Formulas

Percentage -- Part of a whole (using a proportion)

Percent = Part × 100 or Part = Whole × Percent or Whole = Part

Whole Percent

Part = % or is = %
Whole 100 of 100

Percent change in a quantity (percent increase/decrease).

Percent Change = Final Value – Initial Value × 100

Initial Value

Finding the initial or final value when given a % increase/decrease.

Final Value = (100 + percent increase)% × Initial Value

Final Value = (100 – percent decrease)% × Initial Value

OR

Initial Value = Final Value .

(100 + percent increase)%

Initial Value = Final Value .

(100 – percent decrease)%

Simple Interest: If the principal amount or present value, P, is invested or loaned at an annual percentage
rate (in decimal form), r, for t years, then the simple interest earned or owed, I, is given by
the formula,
I=P×r×t

Compound Interest Formula:
If a principal amount or present value, PV, is invested or loaned at an annual
percentage rate (in decimal form), r, compounded n times per year (period), then
the future amount, FV, represents the future accumulated amount after t years and
is given by the formula,
FV = PV(1 + r/n)nt

Annuity: Regular deposits, PMT, are made at an annual percentage rate (in decimal form), r,
compounded n times per year (period), then the future amount FV represents the future
accumulated annuity value after t years and is given by the formula,
FV = PMT[(1 + r/n)nt – 1]
(r/n)
 Fixed Installment Loan Payment: Regular payment amounts, PMT, required to repay a loan of PV dollars paid
n times per year over t years at an annual percentage rate (in decimal form)
of r is given by the following formula:

PMT = PV(r/n)_____
[1 – (1 + r/n)-nt]

m = y2 − y1 = rise = Δx y − y1 = m(x − x1)

x2 − x1 run Δy y = mx + b

y = a(b)x b = y2/y1

b=1+r b=1–r

Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1
Statistical range = max – min

= Σ xi n + 1 (median position)
n 2
= Σxifi
Σfi