Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by:
Nida Quazi
2
Content
• Nonlinearity
• Classification of nonlinearity
• Brief description of types
3
Nonlinearity
• Nonlinearity is the behavior of a circuit , in which the
output signal strength does not vary in direct
proportion to the input signal strength. E.g.: diode.
Classification of Nonlinearities
• Nonlinearity can be classified in to :
• On the basis of magnitude
○ Incidental nonlinearity : present
inherently in the system.
○ Intentional nonlinearity : inserted in the
system to modify system characteristics.
• On the basis of frequency
5
On the basis of
Magnitude Frequency
1) Dead zone 1) Limit cycle
2) Saturation 2) Jump resonance
3) Friction 3) Frequency entrainment
4) Backlash 4) Beat frequency production
5) Relay 5) Self excitation
6) Harmonics
7) Chaotic behavior
6
1) Saturation
• Output of the system is proportional to input in a
limited range of input signal.
• On exceeding range , output tends to become nearly
constant.
Eg: amplifiers,
torque and
speed saturation
in motors
7
2) Friction
•It comes in to existence when mechanical
surface comes in sliding contact.
• Viscous friction
• Coulomb friction
• Stinction friction
9
3)Dead zone
• Kind of nonlinearity in which the system doesn’t
respond to the given input until the input reaches a
particular level
Or
• Output becomes zero when input crosses certain
limiting value .
11
4) Backlash
• The difference between the tooth space and tooth
width in mechanical system , which is essential for
rapid working gear transmission is known as
backlash.
•Effect of backlash :
• gear backlash may
cause sustained oscillation
or chattering phenomenon
• system may turn
unstable for large backlash
14
5) Relay
• It is intentional nonlinearity.
• Ideal relay is the extreme case of saturation.
• occurs when the linearity range is
shrunken to zero and slope in linearity
range become vertical .
• It can lead to chattering due
to discontinuity.
• Ideal characteristic can be
nearly achieved by SCR
switching .
15
1) Limit cycle
• It corresponds to an oscillation of fixed amplitude
and period.
• Limit cycle is a closed trajectory; other trajectories
about the limit cycle are spirals from various points
of phase plane.
• Limit cycle divides the
phase plane in to 2 zones.
18
2) Jump resonance
• It is a discontinuous change in the steady state
response of the system when a parameter (forcing
frequency) is slowly varied.
• Its produced around the system’s resonant frequency.
• Consist of multiple values of the amplitude and phase
of input signal when the amplitude or frequency of
the harmonic input signal is varied slowly.
21
3) Frequency entrainment
• It is because of the physical absorption of the
particular frequencies.
• Frequency absorbed by that system is not seen or
observed in the spectrum .
• E.g.:
water in pneumatic
system
23
4) Beat frequency
• The system is sensitive to some
frequency only.
• E.g.:
guitar
sonometer
24
5)Self excitation
6) Harmonics
• Nonlinear system may contain frequencies other than
forcing frequency in input
• These frequencies are multiple of forcing frequency.
• If f(t)= A sin ωt
then oscillatory phenomenon of frequency ᾤ may
appear at certain points
here ω not equal to ᾤ
when ᾤ > ω it is superharmonic
when ᾤ < ω it is subharmonic
27