MODULE TITLE: VIBRATIONS

MODULE CODE: MEE 3263

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO VIBRATIONS IN MACHINES

Meaning of vibration • Frequent and costly maintenance of

The cyclic or oscillating motion of a machine or machines,
machine component from its position of equilibrium
• Electronic malfunctions through fracture
Disadvantages of vibration
of solder joints, and abrasion of insulation
• Excessive wear of bearings around electric conductors causing shorts.
• Formation of cracks,
• The occupational exposure of humans to
• Loosening of fasteners
vibration leads to pain, discomfort, and
• Structural and mechanical failures reduced efficiency.
 ADVANTAGES OF VIBRATION

• Machines such as oscillating sanders and vibratory tumblers use vibration to remove
materials and finish surfaces.
• Vibratory feeders use vibration to move materials.
• In construction, vibrators are used to help concrete settle into forms and compact fill
materials.
• Vibratory rollers help compress asphalt used in highway paving.
 CAUSES OF VIBRATIONS

• (a) Change in direction with time, such as the force generated by a rotating unbalance.
• (b) Change in amplitude or intensity with time, such as the unbalanced magnetic forces
generated in an induction motor due to unequal air gap between the motor armature and
stator (field).
• (c) Result in friction between rotating and stationary machine components in much the
same way that friction from a rosined bow causes a violin string to vibrate.
 CAUSES OF VIBRATIONS (CON’T)

• (d) Cause impacts, such as gear tooth contacts or the impacts generated by the rolling
elements of a bearing passing over flaws in the bearing raceways
• (e) Cause randomly generated forces such as flow turbulence in fluid-handling devices
such as fans, blowers and pumps; or combustion turbulence in gas turbines or boilers.
COMMON MACHINERY PROBLEMS THAT CAUSE
VIBRATION
• (a) Misalignment of couplings, bearings and gears:
• (b) Imbalance in a rotating component
• (c) Looseness
• (d) Wear
• (e) Rubbing
• (f) Aerodynamic/hydraulic problems in fans, blowers and pumps
• (g) Electrical problems (unbalance magnetic forces) in motors
• (h) Resonance: If the frequency of the exciting force coincides with one of the natural frequencies
of the system, a condition known as resonance occurs, and the system undergoes dangerously large
oscillations.
 PARTS OF A VIBRATING SYSTEM

• Spring or elasticity: This stores the potential energy.

• 2. Mass or inertia: This stores the kinetic energy.
• 3. Damper: This is the means in which energy is
gradually lost.
• 4. The exciting force, such as imbalance or
misalignment.
 PARTS OF A VIBRATING SYSTEM (CON,T)

1-DOF Example

At position 1 before release,

• the ball has zero velocity and hence no kinetic energy

• the ball has a potential energy equal to mgl(1−cosθ)
with respect to datum position 2.

(DOF): The minimum number of independent coordinates

required to determine completely the position of all parts of a
system at any instant of time.
DEGREE OF FREEDOM (DOF) OF A VIBRATING SYSTEM

• 2 DOF Examples:
 2-DOF
EXAMPLES

The coordinates necessary to describe the motion of a

system constitute a set of generalized coordinates. These
are usually denoted as q1,q2,q3....qn where n is the
number of dof of the system.
 DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
SYSTEMS
• Discrete (Lumped) system: Can be described using a finite number of degree of freedom,
such as the ones represented in Figures 1.2, 1.4 and 1.5.
• Continuous (Distributed): System which can be described using a finite number of degree
of freedom, such as a cantilever beam shown in Figure 1.6.
•
 FREE AND FORCED
VIBRATION
• Free vibration
 The system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own.
 No external force acts on the system.
 The motion is maintained by gravitational or elastic restoring forces, such as the swinging
motion of a pendulum or the vibration of an elastic rod.
• Forced vibration
• After an initial disturbance the system is subjected to an external force (often, a repeating type
of force) Example: The oscillation that arises in machines such as diesel engines.
 RESONANC
E
• The external force coincides with one of the natural frequencies of the system,
• The system undergoes dangerously large oscillations.
• Failures of such structures as:
 Buildings,
 Bridges,
 Turbines,
 Airplane wings
 UNDAMPED AND DAMPED
VIBRATION
• Undamped
 If no energy is lost or dissipated due to friction or other resistance during oscillation, the
 This energy dissipation leads to reduction of the amplitude after every cycle of vibration.
• Damped
 If any energy is lost or dissipated due to friction or other resistance during oscillation, the
vibration is called damped vibration.
 In many physical systems, the amount of damping is so small such that it can be neglected for
most engineering purposes.
 Consideration of damping is important in analyzing vibratory systems near resonance.
 VIBRATION ANALYSIS
PROCEDURE
• Mathematical modeling
• Derivation of the governing equations
• Solution of the governing equations
• Interpretation of the Results
 SPRING
ELEMENTS

• F = kx
• F-Force
(U) : Work done in deforming a spring is stored as strain or
• K-Spring constant potential energy in the spring
• X-change in length
 SPRINGS IN
PARALLEL
The free body diagram:
SPRINGS IN
SERIES
SPRINGS IN SERIES (CON,T)
 MASS OR INERTIA
ELEMENTS
• The mass or inertia element is Multi-degree-of-freedom system
assumed to be a rigid body; it can
gain or lose kinetic energy
whenever the velocity of the body
changes.
 DAMPING ELEMENTS
(DAMPER)
• Types of Damping
 Viscous Damping: Mechanical systems vibrate in a fluid medium such as
• Air, gas, water, or oil
linear viscous damping component:
where c is the damping coefficient of dimensions kg/s
 Typical examples of viscous damping:
 Fluid film between sliding surfaces,
 fluid flow around a piston in a cylinder,
 fluid flow through an orifice, and
 fluid film around a journal in a bearing.
 DASHPOT

A dashpot is a mechanical device that adds viscous damping to

a mechanical system
 TYPES OF DAMPING (CON’T)

 Coulomb or Dry-Friction Damping:

It is caused by friction between rubbing surfaces that either are dry or have insufficient lubrication

 Material or Solid or Hysteretic Damping

When a material is deformed, energy is absorbed and dissipated by the material due to friction between the
internal planes, which slip or slide as the deformations take place.
HARMONIC MOTION
 TERMINOLOGIES IN HARMONIC MOTION

• (a) Period of vibration or time period:

 This is the time interval after which motion repeats itself
 ω is called the circular frequency

• Amplitude: Maximum displacement of the vibrating body from its equilibrium position.
• Cycle: Motion completed during one time period
• Frequency of oscillation: Number of cycles executed in one second (cycles per second).
In SI units frequency is expressed hertz (Hz).
 CON’T

 Natural frequency

If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its own, the

frequency with which it oscillates without external forces is known as its
natural frequency.