil well. The Christmas tree sits atop the wellhead, but it is a separate piece of equipment. There is no Christmas tree on the wellhead during drilling
operations.

Instead a blowout prevention device sits atop the wellhead as the well is drilled and casing/tubing strings are inserted. When the well is moved to production, the Christmas tree is affixed for flow control. So the wellhead is present from the start whereas the Christmas tree is an additional piece of equipment that comes into play when the well moves
from drilling to production. For most investors, knowing the definition of a Christmas tree will not change their approach to oil and gas companies. Investors mainly focus on universal company metrics like return on invested capital (ROIC) and earnings before depreciation, interest, taxes and amortization (EBITA). Beyond this, oil and gas investors
can quickly master concepts like proven and probable reserves and net acres. So there is questionable value in consuming too much of the technical information around oil and gas production. That said, for investors that want to specialize in oil and gas investing, mastering the vocabulary is part of the process as most of the information is highly
technical once you move beyond the basic public filings. In petroleum and natural gas extraction, a Christmas tree, or “tree,” is an assembly of valves, casing spools, and fittings used to regulate the flow of pipes in an oil well, gas well, water injection well, water disposal well, gas injection well, condensate well, and other types of wells. A tree
provides numerous additional functions including chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief means, monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback), and connection points for devices such as down hole pressure and
temperature transducers (DHPT). ( oil_well)). Oil and gas are two vital components of modern technology, but their retrieval can be tricky. singular plural rules worksheet This feat is accomplished by humble tools such as valves, which are devices that can regulate fluid flow through a system via mechanical or electromechanical means. Valves can
perform many tasks; our article on understanding valves shows just how varied and multipurpose they can be. leadership qualities in urdu pdf The goal of this article is to highlight one important valve system in the fuel industry, the Christmas tree valve, and its function, construction, and specifications.
Through this investigation, this article aims to help buyers understand what Christmas tree valves are, how they work, and how to choose the correct system for the job at hand. What are Christmas tree valves? Figure 1: Example of a Christmas tree valve. Image credit: Christmas tree valves are a system of valves, chokes, spools, and gauges which,
unsurprisingly, resemble a Christmas tree. It is important to note that Christmas tree valves are separate from wellheads and are the bridge between what is happening under the well and what happens above it. 62028100288.pdf They are placed on top of wellheads after production has started to direct and control product from the well. These valves
also serve many other purposes such as to relieve pressure, inject chemicals, monitor safety equipment, provide electrical interfaces for control systems, and much more. They are mostly employed in offshore oil rigs as subsea wells, but surface trees such as the one shown in Figure 1 are also common.

These series of components are necessary for the safe extraction of oil, gas, and other sources of fuel deep within the earth, and provide a centralized connection point for all aspects of the well. Figure 2: Diagram of the components of a typical surface tree; even in this small design, there’s still a lot of parts. Image credit: Figure 2 is a simple 5-valve
Christmas tree, but there often exists much more complex setups. Most Christmas tree valves are custom made which makes it difficult to explain how all Christmas tree valves operate. This section will briefly explain the main components of Christmas tree valves and how they work to regulate the vitals of the well, but understand that each
Christmas tree works differently. We will go through the most important components of the Christmas tree valve labeled in Figure 2, to show how they work to keep a well productive. Lower master valve The lower master valve is a gate valve used to limit the amount of flow into the Christmas tree from the wellhead. It is manually actuated in most
cases and is kept in a restricted, partially open position during production. Upper master valve The upper master valve is a failsafe measure in case the lower master valve fails or if maintenance on the Christmas tree must be performed.
It is often a remotely actuated valve and is automatically shut when the safety signal is sent to prevent all flow to the Christmas tree. Kill wing valve The kill wing valve is another manual valve which is the connection point for injection. Fluid such as corrosion preventers, methanol, dehydration formulas, etc.

can be injected via this valve. They are also known as side-arm valves or secondary wing valves. Production wing valve + choke The production wing valve, often located 180 degrees from the kill wing valve, is an automatically actuated component that requires positive hydraulic pressure to remain open. It prevents injection/flow to the well under
emergencies or maintenance and is often paired with a choke to control flow volume and pressure out of the well. This choke is considered the “tap” where fuel will flow from, so regulating the flow rate is very important to this part.
Swab valve + cap and gauge The swab valve is yet another manually operated valve which provides direct vertical access to the well for well interventions. The T-cap and gauge are visual indicators of what valve is open; for example, when the kill wing valve is open and the swab valve is closed, the gauge should read 0 psig (no pressure), and when
the production wing valve is open and the swab is open, the pressure should read the value determined by the well manufacturer. They can also include digital temperature valves and other monitoring systems to keep the well safe, as too many manual valves can leave space for operator error. Specifications Specifying a Christmas tree valve is much
more involved than simply buying the right brand or the right size. Christmas tree valves are custom designed projects which must mesh with all other systems of the drilling application, which includes pumping, control systems, safety, and other branches of the well. As a result, this section will be general in describing the different specifications
needed for Christmas tree valves. It is highly suggested that well designers, suppliers, trusted engineers, and other experts be consulted when specifying the details of your Christmas tree valve so that it will provide safe and accurate functions. why is my gtech battery flashing red Well size and flow rates Determine the size of your well, how much
media is estimated to flow through the Christmas tree, and how fast it will flow. These basic measurements will reveal a lot of information regarding the type of Christmas tree valve, what parts should be included, as well as the necessary safety measures. Pipe size + rated pressure How wide is the surface casing of the wellhead, and what will be the
pressure of the product at the surface? Specifying the pressure demands for all the valves within the Christmas tree is imperative for safety as well as for efficiency, so understand how strong the Christmas tree needs to be.
Also, larger wells will require larger valves, so understanding the casing diameter will provide some insight as to the footprint of the Christmas tree, once installed. Material + safety features Finally, choose materials that will not crack under both physical and chemical stress. This means understanding what chemicals the Christmas tree will be
exposed to and how it should respond to sedimentation, fluid forces, and fatigue stresses. Also ensure ample safety features, as hydrocarbon wells can quickly become explosive if handled incorrectly. Applications Christmas tree valves are an integral part of oil and gas wells. They are implemented in both large and small wells alike and provide the
access point for all fluids in and out of the wellhead. xujoko.pdf Below is a list of wells that implement Christmas tree valves but know these systems are more useful beyond this small range of applications.
Some notable applications of Christmas tree valves include: Natural gas applications Land surface wells Offshore rigs wells Subsea wells Fracking applications and more. Summary This article presented an understanding of what Christmas tree valves are and how they work. For more information on related products, consult our other guides or visit
the Thomas Supplier Discovery Platform to locate potential sources of supply or view details on specific products. Sources: Other Valve Articles In petroleum and natural gas extraction, a Christmas tree, or “tree”, is an assembly of a multi-valved structure consisting of valves, spools, and fittings used to control the flow of oil from the well. The shape
of the wellhead structure with valves looks like a pine tree so the wellhead is called a “Christmas tree”. Christmas Tree is connected to the top of the tubing and cemented to the top of the casing. These valves regulate pressure, control flow, and allow access to the wellbore when further completion work is required. From the outlet valve of the
Christmas Tree, the flow can be connected to a distribution network of pipelines and tanks to distribute the product to refineries, natural gas compressor stations, or oil export terminals. The Christmas tree is the heart of the offshore hydrocarbon production system. It is the primary means of well control and plays a key role in the emergency
shutdown system. numopepuv.pdf The Christmas tree sits on the top of the wellhead casing system and represents the interface between the well and the production and process facility.The Christmas tree consists of an assembly of a gate valve that controls the flow of hydrocarbons. It may consist of individual valves bolted together or it may feature
a cast or forged steel solid block into which the valve chests are machined. nokemajisatefevo.pdf Occasionally it is a combination of the two.
In all cases, the valve seats and gates are removable for replacement or repair.A wellhead skid controls the operation of the Christmas tree and mudline safety valves.
The skid permits valves to be operated locally, remotely, or via an ESD system, and timing, mechanisms provide a means of controlling the speed and sequence of valve operation.
This sequence would normally be close to the wing valve, master valve, and mudline safety valve.During an ESD operation, complete closure of the Christmas tree valves should be effected within approximately 45 seconds according to API recommendations, the only organization to provide guidance on this particular aspect.Wellheads can be Dry or
Subsea completion.
Dry Completion means that the well is onshore on the topside structure on an offshore installation. Sub-sea wellheads are located underwater on a special sea bed template. The wellhead consists of the pieces of equipment mounted at the opening of the well to regulate and monitor the extraction of hydrocarbons from the underground formation.
It also prevents the leaking of oil or natural gas out of the well and prevents blowouts due to high-pressure formations. Formations that are under high pressure typically require wellheads that can withstand a great deal of upward pressure from the escaping gases and liquids.These wellheads must be able to withstand very high pressures of the
order of 140 MPa (1400 Bar). The wellhead consists of three components: the casing head, the tubing head, and the ‘Christmas tree’.Fig. 1: Typical Wellhead and Christmas Tree AssemblyOn producing wells, injection of chemicals or alcohols or oil distillates to prevent and or solve production problems (such as blockages) may be used.A tree may also
be used to control the injection of gas or water injection applications on a producing or non-producing well in order to sustain economic “production” volumes of gas from other wells (s) in the area (field).The control system attached to the tree controls the downhole safety valve while the tree acts as an attachment and conduit means of the control
system to the downhole safety valve.A typical Christmas tree is composed of a master gate valve, a pressure gauge, a wing valve, a swab valve, and a choke as shown in Fig. 1. The Christmas tree may also have a number of check valves.At the bottom, we find the Casing Head and casing Hangers.
The casing will be screwed, bolted, or welded to the hanger. Several valves and plugs will normally be fitted to give access to the casing. This will permit the casing to be opened, closed, bled down, and, in some cases, allow the flowing well to be produced through the casing as well as the tubing. The valve can be used to determine leaks in the
casing, tubing, or packer, and will also be used for lift gas injection into the casing.The tubing hanger (also called donut) is used to position the tubing correctly in the well. Sealing also allows Christmas tree removal with pressure in the casing.There are wells drilled into the reservoir, and the central conductor along with the surrounding
jackets/annulus rises up to the Production Deck / Cellar deck of the platform. On top of the wellhead, an assembly of valves is placed, which has the form of a cross. This assembly of valves together with the flanges is called a Well Head Christmas tree.The Christmas tree has many Manual valves and a number of Actuated valves. The actuated valves
usually found on the Christmas tree are as follows:The Sub-Surface Safety valve is a hydraulic operated valve, the location of which is below sea level, above the sea bed.
The actuator of this valve needs to be very small, as it gets enclosed within the Annulus of the conductor. The actuator is usually hydraulically operated. The control line for the hydraulic supply for the SSSV runs within the conductor and terminates at a connection on the Christmas tree.This isolates the tree from the production tubing. The Christmas
tree has two master valves referred to as the upper and lower master valves. The lower master valves are opened first and closed last. This ensures a minimal flow of hydrocarbon over the valve seat, thus protecting it from abrasive particles and ensuring a good seal is maintained.In most cases, the lower master valve is manually operated and the
upper master valve is operated via a hydraulic or pneumatic actuator and is connected to the emergency shutdown system. The actuators are fail-safe in operation.
The valve is held open by oil or pressure against a compressed coil spring.The master gate valve is a high-quality valve. It will provide a full opening, which means that it opens to the same inside diameter as the tubing so that specialized tools may be run through it. It must be capable of holding the full pressure of the well safely for all anticipated
purposes.
This valve is usually left fully open and is not used to control flow.A master valve is the first actuated valve on the Christmas tree, located above the Mezzanine deck of the platform. The Actuator is bigger and can be pneumatic or Hydraulic, based on the Christmas tree requirementThe pressure gauge:- The minimum instrumentation is a pressure
gauge placed above the master gate valve before the wing valve. In addition, other instruments such as temperature will normally be fitted.The wing valve comes on the arm of the Christmas tree, on the line where the flow line starts. The actuator is again hydraulic or pneumatic based on the requirement. The wing valve can be a gate valve or a ball
valve.
When shutting in the well, the wing gate or valve is normally used so that the tubing pressure can be easily read.Christmas trees may be manufactured with one or two wing valves. One valve is permanently connected to the hydrocarbon process system and is fitted with a hydraulic or pneumatic actuator. The other valve is manual in operation and
permits the injection of chemicals or gases into the well without disturbing production pipework.Both valves are offset from the vertical lines so that a clear entry into the well s maintained through the swab valve for wireline work. The flow of gas from the well is regulated by wing valve operation or by choking fitted above the wing valve.Hydraulic
tree wing valves are usually built to be fail-safe closed, meaning they require active hydraulic pressure to stay open.The right-hand valve is often called the flow wing valve or the production wing valve because it is in the flow path the hydrocarbons take to production facilities.The left-hand valve is often called the kill wing valve. It is primarily used
for the injection of fluids such as corrosion inhibitors or methanol to prevent hydrate formation.The Well Service Valve may be present on some Christmas trees, where Diesel pumping is required for initial start-up. It is on the other arm of the Christmas tree, and usually, the size is lesser than that of the wing valve.The valve at the top is called the
swab valve and lies in the path used for good interventions like wireline and coiled tubing. A ‘Choke’ is a device, either stationary or adjustable, used to control the gas flow, also known as volume, or create downstream pressure, also known as back pressure.The Wellhead valves are all controlled by a Well Head Control panel, which gives the
hydraulic & pneumatic supply for opening/closing these valves. mba project report on logistics and supply chain management pdf There is logically built in the WHCP for allowing the safe closure of all these wellhead valves, in case of an emergency, either due to process upset or due to emergency/fire. In addition to these valves, the other
instrumentation which is associated with the Christmas tree is the Pressure gauges and Transmitters for monitoring the Annulus pressures, the Flowing Tube Head Pressure, etc.In the complicated but vital industry of drawing oil and gas out of the earth and getting it to the surface, people often get confused about the difference between a Christmas
tree assembly and a wellhead. Although the terms are used interchangeably, a wellhead and a Christmas tree are entirely separate pieces of equipment. Each has valves and related equipment that help it control and guide the flow of this precious resource. A wellhead must be present in order to utilize a Christmas tree and is used without a
Christmas tree during drilling operations. Producing surface wells that require pumps (pump jacks, nodding donkeys, etc.) frequently do not utilize any tree due to no pressure containment requirement.Basically, The Christmas tree and the wellhead work together to bring oil and gas to the surface.A tree often provides numerous additional functions
including chemical injection points, well intervention means, pressure relief means (such as annulus vent), well monitoring points (such as pressure, temperature, corrosion, erosion, sand detection, flow rate, flow composition, valve and choke position feedback, connection points for devices such as downhole pressure and temperature transducer.The
master valves are located above the tubing hanger and swab valves together with master valves are stacked vertically. The production and annulus bore lays vertically on the body of the tree. The well completion is finished before installing the vertical Christmas tree. Since the tubing hanger rests on the wellhead, the Christmas tree can be recovered
without having to recover the downhole completion. This type is generally applied in subsea fields due to its flexibility in installation and operation.In contrast to the vertical Christmas tree, the valves of the horizontal Christmas tree are located on the lateral sides of the horizontal Christmas tree, allowing for easy well intervention and tubing
recovery, thus this type of tree is very feasible for the wells that need many interventions. The tubing hanger is installed in the tree body instead of the wellhead. Consequently, the tree is installed onto the wellhead before the completion of the well.Christmas Tree and Well Head Equipment is designed following API Specification 6A/ISO 10423. The
design shall take into account the effects of pressure containment and other pressure and temperature-induced loads. The following Figure (Fig. 2) shows the typical nomenclature of parts used in describing the Christmas Tree and wellhead.Fig. 2: Typical Christmas Tree and Wellhead Assembly Parts