Mechanical Vibrations

Course Code: DJ19MEC503

Lecture 1: Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations

Prasad S Shirodkar
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Dept.,
Dwarkadas J. Sanghvi College of Engineering
ME (VJTI), MS (Michigan Tech. Univ.)
SYLLABUS DISCUSSION IN BREIF:
COURSE STRUCTURE
 Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, the reader should be
able to do the following:
• Describe briefly the history of vibration
• Learn fundamental terms used in vibration
analysis and their definitions
• Indicate the importance of study of vibration
• Give various classifications of vibration
• State the steps involved in vibration analysis
• Compute the values of spring constants, masses,
and damping constants
 History of Vibration
• Study of vibration - first musical
instruments.
• Rules and laws of sound production
• Improve musical instruments
• Unscientific
• Example
• Harp 1500 B.C. - in the British
Museum.
• Royal tomb 2600 B.C.
• 3000 B.C., Egyptian tombs..
Credit HARALD RITSCH / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
• The Greek philosopher and
mathematician Pythagoras (582 -
507 B.C.) scientific basis.
• Experiments on a vibrating string -
monochord.
• Bridges labeled 1 and 3 are fixed.
• Bridge 2 is made movable
• the shorter one emits a higher note.
• Stiffness  1 / Length
Ancient Origins: Joanna Gillan is a Co-Owner, Editor and
Writer of Ancient Origins

YouTube: Science Channel

 History of Vibration
• Research on vibrations in Asia.
• China experienced many earthquakes in ancient times.
• Zhang Heng, instrument to measure earthquakes
• In A.D. 132 he invented the world’s first seismograph.
• Cast bronze, diameter of 0.237 meter
• Mechanism pendulums eight levers eight directions.
• Eight dragon figures, with a bronze ball in the mouth of
each
• Below dragon a toad
• Earthquake would tilt the pendulum triggering the lever.
• Release bronze ball,
• Clanging sound.
• Know the direction of earthquake.
 Vibration Analysis
• Newton’s second law of motion.

• Musical Instruments: Analysis of the vibrating

string
 History of Vibration
• Newton’s second law of motion is routinely
used in modern books on vibrations to derive
the equations of motion of a vibrating body.
• Analysis of the vibrating string
• 1713 English mathematician Brook Taylor
(1685 - 1731),
– The natural frequency: derived = experimental
values
– Taylor’s theorem on infinite series.
• Galileo and Mersenne.
• Higher natural frequencies - Bernoulli
Chladni Plate (1809) ~(klad - ni)
Mode shapes – Natural Frequency - Resonance
 Terms we learned…
Natural Frequency: Natural
frequency, is the frequency at
which a system tends to
oscillate in the absence of
any external application of
force.
 Terms we learned…
• Resonance: Whenever the natural
frequency of vibration of a vibrating
element coincides with the frequency
of the external excitation, there
occurs a phenomenon known as
resonance
• Mode Shape: Shape of the vibrating
element associated with the frequency
of vibration is called the mode shape
 Applications…
FLUTTER ANALYSIS
- TACOMA BRIDGE COLLAPSE
 FLUTTER ANALYSIS
- TACOMA BRIDGE COLLAPSE
 FLUTTER ANALYSIS
- TACOMA BRIDGE COLLAPSE
 Applications: Aerospace Industry
X-56 Full-Body Ground Vibration Tests – Mode Shapes
 Vibratory finishing process – Deburring Machine

Discrete element modeling of 3D media motion in vibratory finishing process Author links open
overlay panel Young SupKangFukuoHashimoto(1)Stephen P.JohnsonJerry P.Rhode
 Basic Concepts of Vibration
Definition: Any motion that repeats itself after an
interval of time is called vibration or oscillation

Simple Pendulum
 Elements of Vibrating System
A vibratory system includes
• Means for storing potential energy
– Spring or Elastic Material
• Means for storing kinetic energy
– Mass or Inertia
• Means by which energy is gradually lost
– Damper
Classification: Degree of Freedom
Classification: Degree of Freedom
The minimum number of
independent coordinates required to
determine completely the positions
of all parts of a system at any instant
of time defines the number of
degrees of freedom of the system.
The complexity of analysis increases
with increase in DOF.
Degree of Freedom: Lumped Mass System
(Discrete System)
Single Degree of Freedom

Two Degree of Freedom

3 DOF
Degree of Freedom: Continuous or
Distributed System
 If we go on discretizing, we have Infinite DOF
Such a system is called as Continuous or Distributed
System, e.g.: cantilever beam,

Lumped
Mass
System

• Finite DOF - discrete system

• A cantilever beam made of elastic material is a continuous or
distributed system
 Classification: as per course content
TYPES OF VIBRATION

SINGLE DOF MULTI DOF

• When a system vibrates or

FREE FORCED
oscillates with decreasing
amplitude, in the absence of
externally applied, then such
vibrations are called as free
damped vibrations
• Damping property of a system can
Damped Undamped be used to decrease AMPLITUDE
of vibrations
 Classification: Based on Direction

1
2 1 3
3 2 1
Transverse 2
Longitudinal Vibrations
Vibrations 3
Torsional
Vibrations
Classification: Linear Vs Nonlinear Vibrations
Classification: Linear Vs Nonlinear Vibrations
 Classification: Linear Vs Nonlinear Vibrations
• If all the basic components of a vibratory system
the spring, the mass, and the damper behave
linearly, the resulting vibration is known as linear
vibration.
• If, however, any of the basic components behave
nonlinearly, the vibration is called nonlinear
vibration.
• The differential equations that govern the
behavior of linear and nonlinear vibratory
systems are linear and nonlinear, respectively.
• Most cases the linear model is adequate to explain
mechanical vibrations. It is always an
approximation
 Classification: Linear Vs Nonlinear Vibrations
• If the vibration is linear, the principle of superposition
holds, and the mathematical techniques of analysis are
well developed.
• The principle of superposition states that, for all linear
systems, the net response caused by two or more stimuli
is the sum of the responses that would have been caused
by each stimulus individually.
• For nonlinear vibration, the superposition principle is
not valid, and techniques of analysis are less well known.
• Actual mechanical vibrations are impossible to be
explained by linear models
• Since all vibratory systems tend to behave nonlinearly with
increasing amplitude of oscillation, a knowledge and use of
nonlinear vibration is desirable in dealing with practical
vibratory systems.